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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Spellerberg S, Neumaier B. The role of chemistry in accelerator-based production and separation of radionuclides as basis for radiolabelled compounds for medical applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiochemical separations used in large scale routine production of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides at a particle accelerator for patient care are briefly outlined. The role of chemistry at various stages of development of a production route of a novel radionuclide, namely nuclear data measurement, high-current targetry, chemical processing and quality control of the product, is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to production of non-standard positron emitters (e.g. 44gSc, 64Cu, 68Ga, etc.) at a cyclotron and novel therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. 67Cu, 225Ac, etc.) at an accelerator. Some typical examples of radiochemical methods involved are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Stefan Spellerberg
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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2
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Lin W, Wilkinson JT, Barrett KE, Barnhart TE, Gott M, Becker KV, Clark AM, Miller A, Brown G, DeLuca M, Bartsch R, Peaslee GF, Engle JW. Excitation function of 54Fe(p, α) 51Mn from 9.5 MeV to 18 MeV. NUCLEAR PHYSICS. A 2022; 1021:122424. [PMID: 35967889 PMCID: PMC9371937 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2022.122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitation function of the 54Fe(p,α)51Mn reaction was measured from 9.5 to 18 MeV E 0 , p + by activating a foil stack of 54Fe electrodeposited on copper substrates. Residual radionuclides were quantified by HPGe gamma ray spectrometry. Both 51Mn (t 1/2 = 46.2 min, 〈 E β + 〉 = 963.7 keV , I β + = 97 % ; E γ = 749.1 keV, I γ = 0.265%) and its radioactive daughter, 51Cr (t 1/2 = 27.704d, E γ = 320.1 keV, I γ = 9.91%), were used to indirectly quantify formation of 51Mn. Results agree within uncertainty to the only other measurement in literature and predictions of default TALYS theoretical code. Final relative uncertainties are within ±12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - John T. Wilkinson
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Matthew Gott
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, United States
| | - Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Adam M. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Anthony Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Gunnar Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Molly DeLuca
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Robert Bartsch
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Graham F. Peaslee
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792, United States
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3
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George KJH, Borjian S, Cross MC, Hicks JW, Schaffer P, Kovacs MS. Expanding the PET radioisotope universe utilizing solid targets on small medical cyclotrons. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31098-31123. [PMID: 35498914 PMCID: PMC9041346 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with medical radioisotopes enables the minimally-invasive monitoring of aberrant biochemical, cellular and tissue-level processes in living subjects. The approach requires the administration of radiotracers composed of radioisotopes attached to bioactive molecules, the pairing of which considers several aspects of the radioisotope in addition to the biological behavior of the targeting molecule to which it is attached. With the advent of modern cellular and biochemical techniques, there has been a virtual explosion in potential disease recognition antigens as well as targeting moieties, which has subsequently opened new applications for a host of emerging radioisotopes with well-matched properties. Additionally, the global radioisotope production landscape has changed rapidly, with reactor-based production and its long-defined, large-scale centralized manufacturing and distribution paradigm shifting to include the manufacture and distribution of many radioisotopes via a worldwide fleet of cyclotrons now in operation. Cyclotron-based radioisotope production has become more prevalent given the commercial availability of instruments, coupled with the introduction of new target hardware, process automation and target manufacturing methods. These advances enable sustained, higher-power irradiation of solid targets that allow hospital-based radiopharmacies to produce a suite of radioisotopes that drive research, clinical trials, and ultimately clinical care. Over the years, several different radioisotopes have been investigated and/or selected for radiolabeling due to favorable decay characteristics (i.e. a suitable half-life, high probability of positron decay, etc.), well-elucidated chemistry, and a feasible production framework. However, longer-lived radioisotopes have surged in popularity given recent regulatory approvals and incorporation of radiopharmaceuticals into patient management within the medical community. This review focuses on the applications, nuclear properties, and production and purification methods for some of the most frequently used/emerging positron-emitting, solid-target-produced radioisotopes that can be manufactured using small-to-medium size cyclotrons (≤24 MeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H George
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - S Borjian
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - M C Cross
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - J W Hicks
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
- Radiology, University of British Columbia 2775 Laurel St Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - M S Kovacs
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Medical Imaging, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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4
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Colombi A, Carante MP, Barbaro F, Canton L, Fontana A. Production of High-Purity 52gMn from natV Targets with Alpha Beams at Cyclotrons. NUCL TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2021.1947122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Colombi
- INFN - Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Università di Pavia,Dipartimento di Fisica, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - F. Barbaro
- INFN - Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L. Canton
- INFN - Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Fontana
- INFN - Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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5
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Bianchi F, Marchi C, Fuad G, Groppi F, Haddad F, Magagnin L, Manenti S. On the production of 52gMn by deuteron irradiation on natural chromium and its radionuclidic purity. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109329. [PMID: 32916627 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The positron emitter 52gMn is used for the Positron Emission Tomography - PET imaging.In this work we investigate the nuclear reactions for production of 52gMn and 54Mn induced by deuteron beams on natural chromium targets at energies up to Ed = 28 MeV using the stacked-foils activation technique. We calculate the thick target yields for 52gMn and for the radionuclidic impurity 54Mn, and we compare the radionuclidic purity of 52gMn with that achievable in proton activation of Cr. The cross-sections of the reactions natCr(d,pxn)51Cr and natCr(d,x)48V are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianchi
- Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy; LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, I-20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Claudio Marchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Glara Fuad
- Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy; LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, I-20090, Segrate (MI), Italy; Physics Department, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, IQ-44001, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Flavia Groppi
- Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy; LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, I-20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Férid Haddad
- SUBATECH, Institut Mines Telecom Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes, Université de Nantes, France; GIP Arronax, 1 Rue Aronnax, 44817, CEDEX Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Manenti
- Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy; LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, I-20090, Segrate (MI), Italy.
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6
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Brandt M, Cardinale J, Rausch I, Mindt TL. Manganese in PET imaging: Opportunities and challenges. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 62:541-551. [PMID: 31115089 PMCID: PMC6771670 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several radionuclides of the transition metal manganese are known and accessible. Three of them, 51Mn, 52mMn, and 52gMn, are positron emitters that are potentially interesting for positron emission tomography (PET) applications and, thus, have caught the interest of the radiochemical/radiopharmaceutical and nuclear medicine communities. This mini‐review provides an overview of the production routes and physical properties of these radionuclides. For medical imaging, the focus is on the longer‐living 52gMn and its application for the radiolabelling of molecules and other entities exhibiting long biological half‐lives, the imaging of manganese‐dependent biological processes, and the development of bimodal PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes in combination with paramagnetic natMn as a contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Brandt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Cardinale
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Qaim SM, Scholten B, Spahn I, Neumaier B. Positron-emitting radionuclides for applications, with special emphasis on their production methodologies for medical use. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A survey of the positron-emitting radionuclides over the whole mass range of the Periodic Table of Elements was carried out. As already known, positrons are preferably emitted from light mass neutron deficient radionuclides. Their emission from heavier mass nuclides is rather rare. The applications of positron annihilation in three areas, namely materials research, plant physiology and medical diagnosis, are reported. The methods of production of positron emitters are discussed, with emphasis on radionuclides presently attracting more attention in theranostics and multimodal imaging. Some future perspectives of radionuclide development technologies are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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8
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El Sayed R, Massicano AV, Queern SL, Loveless CS, Lapi SE. Manganese-52 production cross-section measurements via irradiation of natural chromium targets up to 20 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 147:165-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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10
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Graves SA, Hernandez R, Valdovinos HF, Ellison PA, Engle JW, Barnhart TE, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Preparation and in vivo characterization of 51MnCl 2 as PET tracer of Ca 2+ channel-mediated transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3033. [PMID: 28596540 PMCID: PMC5465055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese has long been employed as a T1-shortening agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications, but these techniques are limited by the biotoxicity of bulk-manganese. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers superior contrast sensitivity compared with MRI, and recent preclinical PET studies employing 52gMn (t1/2: 5.6 d, β+: 29%) show promise for a variety of applications including cell tracking, neural tract tracing, immunoPET, and functional β-cell mass quantification. The half-life and confounding gamma emissions of 52gMn are prohibitive to clinical translation, but the short-lived 51Mn (t1/2: 46 min, β+: 97%) represents a viable alternative. This work develops methods to produce 51Mn on low-energy medical cyclotrons, characterizes the in vivo behavior of 51MnCl2 in mice, and performs preliminary human dosimetry predictions. 51Mn was produced by proton irradiation of electrodeposited isotopically-enriched 54Fe targets. Radiochemically isolated 51MnCl2 was intravenously administered to ICR mice which were scanned by dynamic and static PET, followed by ex vivo gamma counting. Rapid blood clearance was observed with stable uptake in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, heart, and salivary gland. Dosimetry calculations predict that 370 MBq of 51Mn in an adult human male would yield an effective dose equivalent of approximately 13.5 mSv, roughly equivalent to a clinical [18F]-FDG procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Hector F Valdovinos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA.
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA.
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11
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Wooten AL, Aweda TA, Lewis BC, Gross RB, Lapi SE. Biodistribution and PET Imaging of pharmacokinetics of manganese in mice using Manganese-52. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174351. [PMID: 28306727 PMCID: PMC5357058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese is essential to life, and humans typically absorb sufficient quantities of this element from a normal healthy diet; however, chronic, elevated ingestion or inhalation of manganese can be neurotoxic, potentially leading to manganism. Although imaging of large amounts of accumulated Mn(II) is possible by MRI, quantitative measurement of the biodistribution of manganese, particularly at the trace level, can be challenging. In this study, we produced the positron-emitting radionuclide 52Mn (t1/2 = 5.6 d) by proton bombardment (Ep<15 MeV) of chromium metal, followed by solid-phase isolation by cation-exchange chromatography. An aqueous solution of [52Mn]MnCl2 was nebulized into a closed chamber with openings through which mice inhaled the aerosol, and a separate cohort of mice received intravenous (IV) injections of [52Mn]MnCl2. Ex vivo biodistribution was performed at 1 h and 1 d post-injection/inhalation (p.i.). In both trials, we observed uptake in lungs and thyroid at 1 d p.i. Manganese is known to cross the blood-brain barrier, as confirmed in our studies following IV injection (0.86%ID/g, 1 d p.i.) and following inhalation of aerosol, (0.31%ID/g, 1 d p.i.). Uptake in salivary gland and pancreas were observed at 1 d p.i. (0.5 and 0.8%ID/g), but to a much greater degree from IV injection (6.8 and 10%ID/g). In a separate study, mice received IV injection of an imaging dose of [52Mn]MnCl2, followed by in vivo imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo biodistribution. The results from this study supported many of the results from the biodistribution-only studies. In this work, we have confirmed results in the literature and contributed new results for the biodistribution of inhaled radiomanganese for several organs. Our results could serve as supporting information for environmental and occupational regulations, for designing PET studies utilizing 52Mn, and/or for predicting the biodistribution of manganese-based MR contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lake Wooten
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Tolulope A. Aweda
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Lewis
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Gross
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
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12
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Qaim SM. Nuclear data for production and medical application of radionuclides: Present status and future needs. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 44:31-49. [PMID: 27821344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The significance of nuclear data in the choice and medical application of a radionuclide is considered: the decay data determine its suitability for organ imaging or internal therapy and the reaction cross section data allow optimisation of its production route. A brief discussion of reaction cross sections and yields is given. STANDARD RADIONUCLIDES The standard SPECT, PET and therapeutic radionuclides are enumerated and their decay and production data are considered. The status of nuclear data is generally good. Some existing discrepancies are outlined. A few promising alternative production routes of 99mTc and 68Ga are discussed. RESEARCH-ORIENTED RADIONUCLIDES The increasing significance of non-standard positron emitters in organ imaging and of low-energy highly-ionizing radiation emitters in internal therapy is discussed, their nuclear data are considered and a brief review of their status is presented. Some other related nuclear data issues are also mentioned. PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES USING NEWER TECHNOLOGIES The data needs arising from new directions in radionuclide applications (multimode imaging, theranostic approach, radionanoparticles, etc.) are considered. The future needs of data associated with possible utilization of newer irradiation technologies (intermediate energy cyclotron, high-intensity photon accelerator, spallation neutron source, etc.) are outlined. CONCLUSION Except for a few small discrepancies, the available nuclear data are sufficient for routine production and application of radionuclides. Considerable data needs exist for developing novel radionuclides for applications. The developing future technologies for radionuclide production will demand further data-related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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13
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Vanasschen C, Brandt M, Ermert J, Coenen HH. Radiolabelling with isotopic mixtures of (52g/55)Mn(II) as a straight route to stable manganese complexes for bimodal PET/MR imaging. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1315-21. [PMID: 26685974 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabelling using isotopic mixtures of (52g/55)Mn(ii) offers fast and easy access to new small molecule PET/MR tracers, composed of chemically identical reporting units. trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) was radiolabelled with carrier-added (52g)Mn(ii) in >99% radiochemical yield, producing the first manganese-based bimodal PET/MR probe. The Mn-CDTA chelate was shown to be very stable to air oxidation and sufficiently inert to decomplexation in blood serum. These data sparked our interest in functionalized CDTA ligands for the design of optimized PET/MR tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vanasschen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Marie Brandt
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Kakavand T, Mirzaii M, Eslami M, Valizadeh S. Cyclotron production of 52Mn and Monte Carlo benchmarking. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Buchholz M, Spahn I, Scholten B, Coenen HH. Cross-section measurements for the formation of manganese-52 and its isolation with a non-hazardous eluent. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
With respect to the production of no-carrieradded 52Mn nuclear reactions on natural chromium were investigated. Cross sections of the reactions natCr(p, x)48V, 48,49,51Cr, 52g,mMn were determined in the proton energy range of 7.6 to 45MeV. Additionally, production yields of 52g,mMn and 51Cr were measured in the energy range from 8.2 to 16.9MeV and therefrom the calculated saturation thick target yields were obtained as (2.55±0.31), (6.96±0.57), and (1.53±0.15) GBq/μA, respectively. For in vivo applications like PET, low toxicity is critical and sufficient activity of a radiolabelled compound mandatory. Thus, additional purification steps after separation of radionuclides and target materials have to be avoided. However, no isolation procedure has been reported in the literature so far where radiomanganese is directly obtained in a nonhazardous solution. Therefore a new separation procedure was developed utilizing the cation-exchange resin DOWEX 50W×8 (H+-form). 52gMn was quantitatively isolated from “bulk” chromium after 3 to 4 h in non-hazardous 0.067M ammonium citrate solution. Up to 99% of 52gMn activity was harvested within 10 to 15 mL eluent solution with no measureable 51Cr impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Buchholz
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - I. Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B. Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. H. Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Quintero NY, Restrepo G, Cohen IM. Chemotopological study of positron emitter radionuclides used in PET diagnostic imaging: physical, physico-chemical, dosimetric, quantum and nuclear properties. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Qaim SM. Development of novel positron emitters for medical applications: nuclear and radiochemical aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2011.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In molecular imaging, the importance of novel longer lived positron emitters, also termed as non-standard or innovative PET radionuclides, has been constantly increasing, especially because they allow studies on slow metabolic processes and in some cases furnish the possibility of quantification of radiation dose in internal radiotherapy. Considerable efforts have been invested worldwide and about 25 positron emitters have been developed. Those efforts relate to interdisciplinary studies dealing with basic nuclear data, high current charged particle irradiation, efficient radiochemical separation and quality control of the desired radionuclide, and recovery of the enriched target material for reuse. In this review all those aspects are briefly discussed, with particular reference to three radionuclides, namely 64Cu, 124I and 86Y, which are presently in great demand. For each radionuclide several nuclear routes were investigated but the ( p,n) reaction on an enriched target isotope was found to be the best for use at a small-sized cyclotron. Some other positron emitting radionuclides, such as 55Co, 76Br, 89Zr, 82mRb, 94mTc, 120I, etc., were also produced via the low-energy (p,n), (p,α) or (d,n) reaction. On the other hand, the production of radionuclides 52Fe, 73Se, 83Sr, etc. using intermediate energy (p,xn) or (d,xn) reactions needs special consideration, the nuclear data and chemical processing methods being of key importance. In a few special cases, a high intensity 3He- or α-particle beam could be an added advantage. The production of some potentially interesting positron emitters via generator systems, for example 44Ti/44Sc, 72Se/72As and 140N d/140Pr is considered. The significance of new generation high power accelerators is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Holland
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J. Williamson
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Abstract
Summary
The influence of reaction channel on the isomeric cross-section ratio was investigated by analysing the experimental data on the reactions 52Cr(p, n)52m,gMn, 52Cr(3He, t)52m,gMn, 54Fe(d, α)52m,gMn, 54Fe(n, t)52m,gMn and 54Fe(3He, α p)52m,gMn over the incident particle energy range extending up to 35 MeV. The influence is most pronounced when the channels differ widely, for example (p, n) and (3He, t) processes, i.e. when the reaction mechanisms are different. The nuclear model calculational code EMPIRE-II described the isomeric cross-section ratio rather well in the case of a simple nucleon emission reaction, but not when complex reaction channels were involved.
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Watanabe S, Ishioka N, Osa A, Koizumi M, Sekine T, Kiyomiya S, Nakanishi H, Mori S. Production of positron emitters of metallic elements to study plant uptake and distribution. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The metallic positron emitters 52Mn, 52Fe and 62Zn, the elements of which are essential nutrients for plants as well as for animals, have been produced for a new tracer method in plant physiology. The tracer method utilizes the detection of annihilation γ-rays, like PET in nuclear medicine, to obtain two-dimensional images on a plant as well as to obtain radioactivity counts at specified points in a plant; this method allows us to observe the tracer movement in a living plant without touching the test plant. The previously reported methods of radiochemical separation of these metallic positron emitters from targets were partly modified from the view of their use in plant physiology. Radionuclidic impurities remaining in the final solutions were examined by γ-ray spectrometry, and their influences on the above-mentioned measurements are discussed. From the experiments on a barley plant, the speeds of 52Mn2+ ion and 52Fe3+-mugineic-acid complex have been obtained for the first time to be 0.2 cm/min and 1.0 cm/min, respectively.
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Klein ATJ, Rösch F, Coenen HH, Qaim SM. Production of the positron emitter 51Mn via the 50Cr(d, n) reaction: targetry and separation of no-carrier-added radiomanganese. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2002.90.3_2002.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
In connection with the production of 46.2 min 51Mn via the 50Cr(d, n)-process, several separation techniques such as ion exchange chromatography, solid phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and co-precipitation have been investigated; the aim was to separate no-carrier-added radiomanganese from the bulk target chromium. Among the separation systems *MnII/CrIII, *MnII/CrVI and *MnIV/CrVI, the latter applying the co-precipitation of *MnIV with FeIII hydroxide was found to be the optimum; the removal of chromium was rapid and quantitative (remaining content <0.05%) and the separation efficiency was high (99.3% radiochemical yield of *Mn). For production purposes, a sandwiched pellet of the chemical composition Al4·50CrCl3 was developed as a new target. This allowed a quick dissolution after irradiation, thus enabling a fast separation of 51Mn and its production on a MBq scale. A 1 h irradiation at 3 µA (wobbled beam) over an effective deuteron energy range of E
d = 12.8 → 7.9 MeV yielded 107 MBq 51Mn. Simultaneously formed nuclides of other elements, such as 38Cl, 24Na, 48V and 51Cr were quantitatively separated using the proposed procedure. Only the shorter-lived radioisotope 52mMn, formed via the 52Cr(d, 2n)52mMn reaction, was present at a low level of 2%, if the enrichment of 50Cr was 95% (with ∼5% 52Cr).
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Broeders CHM, Konobeyev AY. Systematics of (p,α) (p,nα), and (p,np) reaction cross-sections. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:1249-64. [PMID: 17632006 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Semi-empirical systematics of (p,alpha) (p,nalpha), and (p,np) reaction cross-sections were obtained at various incident proton energies from 17.9 to 28.5 MeV. Systematics are based on analytical formulas derived using the pre-equilibrium exciton model, evaporation model and semi-empirical mass formula. Parameters of systematics were fitted to the data obtained from the analysis of available measured cross-sections for (p,alpha) (p,nalpha), and (p,np) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H M Broeders
- Institut für Reaktorsicherheit, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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