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Blower JE, Ma MT, Al-Salemee FAI, Gee AD. The Hantzsch reaction for nitrogen-13 PET: preparation of [ 13N]nifedipine and derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4962-4965. [PMID: 33876157 PMCID: PMC8132178 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00495f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-13 is an attractive but under-used PET radionuclide for labelling molecules of biological and pharmaceutical interest, complementing other PET radionuclides. Its short half-life (t1/2 = 9.97 min) imposes synthetic challenges, but we have expanded the hitherto limited pool of 13N labelling strategies and tracers by adapting the multicomponent Hantzsch condensation reaction to prepare a library of 13N-labelled 1,4-dihydropyridines from [13N]ammonia, including the widely-used drug nifedipine. This represents a key advance in 13N PET radiochemistry, and will serve to underpin the renewed interest in clinical opportunities offered by short-lived PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Blower
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Michelle T Ma
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Fahad A I Al-Salemee
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Antony D Gee
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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Jalilian AR, Beiki D, Hassanzadeh-Rad A, Eftekhari A, Geramifar P, Eftekhari M. Production and Clinical Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals and Medical Radioisotopes in Iran. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 46:340-58. [PMID: 27237443 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During past 3 decades, nuclear medicine has flourished as vibrant and independent medical specialty in Iran. Since that time, more than 200 nuclear physicians have been trained and now practicing in nearly 158 centers throughout the country. In the same period, Tc-99m generators and variety of cold kits for conventional nuclear medicine were locally produced for the first time. Local production has continued to mature in robust manner while fulfilling international standards. To meet the ever-growing demand at the national level and with international achievements in mind, work for production of other Tc-99m-based peptides such as ubiquicidin, bombesin, octreotide, and more recently a kit formulation for Tc-99m TRODAT-1 for clinical use was introduced. Other than the Tehran Research Reactor, the oldest facility active in production of medical radioisotopes, there is one commercial and three hospital-based cyclotrons currently operational in the country. I-131 has been one of the oldest radioisotope produced in Iran and traditionally used for treatment of thyrotoxicosis and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Since 2009, (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine has been locally available for diagnostic applications. Gallium-67 citrate, thallium-201 thallous chloride, and Indium-111 in the form of DTPA and Oxine are among the early cyclotron-produced tracers available in Iran for about 2 decades. Rb-81/Kr-81m generator has been available for pulmonary ventilation studies since 1996. Experimental production of PET radiopharmaceuticals began in 1998. This work has culminated with development and optimization of the high-scale production line of (18)F-FDG shortly after installation of PET/CT scanner in 2012. In the field of therapy, other than the use of old timers such as I-131 and different forms of P-32, there has been quite a significant advancement in production and application of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals in recent years. Application of (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine for treatment of neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neuroendocrine tumors has been steadily increasing in major academic university hospitals. Also (153)Sm-EDTMP, (177)Lu-EDTMP, (90)Y-citrate, (90)Y-hydroxyapatite colloid, (188/186)Re-sulfur colloid, and (188/186)Re-HEDP have been locally developed and now routinely available for bone pain palliation and radiosynovectomy. Cu-64 has been available to the nuclear medicine community for some time. With recent reports in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of this agent especially in the field of oncology, we anticipate an expansion in production and availability. The initiation of the production line for gallium-68 generator is one of the latest exciting developments. We are proud that Iran would be joining the club of few nations with production lines for this type of generator. There are also quite a number of SPECT and PET tracers at research and preclinical stage of development preliminarily introduced for possible future clinical applications. Availability of fluorine-18 tracers and gallium-68 generators would no doubt allow rapid dissemination of PET/CT practices in various parts of our large country even far from a cyclotron facility. Also, local production and availability of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are going to open exciting horizons in the field of nuclear medicine therapy. Given the available manpower, local infrastructure of SPECT imaging, and rapidly growing population, the production of Tc-99m generators and cold kit would continue to flourish in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davood Beiki
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Hassanzadeh-Rad
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Eftekhari
- Diagnostic Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Surrey Memorial Hospital and Jim Pattison Outpatient Care and Surgery Centre, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Parham Geramifar
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eftekhari
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rotstein BH, Liang SH, Belov VV, Livni E, Levine DB, Bonab AA, Papisov MI, Perlis RH, Vasdev N. Practical Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Neuroimaging of [11C]isradipine, a Calcium Channel Antagonist. Molecules 2015; 20:9550-9. [PMID: 26016546 PMCID: PMC4870226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the interest of developing in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) probes for neuroimaging of calcium channels, we have prepared a carbon-11 isotopologue of a dihydropyridine Ca2+-channel antagonist, isradipine. Desmethyl isradipine (4-(benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)-5-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid) was reacted with [11C]CH3I in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in DMF in an HPLC injector loop to produce the radiotracer in a good yield (6 ± 3% uncorrected radiochemical yield) and high specific activity (143 ± 90 GBq·µmol−1 at end-of-synthesis). PET imaging of normal rats revealed rapid brain uptake at baseline (0.37 ± 0.08% ID/cc (percent of injected dose per cubic centimeter) at peak, 15–60 s), which was followed by fast washout. After pretreatment with isradipine (2 mg·kg−1, i.p.), whole brain radioactivity uptake was diminished by 25%–40%. This preliminary study confirms that [11C]isradipine can be synthesized routinely for research studies and is brain penetrating. Further work on Ca2+-channel radiotracer development is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Vasily V Belov
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Eli Livni
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Dylan B Levine
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ali A Bonab
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mikhail I Papisov
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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