1
|
Khorshidi A. Chemical radioanalysis of production of positron-emitting radioisotope Gallium-68 via (p,n) and (p,2n) reactions using compact cyclotron for tomography applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31499. [PMID: 38813197 PMCID: PMC11133935 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the proton-induced reactions of 68Zn and 69Ga aimed at generating 68Ga were simulated and modeled using Talys code and neural network software. In the first step, both targets were simulated under different proton energies and at different bombardments times to generate a total of six thousand data. Then, the obtained data from the Talys, including the various cross-sections, contaminations, the main product i.e. 68Ga, and other options were completely saved in the output file. Afterwards, the inputs of the neural network were selected from the output of the Talys by analyzing and considering most of the key features. A total of four inputs, two of which are different energies related to the reaction, the other is the process sequence and the fourth input is the bombardment time, were recognized as suitable inputs and the model was trained differently depending on the type of target. The selected model was a feed-forward neural network with 5 nodes in a middle layer, which was able to estimate the output of Talys code by changing the input parameters with extremely high accuracy. Two different models including the main model for estimating the output of the main sample (product) and the sub-model for estimating process pollution or impurity were trained, and then the trained model was tested on the deduced process data. The implementation results fully demonstrated the high accuracy of the method. The neural network model is much easier to implement than the Talys code, and its execution speed is very high. In addition, it can be used appropriately as a system alternative for optimization and different structures in medical and biological engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Khorshidi
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
- Soleimani Maktab, Central Branch, Qaem University, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashhar Z, Ahmad Fadzil MF, Md Safee Z, Aziz F, Ibarhim UH, Nik Afinde NMF, Mat Ail N, Jamal Harizan MAH, Halib D, Alek Amran A, Adawiyah R, Abd Hamid MHN, Mahamood M, Razali NI, Said MA. Performance evaluation of Gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals production using liquid target PETtrace 800 cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 205:111161. [PMID: 38163386 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to increased demand, cyclotron has an expanding role in producing Gallium-68 (68Ga) radiopharmaceuticals using solid and liquid targets. Though the liquid target produces lower end-of-bombardment activity compared to the solid target, our study presents the performance of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals production using the liquid target by evaluating the end-of-bombardment activity and the end-of-purification activity of [68Ga]GaCl3. We also present the effect of increasing irradiation time, which significantly improves the end-of-synthesis yield. From the result obtained, the end-of-bombardment activity produced was 4.48 GBq, and the [68Ga]GaCl3 end-of-purification activity produced was 2.51 GBq with below-limit metallic impurities. Increasing the irradiation time showed a significant increase in the end-of-synthesis activity from 1.33 GBq to 1.95 GBq for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and from 1.13 GBq to 1.74 GBq for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. Based on the improvements made, the liquid target production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals is feasible and reproducible to accommodate up to 5 patients per production. In addition, this work also discusses the issues encountered, together with the possible corrective and preventative measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarif Ashhar
- Pharmacy Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Firdaus Aziz
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Ummi Habibah Ibarhim
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | | | - Noratikah Mat Ail
- Pharmacy Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | | | - Dzulieza Halib
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | | | - Rabiatul Adawiyah
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | | | - Mazurin Mahamood
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | - Nor Idayu Razali
- Nuclear Medicine Department, National Cancer Institute, Putrajaya, 62250, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kamal N, Nizam S, Abdul Aziz A. The effects of nuclear level density model and alpha optical model potential to the excitation functions of novel therapeutic radionuclides. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 203:111085. [PMID: 37924626 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the theoretical cross sections of 209Bi(α,2n)211At, 65Cu(α,n)68Ga, 100Ru(α,n)103Pd, and 121Sb(α,n)124I are calculated using TALYS 1.96, incorporating the effects of the alpha optical model potential and nuclear level density models. The validation process involves comparing the calculated cross sections with experimental data and utilizing statistical deviation factors. This comparison allows us to determine the optimal combination of nuclear model parameters for each reaction. The result shows that theoretical calculations which utilized semi microscopic level density models and alpha OMP managed to describe the excitation functions close to the experimental data. The comparison of nuclear model calculations with experimental data plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of the data, making it an essential aspect of modern evaluation procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kamal
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S Nizam
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A Abdul Aziz
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cyclotron Production of Gallium-68 Radiopharmaceuticals Using the 68Zn(p,n) 68Ga Reaction and Their Regulatory Aspects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010070. [PMID: 36678699 PMCID: PMC9867404 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and implementing various radionuclide production methods guarantees a sustainable supply, which is important for medical use. The use of medical cyclotrons for radiometal production can increase the availability of gallium-68 (68Ga) radiopharmaceuticals. Although generators have greatly influenced the demand for 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, the use of medical cyclotrons is currently being explored. The resulting 68Ga production is several times higher than obtained from a generator. Moreover, the use of solid targets yields end of purification and end of synthesis (EOS) of up to 194 GBq and 72 GBq, respectively. Furthermore, experiments employing liquid targets have provided promising results, with an EOS of 3 GBq for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11. However, some processes can be further optimized, specifically purification, to achieve high 68Ga recovery and apparent molar activity. In the future, 68Ga will probably remain one of the most in-demand radionuclides; however, careful consideration is needed regarding how to reduce the production costs. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals using Advanced Cyclotron Systems, Inc. (ACSI, Richmond, BC, Canada) Richmond, Canada and GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA cyclotrons, its related factors, and regulatory concerns.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tatari M, Dehghan Manshadi Z, Naik H. A theoretical study for the production of 32P radioisotope using neutrons from the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction in a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Amjed N, Naz A, Wajid A, Aslam M, Ahmad I. Nuclear model analysis and optimization of production data of the medically interesting 66,67,68 Ga via alpha induced reactions on 63,65 Cu targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Anwer M, Naz A, Ahmad I, Usman M, Hussain J, Ilyas SZ, Shahid M. Ion beam activation of natCu, natTi, natNi and measurement of product formation cross sections at low energy (<10 MeV). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we investigated the production cross sections of natCu(p, x)63,65Zn, natTi(p, x)48V, natNi(p, x)55Co,61Cu and natCu(α, x)66,67,68Ga, natTi(α, x)49,51Cr, natNi(α, x)63,65Zn reactions in the low energy range using the foil activation technique. The samples were activated in vacuum at 5 MV tandem (Pelletron) accelerator installed at National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad, Pakistan. The reaction products were identified with the help of off-line gamma ray spectroscopy system connected with Genie 2000 software. The data analysis revealed the production of different radioisotopes that have valuable importance in monitoring charged-particle beams and medical applications. The measured results were verified by comparing them with earlier evaluated data as well as with the theoretical values given in the TENDL-library based on TALYS-1.9 code calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Anwer
- Experimental Physics Directorate , National Centre for Physics , Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box No.2141 , Islamabad , 44000 , Pakistan
- Department of Physics , Allama Iqbal Open University , 2 Ashfaq Ahmed Rd, H-8 , Islamabad 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Anam Naz
- Experimental Physics Directorate , National Centre for Physics , Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box No.2141 , Islamabad , 44000 , Pakistan
- Department of Physics , Allama Iqbal Open University , 2 Ashfaq Ahmed Rd, H-8 , Islamabad 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Ishaq Ahmad
- Experimental Physics Directorate , National Centre for Physics , Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box No.2141 , Islamabad , 44000 , Pakistan
- Joint International Research Institute of Nuclear Radiation Physics , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Experimental Physics Directorate , National Centre for Physics , Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box No.2141 , Islamabad , 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Javed Hussain
- Experimental Physics Directorate , National Centre for Physics , Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box No.2141 , Islamabad , 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Syed Zafar Ilyas
- Department of Physics , Allama Iqbal Open University , 2 Ashfaq Ahmed Rd, H-8 , Islamabad 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- National Institute of Safety and Security , Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority , G-8/1, P.O. Box No. 1912 , Islamabad , 44080 , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Special radionuclide production activities – recent developments at QST and throughout Japan. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), formerly known as the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), has been engaged in work on radiopharmaceutical science using cyclotrons since 1974. Eight pioneering researchers founded the basis of this field of research at NIRS, and to the present, many researchers and technicians have accumulated both scientific and technical achievements, as well as inherited the spirit of research. Besides, in recent years, we have developed production systems with AVF-930 cyclotron for various ‘non-standard’ radioisotopes applied in both diagnosis and therapy. Here, we review the past 50 years of our activities on radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical development, as well as more recent activities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Braccini S, Carzaniga T, Dellepiane G, Grundler P, Scampoli P, van der Meulen N, Wüthrich D. Optimization of 68Ga production at an 18 MeV medical cyclotron with solid targets by means of cross-section measurement of 66Ga, 67Ga and 68Ga. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 186:110252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Aslam MT, Hussain M. Calculations for the nuclear reaction cross-sections via α-particle induced reactions on 65Cu to produce impurity free 67Ga for medical applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 172:109678. [PMID: 33714017 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics field is facilitated with advancements enacted in anatomic imaging (cross-sectional modalities). Radionuclide scans (imaging) escorted by 67Ga are extensively beneficial in bone scintigraphy and recognition of prosthetic joint failure. Present work comprises the data concerning 67Ga production via α-particle induced nuclear reactions, TTY (thick target yield) and impurity analysis. Experimental measurements regarding 67Ga production are analyzed through a comparative study performed with calculations of theoretical model codes (TALYS-1.95, EMPIRE-3.2.3 and ALICE-IPPE). A data set of recommended cross-sections was generated and utilized to deduce TTY. The contribution of radionuclidic impurities is canvassed to suggest an energy region to produce impurity free 67Ga for medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aslam MT, Ali W, Hussain M. Nuclear model analysis of the 65Cu(α, n) 68Ga reaction for the production of 68Ga up to 40 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 170:109590. [PMID: 33493791 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The charge particle (α) induced reactions on enriched copper (65Cu) are investigated for the production of 68Ga. The data sets of experimental cross sections are compiled, normalized and nuclear model analysis is done using calculational codes namely, ALICE-IPPE, TALYS 1.95 and EMPIRE 3.2. The theoretical production cross sections via alpha particle induced reactions are calculated to present a set of recommended cross sections. The calculated cross sections are utilized to deduce thick target yield (TTY) for the 65Cu (α, n) 68Ga reaction. The range of energy for production of 68Ga is suggested up to 40 MeV having least contribution of radio-impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Waris Ali
- Department of Physics, Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin M, Ta RT, Kairemo K, Le DB, Ravizzini GC. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals in Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:237-251. [PMID: 32589458 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer to affect men in the United States and the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become increasingly popular as a novel molecular imaging technique capable of improving the clinical management of patients with prostate cancer. To date, several 68Ga and 18F-labeled PSMA-targeted molecules have shown promising results in imaging patients with recurrent prostate cancer using PET/computed tomography (PET/CT). Studies of involving PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceuticals also suggest a higher sensitivity and specificity, along with an improved detection rate over conventional imaging (CT scan and methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy) and 11C/18F-choline PET/CT. In addition, PSMA-617 and PSMA I&T ligands can be labeled with α- and β-emitters (e.g., 225Ac, 90Y, and 177Lu) and serve as a theranostic tool for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. While the clinical impact of such concept remains to be verified, the preliminary results of PSMA molecular radiotherapy are very encouraging. Herein, we highlighted the current status of development and future perspectives of PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceuticals and their clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lin
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert T Ta
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kalevi Kairemo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Radiotherapy, Docrates Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dao B Le
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory C Ravizzini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Naik H, Suryanarayana SV, Murali MS, Kapote Noy R. Excitation function of 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction for the production of 68Ga. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Tsoodol Z, Aikawa M, Dagvadorj I, Khishigjargal T, Javkhlantugs N, Komori Y, Haba H. Production cross sections of 68Ga and radioactive by-products in deuteron-induced reactions on natural zinc. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 159:109095. [PMID: 32250769 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation cross sections of the deuteron-induced reactions on natural zinc are studied for the production of the medical radionuclide 68Ga. The stacked foil activation method and the γ-ray spectrometry were used. Co-produced radionuclides 65,66,67Ga, 63,65,69mZn, 61Cu, and 58Co are also investigated to evaluate amounts of impurities for practical use of 68Ga. Physical yields of the radionuclides were deduced from the measured cross sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zolbadral Tsoodol
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; Nuclear Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia.
| | - Masayuki Aikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ichinkhorloo Dagvadorj
- Nuclear Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia; Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tegshjargal Khishigjargal
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Namsrai Javkhlantugs
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Tárkányi FT, Ignatyuk AV, Hermanne A, Capote R, Carlson BV, Engle JW, Kellett MA, Kibédi T, Kim GN, Kondev FG, Hussain M, Lebeda O, Luca A, Nagai Y, Naik H, Nichols AL, Nortier FM, Suryanarayana SV, Takács S, Verpelli M. Recommended nuclear data for medical radioisotope production: diagnostic positron emitters. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Noori SS, Akkurt İ, Demir NK. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe main purpose of this study is the investigation of a cross section of proton induced nuclear reactions. The excitation functions of the reactions:56Fe(p,2n)55Co58Fe(p,2n)57Co,111Cd(p,2n)110In,112Cd(p,2n)111In,125Te(p,2n)124I,126Te(p,2n)125I,68Zn(p,2n)67Gawere investigated. These reactions were studied as the resulting radioisotopes are used in medical applications. Theoretical excitation functions have been calculated with TALYS 1.6 nuclear reaction simulation code. The calculated excitation functions are compared with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shukur Noori
- Süleyman Demirel University, Sciences & Arts Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
- Kirkuk University, College of Science, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - İskender Akkurt
- Süleyman Demirel University, Sciences & Arts Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Karpuz Demir
- Amasya University, Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin Vocational School of Health Services, Amasya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Artun O. Calculation of productions of PET radioisotopes via phenomenological level density models. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
19
|
Lin M, Waligorski GJ, Lepera CG. Production of curie quantities of 68Ga with a medical cyclotron via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 133:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
20
|
Simulation study of the proton-induced reaction cross sections for the production of 18F and 66–68Ga radioisotopes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Kandil SA, Al-Abyad M, Szűcs Z. A technical study to economize the amount of zinc used in the production of radiogallium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2016-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For the production of radiogallium, the targets were prepared in two forms, namely, electroplated metal and pressed oxide. The target holder was selected from Cu-metal as a circular disk. The experimental yields of 66,67,68Ga produced from both irradiated natZnO and zinc metal targets are given and compared with the estimated yields as well as with the previously reported values. The ZnO target developed in this work appears to be more convenient and economical for local production of short-lived radiogallium, e.g. 66Ga and 68Ga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaban A. Kandil
- Physics Department – Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Postal Code 13759, Egypt
| | - Mogahed Al-Abyad
- Physics Department – Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Postal Code 13759, Egypt , Tel.: +2 02 446 91 743, Fax: +2 02 46 220 086
| | - Zoltan Szűcs
- Institute of Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qaim SM. Nuclear data for production and medical application of radionuclides: Present status and future needs. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 44:31-49. [PMID: 27821344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The significance of nuclear data in the choice and medical application of a radionuclide is considered: the decay data determine its suitability for organ imaging or internal therapy and the reaction cross section data allow optimisation of its production route. A brief discussion of reaction cross sections and yields is given. STANDARD RADIONUCLIDES The standard SPECT, PET and therapeutic radionuclides are enumerated and their decay and production data are considered. The status of nuclear data is generally good. Some existing discrepancies are outlined. A few promising alternative production routes of 99mTc and 68Ga are discussed. RESEARCH-ORIENTED RADIONUCLIDES The increasing significance of non-standard positron emitters in organ imaging and of low-energy highly-ionizing radiation emitters in internal therapy is discussed, their nuclear data are considered and a brief review of their status is presented. Some other related nuclear data issues are also mentioned. PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES USING NEWER TECHNOLOGIES The data needs arising from new directions in radionuclide applications (multimode imaging, theranostic approach, radionanoparticles, etc.) are considered. The future needs of data associated with possible utilization of newer irradiation technologies (intermediate energy cyclotron, high-intensity photon accelerator, spallation neutron source, etc.) are outlined. CONCLUSION Except for a few small discrepancies, the available nuclear data are sufficient for routine production and application of radionuclides. Considerable data needs exist for developing novel radionuclides for applications. The developing future technologies for radionuclide production will demand further data-related activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baldik R, Dombayci A. Investigation of the production of 68Ga using pre-equilibrium models. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 113:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Neumaier B. Uses of alpha particles, especially in nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2015-2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alpha particles exhibit three important characteristics: scattering, ionisation and activation. This article briefly discusses those properties and outlines their major applications. Among others, α-particles are used in elemental analysis, investigation and improvement of materials properties, nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. The latter two topics, dealing with activation of target materials, are treated in some detail in this paper. Measurements of excitation functions of α-particle induced reactions shed some light on their reaction mechanisms, and studies of isomeric cross sections reveal the probability of population of high-spin nuclear levels. Regarding medical radionuclides, an overview is presented of the isotopes commonly produced using α-particle beams. Consideration is also given to some routes which could be potentially useful for production of a few other radionuclides. The significance of α-particle induced reactions to produce a few high-spin isomeric states, decaying by emission of low-energy conversion or Auger electrons, which are of interest in localized internal radiotherapy, is outlined. The α-particle beam, thus broadens the scope of nuclear chemistry research related to development of non-standard positron emitters and therapeutic radionuclides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
New developments in the experimental data for charged particle production of medical radioisotopes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-3968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Evaluation of excitation functions of the 68,67, 66 Zn(p,xn) 68,67, 66 Ga and 67 Zn(p,α) 64 Cu reactions: Validation of evaluated data through comparison with experimental excitation functions of the nat Zn(p,x) 66, 67 Ga and nat Zn(p,x) 64 Cu processes. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 96:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Excitation functions of nat Zn(p,x) nuclear reactions with proton beam energy below 18 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 94:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
Abstract
Medical radionuclide production technology is well established. Both reactors and cyclotrons are utilized for production; the positron emitters, however, are produced exclusively using cyclotrons. A brief survey of the production methods of most commonly used diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides is given. The emerging radionuclides are considered in more detail. They comprise novel positron emitters and therapeutic radionuclides emitting low-range electrons and α-particles. The possible alternative production routes of a few established radionuclides, like 68Ga and 99mTc, are discussed. The status of standardisation of production data of the commonly used as well as of some emerging radionuclides is briefly mentioned. Some notions on anticipated future trends in the production and application of radionuclides are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
SummaryNuclear reaction cross section data are of great significance in optimisation of production routes of radionuclides. This article deals with some newer aspects of data research related to production of both standard and novel radionuclides. The recent work to standardise the known data is discussed and new measurements with regard to further optimisation of production routes of some commonly used radionuclides are mentioned. Attempts to increase the specific activity of some reactor-produced radionuclides through the use of charged-particle induced reactions are outlined. The jeopardy in the supply of99mTcviaa fission-produced99Mo/99mTc generator is considered and its possible direct production at a cyclotron is briefly discussed. Regarding the novel radionuclides, development work is presently focussed on non-standard positron emitters for diagnosis and on low-range highly ionising radiation emitters for internal radiotherapy. Recent nuclear reaction cross section measurements related to the production of the two types of radionuclides are briefly reviewed and some anticipated trends in nuclear data research are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|