1
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A Critical Review on Engineering of d-Mannitol Crystals: Properties, Applications, and Polymorphic Control. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
d-mannitol is a common six-carbon sugar alcohol, which is widely used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Polymorphism is defined as the ability of materials to crystallize into different crystal structures. It has been reported for a long time that d-mannitol has three polymorphs: β, δ, and α. These different polymorphs have unique physicochemical properties, thus affecting the industrial applications of d-mannitol. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of different d-mannitol polymorphs, e.g., crystal structure, morphology, molecular conformational energy, stability, solubility and the analytical techniques of d-mannitol polymorphisms. Then, we described the different strategies for the preparation of d-mannitol crystals and focused on the polymorphic control of d-mannitol crystals in the products. Furthermore, the factors of the formation of different d-mannitol polymorphisms were summarized. Finally, the application of mannitol polymorphism was summarized. The purpose of this paper is to provide new ideas for a more personalized design of d-mannitol for various applications, especially as a pharmaceutical excipient. Meanwhile, the theoretical overview on polymorphic transformation of d-mannitol may shed some light on the crystal design study of other polycrystalline materials.
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2
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Rudysh MY, Ftomyn NY, Shchepanskyi PA, Myronchuk GL, Popov AI, Lemée N, Stadnyk VY, Brik MG, Piasecki M. Electronic Structure, Optical, and Elastic Properties of AgGaS
2
Crystal: Theoretical Study. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ya. Rudysh
- Faculty of Science and Technology J. Dlugosz University 13/15 Armii Krajowej Al. Czestochowa PL‐42‐201 Poland
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv 19 Dragomanov Street Lviv 79005 Ukraine
- Faculty of Information Systems Physics and Mathematics Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University 9 Potapova Str. Lutsk UA‐43021 Ukraine
- Department of General Physics Lviv Politechnic National University 12 Bandery Str. Lviv UA‐79013 Ukraine
| | - N. Y. Ftomyn
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv 19 Dragomanov Street Lviv 79005 Ukraine
| | - P. A. Shchepanskyi
- Faculty of Science and Technology J. Dlugosz University 13/15 Armii Krajowej Al. Czestochowa PL‐42‐201 Poland
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv 19 Dragomanov Street Lviv 79005 Ukraine
- Department of General Physics Lviv Politechnic National University 12 Bandery Str. Lviv UA‐79013 Ukraine
| | - G. L. Myronchuk
- Faculty of Information Systems Physics and Mathematics Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University 9 Potapova Str. Lutsk UA‐43021 Ukraine
| | - A. I. Popov
- Institute of Solid‐State Physics University of Latvia Riga LV 1063 Latvia
| | - N. Lemée
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée UR 2081 University of Picardie Jules Verne Amiens 80039 France
| | - V. Y. Stadnyk
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv 19 Dragomanov Street Lviv 79005 Ukraine
| | - M. G. Brik
- Faculty of Science and Technology J. Dlugosz University 13/15 Armii Krajowej Al. Czestochowa PL‐42‐201 Poland
- CQUPT‐BUL Innovation Institute & College of Sciences Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
- Institute of Physics University of Tartu W. Ostwald Str 1 Tartu 50411 Estonia
- Academy of Romanian Scientists Ilfov Str. No. 3 Bucharest 050044 Romania
| | - M. Piasecki
- Faculty of Science and Technology J. Dlugosz University 13/15 Armii Krajowej Al. Czestochowa PL‐42‐201 Poland
- Inorganic Chemistry Department Uzhhorod National University 46 Pidhirna Uzhhorod 88000 Ukraine
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Di Pasquale N, Davidchack RL. Cleaving Method for Molecular Crystals and Its Application to Calculation of the Surface Free Energy of Crystalline β-d-Mannitol at Room Temperature. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2134-2141. [PMID: 35324191 PMCID: PMC9007450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Calculation
of the surface free energy (SFE) is an important application
of the thermodynamic integration (TI) methodology, which was mainly
employed for atomic crystals (such as Lennard–Jones or metals).
In this work, we present the calculation of the SFE of a molecular
crystal using the cleaving technique which we implemented in the LAMMPS
molecular dynamics package. We apply this methodology to a crystal
of β-d-mannitol at room temperature and report the
results for two types of force fields belonging to the GROMOS family:
all atoms and united atoms. The results show strong dependence on
the type of force field used, highlighting the need for the development
of better force fields to model the surface properties of molecular
crystals. In particular, we observe that the united-atoms force field,
despite its higher degree of coarse graining compared to the all-atoms
force field, produces SFE results in better agreement with the experimental
results from inverse gas chromatography measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemo Di Pasquale
- School of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ruslan L Davidchack
- School of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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4
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Martin AT, Nichols SM, Murphy VL, Kahr B. Chiroptical anisotropy of crystals and molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8107-8120. [PMID: 34322691 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical activity, a foundational part of chemistry, is not restricted to chiral molecules although generations have been instructed otherwise. A more inclusive view of optical activity is valuable because it clarifies structure-property relationships however, this view only comes into focus in measurements of oriented molecules, commonly found in crystals. Unfortunately, measurements of optical rotatory dispersion or circular dichroism in anisotropic single crystals have challenged scientists for more than two centuries. New polarimetric methods for unpacking the optical activity of crystals in general directions are still needed. Such methods are reviewed as well as some of the 'nourishment' they provide, thereby inviting to new researchers. Methods for fitting intensity measurements in terms of the constitutive tensor that manifests as the differential refraction and absorption of circularly polarized light, are described, and examples are illustrated. Single oriented molecules, as opposed to single oriented crystals, can be treated computationally. Structure-property correlations for such achiral molecules with comparatively simple electronic structures are considered as a heuristic foundation for the response of crystals that may be subject to measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
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5
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Civati F, O’Malley C, Erxleben A, McArdle P. Factors Controlling Persistent Needle Crystal Growth: The Importance of Dominant One-Dimensional Secondary Bonding, Stacked Structures, and van der Waals Contact. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:3449-3460. [PMID: 34267600 PMCID: PMC8273860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Needle crystals can cause filtering and handling problems in industrial settings, and the factors leading to a needle crystal morphology have been investigated. The crystal growth of the amide and methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and t-butyl esters of diflunisal have been examined, and needle growth has been observed for all except the t-butyl ester. Their crystal structures show that the t-butyl ester is the only structure that does not contain molecular stacking. A second polymorph of a persistent needle forming phenylsulfonamide with a block like habit has been isolated. The structure analysis has been extended to known needle forming systems from the literature. The intermolecular interactions in needle forming structures have been analyzed using the PIXEL program, and the properties driving needle crystal growth were found to include a 1D motif with interaction energy greater than -30 kJ/mol, at least 50% vdW contact between the motif neighbors, and a filled unit cell which is a monolayer. Crystal structures are classified into persistent and controllable needle formers. Needle growth in the latter class can be controlled by choice of solvent. The factors shown here to be drivers of needle growth will help in the design of processes for the production of less problematic crystal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Civati
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ciaran O’Malley
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
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6
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Rodrigues MA, Rego P, Geraldes V, Connor LE, Oswald IDH, Sztucki M, Shalaev E. Mannitol Crystallization at Sub-Zero Temperatures: Time/Temperature-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study and the Phase Diagram. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1453-1460. [PMID: 33523661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mannitol, a common pharmaceutical ingredient, exhibits complex polymorphism even in simple binary mannitol/water mixtures, with four crystalline forms observed. In this investigation, time/temperature-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements are performed during freezing and thawing of mannitol/water mixtures. Mannitol crystallization depends strongly on the cooling rate and is initiated during cooling, if the cooling rate is lower than the critical cooling rate; otherwise, mannitol remains amorphous during freezing and crystallizes during subsequent heating above -30 °C. A temperature-composition phase diagram is constructed, reflecting eutectic and peritectic points and lower-temperature equilibria involving mannitol hemihydrate, hexagonal ice, and β-mannitol. Comparison of the experimental data with the phase diagram reveals that the mannitol crystallization behavior does not follow the equilibrium but appears to obey the Ostwald crystallization rule. Novel insights on equilibrium and kinetics phase relationships in mannitol/water systems could lead to improved formulations and manufacturing processes for pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rego
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Geraldes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lauren E Connor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K
- Collaborative International Research Programme: University of Strathclyde and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Technology Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Iain D H Oswald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbvie, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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7
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Ye HM, Freudenthal JH, Tan M, Yang J, Kahr B. Chiroptical Differentiation of Twisted Chiral and Achiral Polymer Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - John H. Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments, 7245 NW Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Melissa Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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8
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Wijethunga TK, Stojaković J, Bellucci MA, Chen X, Myerson AS, Trout BL. General Method for the Identification of Crystal Faces Using Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning and Application to the Epitaxial Growth of Acetaminophen. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9836-9846. [PMID: 30053784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystal morphology is one of the key crystallographic characteristics that governs the macroscopic properties of crystalline materials. The identification of crystal faces, or face indexing, is an important technique that is used to get information regarding a crystal's morphology. However, it is mainly limited to single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and it is often not applicable to products of routine crystallizations becasue it requires high quality single crystals in a narrow size range. To overcome the limitations of the SCXRD method, we have developed a robust and convenient Raman face indexing method based on work by Moriyama et al. This method exploits small but detectable differences in Raman spectra of crystal faces caused by different orientations of the crystallographic axis relative to the direction and polarization of the excitation laser beam. The method requires the compilation of a Raman spectral library for each compound and must be built and validated by SCXRD face indexing. Once the spectral library is available for a compound, the identity of unknown crystal faces (from any crystal that is larger than laser beam) can be inferred by collecting and comparing the Raman spectra to spectra within the library. We have optimized this approach further by developing a machine-learning algorithm that identifies crystal faces by performing a statistical comparison of the spectra in the Raman library and the Raman spectra of the unknown crystal faces. Here, we report the development of the Raman face indexing method and apply it to three different epitaxial systems: Acetaminophen (APAP) grown as an overlayer crystal on d-mannitol (MAN), d-galactose (GAL), and xylitol (XYL) substrates. For each of these epitaxial systems, the crystals were grown under various experimental conditions and have a wide range of sizes and quality. Using the Raman face indexing method, we were able to perform high-throughput indexing of a large number of crystals from different crystallization conditions, which could not be achieved using SCXRD or other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharanga K Wijethunga
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Jelena Stojaković
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Michael A Bellucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Allan S Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bernhardt L Trout
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Men Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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10
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Su W, Jia N, Li H, Hao H, Li C. Polymorphism of D-mannitol: Crystal structure and the crystal growth mechanism. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Koner JS, Rajabi-Siahboomi A, Bowen J, Perrie Y, Kirby D, Mohammed AR. A Holistic Multi Evidence Approach to Study the Fragmentation Behaviour of Crystalline Mannitol. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16352. [PMID: 26553127 PMCID: PMC4639810 DOI: 10.1038/srep16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol is an essential excipient employed in orally disintegrating tablets due to its high palatability. However its fundamental disadvantage is its fragmentation during direct compression, producing mechanically weak tablets. The primary aim of this study was to assess the fracture behaviour of crystalline mannitol in relation to the energy input during direct compression, utilising ball milling as the method of energy input, whilst assessing tablet characteristics of post-milled powders. Results indicated that crystalline mannitol fractured at the hydrophilic (011) plane, as observed through SEM, alongside a reduction in dispersive surface energy. Disintegration times of post-milled tablets were reduced due to the exposure of the hydrophilic plane, whilst more robust tablets were produced. This was shown through higher tablet hardness and increased plastic deformation profiles of the post-milled powders, as observed with a lower yield pressure through an out-of-die Heckel analysis. Evaluation of crystal state using x-ray diffraction/differential scanning calorimetry showed that mannitol predominantly retained the β-polymorph; however x-ray diffraction provided a novel method to calculate energy input into the powders during ball milling. It can be concluded that particle size reduction is a pragmatic strategy to overcome the current limitation of mannitol fragmentation and provide improvements in tablet properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdip S Koner
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | | | - James Bowen
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Daniel Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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12
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Kaminsky W, Snyder T, Stone-Sundberg J, Moeck P. 3D printing of representation surfaces from tensor data of KH 2PO 4 and low-quartz utilizing the WinTensor software. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2014-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tensorial properties such as thermal expansion, optical rotation, the electro-optic effect, elastic constants, and many more are prepared with a Windows executable, WinTensor, for rendering a graphical representation that can be viewed on a monitor or printed out for a tangible 3D model. Examples of 3D printed representation surfaces in KH2PO4 and low-quartz are provided together with a summary of the state of the arts of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Moeck
- Nano-Crystallography Group, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Cui X, Shtukenberg AG, Freudenthal J, Nichols S, Kahr B. Circular Birefringence of Banded Spherulites. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5481-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5013382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003
| | - John Freudenthal
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003
- Hinds Instruments, 7245 NW
Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Shane Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003
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14
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Hernández-Rodríguez C, Fragoso-López AB, Herreros-Cedrés J, Guerrero-Lemus R. Temperature-dependent optical rotatory power in the presence of birefringence of KTA and KTP crystals by the high-accuracy universal polarimeter method at 632.8 nm wavelength. J Appl Crystallogr 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-dependent simultaneous measurement of birefringence and optical rotatory power (ORP) for orthorhombic crystals of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and potassium titanyl arsenate (KTA) has been achieved by using the high-accuracy universal polarimeter method at 632.8 nm wavelength. The birefringence and ORP changes along the (110) planes for KTA and KTP crystals were found to have a nearly parabolic form for the temperature range 297–493 K. The thermal variation coefficients were found to be 0.9 (5) × 10−5 K−1and 5.6 (3) × 10−8 K−2for KTA and 0.9 (5) × 10−5K−1and 5.7 (3) × 10−8 K−2for KTP. The ORPs at 297 K were found to be 20.0 (20) and 20.5 (15)° mm−1for KTA and KTP, respectively. The thermal variation coefficients of the ORP were found to be 1.8 (2) × 10−3° mm−1 K−1and 1.1 (1) × 10–5° mm−1 K−2for KTA and 1.9 (2) × 10−3° mm−1 K−1and 1.2 (1) × 10−5° mm−1 K−2for KTP.
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15
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Effect of Milling on Particle Shape and Surface Energy Heterogeneity of Needle-Shaped Crystals. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2806-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Littringer EM, Mescher A, Schroettner H, Achelis L, Walzel P, Urbanetz NA. Spray dried mannitol carrier particles with tailored surface properties--the influence of carrier surface roughness and shape. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:194-204. [PMID: 22595133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the performance of mannitol carrier particles of tailored surface roughness in dry powder inhaler formulations. Carrier particles of different surface roughness were prepared by spray drying of aqueous mannitol solutions at different outlet temperatures at a pilot-scale spray dryer. However, the carrier particles did not only change in surface roughness but also in shape. This is why the impact of carrier shape on the performance of carrier based dry powder inhalates was evaluated also. The highest fine particle fraction (FPF), that is the amount of active pharmaceutical substance, delivered to the deep lung, is achieved when using rough, spherical carrier particles (FPF=29.23 ± 4.73%, mean arithmetic average surface roughness (mean R(a))=140.33 ± 27.75 nm, aspect ratio=0.925). A decrease of surface roughness (mean R(a)=88.73 ± 22.25 nm) leads to lower FPFs (FPF=14.62 ± 1.18%, aspect ratio=0.918). The FPF further decreases when irregular shaped particles are used. For those particles, the micronized active accumulates within the cavities of the carrier surface during the preparation of the powder mixtures. Upon inhalation, the cavities may protect the active from being detached from the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Littringer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
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17
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Shtukenberg AG, Cui X, Freudenthal J, Gunn E, Camp E, Kahr B. Twisted mannitol crystals establish homologous growth mechanisms for high-polymer and small-molecule ring-banded spherulites. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6354-64. [PMID: 22413815 DOI: 10.1021/ja300257m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-Mannitol belongs to a large and growing family of crystals with helical morphologies (Yu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003, 125, 6380). Two polymorphs of D-mannitol, α and δ, when grown in the presence of additives such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) or D-sorbitol, form ring-banded spherulites composed of handed helical fibrils, where the helix axes correspond to the radial growth directions. The two polymorphs form helices with opposite senses in the presence of PVP but the same sense in the presence of D-sorbitol. The characteristic dimensions of the fibrils, including thickness, aspect ratio, and pitch, were determined by scanning probe and electron microscopies. These values must form the basis of any theory that presupposes what forces give rise to crystal twisting, a problem that has been broached but unsettled in the literature of polymer crystallization. The interdependence of the rhythmic variations of both linear and circular birefringence, as determined by Mueller matrix microscopy, informs the cooperative organization of mannitol fibers. The microstructure of mannitol ring-banded spherulites compares favorably to that of high polymers and is evaluated within the context of current theories of crystal twisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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18
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Ho R, Hinder SJ, Watts JF, Dilworth SE, Williams DR, Heng JY. Determination of surface heterogeneity of d-mannitol by sessile drop contact angle and finite concentration inverse gas chromatography. Int J Pharm 2010; 387:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Kaminsky W, Responte D, Daranciang D, Gallegos JB, Ngoc Tran BC, Pham TA. Structure, morphology and optical properties of chiral N-(4-X-phenyl)-N-[1(S)-1-phenylethyl]thiourea, X= Cl, Br, and NO2. Molecules 2010; 15:554-69. [PMID: 20110909 PMCID: PMC6256928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new enantiopure aryl-thioureas have been synthesized, N-(4-X-phenyl)-N-[1(S)-1-phenylethyl]thiourea, X= Cl, Br, and NO2 (compounds 1-3, respectively). Large single crystals of up to 0.5 cm(3) were grown from methanol/ethanol solutions. Molecular structures were derived from X-ray diffraction studies and the crystal morphology was compared to calculations employing the Bravais-Friedel, Donnay-Harker model. Molecular packing was further studied with Hirshfeld surface calculations. Semi-empirical classical model calculations of refractive indices, optical rotation and the electro-optic effect were performed with OPTACT on the basis of experimentally determined refractive indices. Compound 3 (space group P 1 (No. 1)) was estimated to possess a large electro-optic coefficient r(333) of approximately 30 pm/V, whereas 1 and 2 (space Group P 2(1) (No. 4) exhibit much smaller effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
Measurement of optical rotation in RbTiOAsO4 (RTA) with the tilter method resulted in an optical rotation of ρ
12= +17(3)o/mm at a wavelength of 670nm, when a (100) sample was tilted about [001]. A tilt about [010] showed no rotation, as expected from the directional dependence of optical rotation calculated from the tensor in point group mm2. The absolute Miller-indices of the sam-les were found using X-ray anomalous scattering. The calculations with a dipole-dipole model show that the As5+-ions in RTA correlate with the main structural contribution of the optical rotation. However, there seems to be an even larger intrinsic contribution due to the Ti4+ – ions as a result of the distorted octahedral co-ordination with oxygen.
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Kaminsky W, Weckert E, Kutzke H, Glazer AM, Klapper H. Non-linear optical properties and absolute structure of metastable 4-methyl benzophenone. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2006.221.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastable 4-methyl benzophenone (4-MBP, C14H12O) crystallizes in the polar (pyroelectric) and enantiomorphic space groups (SG) P31 and P32. The optical rotation tensor has been measured for 670 nm and the material was tested for evidence of phase-matchability. The absolute structure was determined via three-beam diffraction, showing that the structural right-hand screw 31 is combined with positive (right-handed, i.e. clockwise when looking towards the light source) optical rotation, for both tensor components ρ
11 = ρ
22 = 26(5)°/mm, ρ
33 = 8.3(5)°/mm (contrary to low-quartz which shows negative optical rotation for ρ
33 and positive rotation for ρ
11 in right-hand SG P312).
The non-linear optical tensors for optical rotation, d-coefficients, electro-optic effect and electrogyration have been calculated using a set of electronic polarizabilities as input parameters for a dipole-dipole interaction model that reproduces the experimental refractive indices and optical rotation. Unusually high polarizability volumes are needed for hydrogen atom bonding to aromatic carbons in order to model the optical tensors. The non-linear optical coefficients are of medium size.
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Hollingsworth MD, Brown ME, Dudley M, Chung H, Peterson ML, Hillier AC. Template effects, asymmetry, and twinning in helical inclusion compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:965-9. [PMID: 12491283 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020315)41:6<965::aid-anie965>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hollingsworth
- Chemistry Department, Kansas State University, 111 Willard Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Hollingsworth MD, Brown ME, Dudley M, Chung H, Peterson ML, Hillier AC. Template Effects, Asymmetry, and Twinning in Helical Inclusion Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020315)114:6<1007::aid-ange1007>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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