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Exploring syndemic vulnerability across generations: A case study of a former fishing village in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med 2020; 295:113122. [PMID: 32576403 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative case study uses a life-course approach to explore syndemic vulnerability in a former fishing village in the Netherlands. Building on four years of fieldwork in a low-income neighborhood, we explored salient themes between and across families and generations. Elderly community members (>65 years) were interviewed to map village history and explore how contextual factors have affected family life, health, and wellbeing since the 1940s. We systematically traced and compared processes leading to or from syndemic vulnerability by studying seven families across three generations. Adults with at least one of clustering diseases, their parents (when possible), and their children participated in semi-structured life-course interviews. A complex interaction of endemic social conditions, sociocultural normative processes, learned health behaviors, and disheartening life events shaped families' predispositions for a syndemic of psychological distress, cardiometabolic conditions, and musculoskeletal pain. Educational attainment, continued social support, and aspirational capabilities emerged as themes related to decreasing syndemic vulnerability. This study demonstrates that syndemic vulnerability is potentially intergenerational and reveals the need for culturally sensitive and family-focused syndemic interventions. Future longitudinal research should focus on unravelling the pathogenesis of the clustering of psychological distress, cardiometabolic conditions, and musculoskeletal pain among young people.
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Zakrison TL, Milian Valdés D, Muntaner C. Social Violence, Structural Violence, Hate, and the Trauma Surgeon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2019; 49:665-681. [PMID: 31256698 DOI: 10.1177/0020731419859834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Violence can be committed against oneself or against another person or group. As trauma surgeons, we are often required to administer urgent surgical interventions on patients who have sustained life-threatening injuries, including from violence. The roots of such violence, nationally and globally, are related to structures of discrimination and alienation, termed “structural violence.” This is embedded in ubiquitous social structures and normalized by stable institutions and regular experience while “normalizing the abnormal.” Surgeons and physicians have a long history of critical analysis of the upstream “causes of the causes” to understand and prevent further harm. Hate can be well adapted to the classic public health model of the spread of “disease,” with hate speech as the vector leading to direct violence. Social medicine views social inequality as the cause of disease, with political action required to protect and improve population health. It acknowledges the need to address and end structural violence, through political solutions. It is our responsibility to create the dignified environments of growth and progress for our patients and to challenge the agents of harm such as hate and discrimination. As Dr. Norman Bethune, the father of social surgery stated, “Charity should be abolished, and replaced by justice.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Zakrison
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Davel Milian Valdés
- 2 University Hospital General Calixto García, Institute of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carles Muntaner
- 3 Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Berckmoes LH, de Jong JTVM, Reis R. Intergenerational transmission of violence and resilience in conflict-affected Burundi: a qualitative study of why some children thrive despite duress. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2017; 4:e26. [PMID: 29299333 PMCID: PMC5745362 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that in environments where community conflict and violence are chronic or cyclical, caregiving can impact how children may begin to reproduce violence throughout the various stages of their lives. The aim of this study is to understand how caregiving affects processes of reproducing violence and resilience among children in conflict-affected Burundi. METHODS We combined a socio-ecological model of child development with a child-actor perspective. We operationalized the core concepts 'vulnerable household', 'resilience', and 'caregiving' iteratively in culturally relevant ways, and put children's experiences at the center of the inquiry. We carried out a comparative case study among 74 purposively sampled vulnerable households in six collines in three communes in three provinces in the interior of Burundi. Burundian field researchers conducted three consecutive interviews; with the head of the household, the main caregiver, and a child. RESULTS Our findings reveal a strong congruence between positive caregiving and resilience among children. Negative caregiving was related to negative social behavior among children. Other resources for resilience appeared to be limited. The overall level of household conditions and embedment in communities attested to a generalized fragile ecological environment. CONCLUSIONS In conflict-affected socio-ecological environments, caregiving can impact children's functioning and their role in reproducing violence. Interventions that support caregivers in positive caregiving are promising for breaking cyclical violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Berckmoes
- The Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - J. T. V. M. de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - R. Reis
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- School of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, South Africa
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How Legacies of Genocide Are Transmitted in the Family Environment: A Qualitative Study of Two Generations in Rwanda. SOCIETIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/soc7030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McDowell A. Mohit's Pharmakon: Symptom, Rotational Bodies, and Pharmaceuticals in Rural Rajasthan. Med Anthropol Q 2017; 31:332-348. [DOI: 10.1111/maq.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McDowell
- GLOBHEALTH, Centre for Research on Medicine, Science, Health, Mental Health and Society, École des hautes études en sciences sociales/INSERM/CNRS
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Zakrison TL, Cabezas P, Valle E, Kornfeld J, Muntaner C, Soklaridis S. The Perceived Consequences of Gold Mining in Postwar El Salvador: A Qualitative Study. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:2382-7. [PMID: 26378845 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated themes related to the health and environmental impacts of gold mining in El Salvador. METHODS Over a 1-month period in 2013, we conducted focus groups (n = 32 participants in total) and individual semistructured interviews (n = 11) with community leaders until we achieved thematic saturation. Data collection took place in 4 departments throughout the country. We used a combination of criterion-purposive and snowballing sampling techniques to identify participants. RESULTS Multiple themes emerged: (1) the fallacy of economic development; (2) critique of mining activities; (3) the creation of mining-related violence, with parallels to El Salvador's civil war; and (4) solutions and alternatives to mining activity. Solutions involved the creation of cooperative microenterprises for sustainable economic growth, political empowerment within communities, and development of local participatory democracies. CONCLUSIONS Gold mining in El Salvador is perceived as a significant environmental and public health threat. Local solutions may be applicable broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Zakrison
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro Cabezas
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Valle
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Kornfeld
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Soklaridis
- Tanya L. Zakrison and Evan Valle are with the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Julie Kornfeld is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami. Pedro Cabezas is with the Association for the Development of El Salvador (CRIPDES), San Salvador, El Salvador. Carles Muntaner is with the Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and Sophie Soklaridis is with CAMH Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Borda Bohigas JP, Carrillo JO, Garzón DF, Ramírez MP, Rodríguez N. [Historical trauma. Systematic review of a different approach to armed conflict]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 44:41-9. [PMID: 26578218 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Historical trauma (HT) is a collective trauma inflicted on a group of people who share an identity or affiliation, and is often characterized by the transgenerational legacy of traumatic experiences, and expressed through various psychological and social responses. This construct is proposed in contrast to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to limitations identified with the latter diagnostic category when addressing collective trauma, especially in situations of political and social violence. The purpose of this article is to review the literature published so far on HT. METHODS A search was performed using the terms "historical trauma" and "mental health" or "trauma histórico" and "salud mental" in the scientific databases, EMBASE, Ebscohost, JSTOR, ProQuest, LILACS, SciELO, PsycARTICLES, ISI Web of Science and PubMed. RESULTS The authors reviewed HT definition, paramount characteristics of its traumatic experience, and several theories of on the transgenerational succession if these experiences occur, as well as possible consequences of traumatic events at individual, family and social level. Common characteristics of different therapeutic models are highlighted, in addition to some recommendations for their application. CONCLUSIONS PTSD has clear limitations in addressing community and cumulative traumatic experiences related to specific social and historical contexts. The authors discuss the potential utility of HT in this task. Finally, several gaps in current knowledge regarding this construct are mentioned, and some recommendations for future research are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan O Carrillo
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel F Garzón
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María P Ramírez
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Rodríguez
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Brigden NK. Transnational journeys and the limits of hometown resources: Salvadoran migration in uncertain times. MIGRATION STUDIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnu044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Amone-P’Olak K, Lekhutlile TM, Meiser-Stedman R, Ovuga E. Mediators of the relation between war experiences and suicidal ideation among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the WAYS study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:271. [PMID: 25248512 PMCID: PMC4180308 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, suicide is a public health burden especially in the aftermath of war. Understanding the processes that define the path from previous war experiences (WE) to current suicidal ideation (SI) is crucial for defining opportunities for interventions. We assessed the extent to which different types of previous WE predict current SI and whether post-war hardships and depression mediate the relations between WE and SI among former child soldiers (FCS) in Northern Uganda. METHODS We performed cross-sectional analyses with a sample of 539 FCS (61% male) participating in an on-going longitudinal study. The influence of various types of previous WE on current SI and mediation by post-war hardships and depression were assessed by regression analyses. RESULTS The following types of war experiences: "witnessing violence", "direct personal harm", "deaths", "Involvement in hostilities", "sexual abuse" and "general war experiences" significantly predicted current SI in a univariable analyses whereas "direct personal harm", "involvement in hostilities", and "sexual abuse" independently predicted current SI in a multivariable analyses. General WE were linked to SI (β = 0.18 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.25)) through post-war hardships (accounting for 69% of the variance in their relationship) and through depression/anxiety (β = 0.17 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.22)) accounting for 65% of the variance in their relationship. The direct relationship between previous WE and current SI reduced but remained marginally significant (β = .08, CI: (.01, .17) for depression/anxiety but not for post-war hardships (β = .09, CI: (-.03, .20). CONCLUSION Types of WE should be examined when assessing risks for SI. Interventions to reduce SI should aim to alleviate post-war hardships and treat depression/anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Amone-P’Olak
- />Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Emilio Ovuga
- />Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Gulu University, P O Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
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Reis R. Children enacting idioms of witchcraft and spirit possession as a response to trauma: therapeutically beneficial, and for whom? Transcult Psychiatry 2013; 50:622-43. [PMID: 24142933 DOI: 10.1177/1363461513503880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article examines children's enactment of spirit possession idioms and witchcraft in Africa including the meanings such idioms provide and the local healing resources they mobilize. Idioms of haunting spirits in Northern Uganda and witch-children elsewhere in Africa can be interpreted as manifestations of social crises and mass traumatic stress. On the other hand, such idioms also allow children to articulate, reflect upon, and communicate the complex feelings resulting from their precarious positions within families and communities under duress. With the help of Dow's transactional model of symbolic healing, this article explores obstacles to the effectivity of the rich variety of symbolic healing available for haunting spirits in Uganda and points to the generational gap between children and their families and communities. Elsewhere, witchcraft idioms may act as a healing resource at the group level, but at the expense of the accused child. The idioms of evil spirits and witchcraft speak of these children's navigation of the moral universe of their postconflict communities. Given that children's appraisal of their experiences through these notions may also exacerbate their anxiety, interdisciplinary research examining the microprocesses that lead to children being haunted or accused, including emotional and physiological levels effects, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Reis
- University of Amsterdam and Leiden University Medical Center
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Hinton DE, Lewis-Fernández R. The cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28:783-801. [PMID: 21910185 DOI: 10.1002/da.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable debate about the cross-cultural applicability of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) category as currently specified. Concerns include the possible status of PTSD as a Western culture-bound disorder and the validity of individual items and criteria thresholds. This review examines various types of cross-cultural validity of the PTSD criteria as defined in DSM-IV-TR, and presents options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-5. METHODS Searches were conducted of the mental health literature, particularly since 1994, regarding cultural-, race-, or ethnicity-related factors that might limit the universal applicability of the diagnostic criteria of PTSD in DSM-IV-TR and the possible criteria for DSM-5. RESULTS Substantial evidence of the cross-cultural validity of PTSD was found. However, evidence of cross-cultural variability in certain areas suggests the need for further research: the relative salience of avoidance/numbing symptoms, the role of the interpretation of trauma-caused symptoms in shaping symptomatology, and the prevalence of somatic symptoms. This review also indicates the need to modify certain criteria, such as the items on distressing dreams and on foreshortened future, to increase their cross-cultural applicability. Text additions are suggested to increase the applicability of the manual across cultural contexts: specifying that cultural syndromes-such as those indicated in the DSM-IV-TR Glossary-may be a prominent part of the trauma response in certain cultures, and that those syndromes may influence PTSD symptom salience and comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS The DSM-IV-TR PTSD category demonstrates various types of validity. Criteria modification and textual clarifications are suggested to further improve its cross-cultural applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Foxen P. Local Narratives of Distress and Resilience: Lessons in Psychosocial Well-Being among the K'iche' Maya in Postwar Guatemala. JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN ANTHROPOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Horton S. A mother's heart is weighed down with stones: a phenomenological approach to the experience of transnational motherhood. Cult Med Psychiatry 2009; 33:21-40. [PMID: 19101786 PMCID: PMC4350991 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-008-9117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although recent scholarship on transnational mothers has rigorously examined the effect of migration on gender constructs and ideologies, it neglects analysis of the lived experience of separated mothers and children. In privileging the exploration of transnational separations through the single analytical lens of gender, such research reduces the embodied distress of mothers and children to mere "gender false consciousness." This paper calls upon anthropologists to redress this oversight by undertaking a phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of transnational motherhood. Eschewing an analysis of mothers and children as isolated social roles, I show that the suffering of mothers and children is profoundly relational. Through analysis of the narratives of undocumented Salvadoran mothers residing in the U.S., I show how the strain of such mothers' undocumented status is lived and shouldered within the intersubjective space of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Horton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA.
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Palacios JF, Portillo CJ. Understanding Native women's health: historical legacies. J Transcult Nurs 2008; 20:15-27. [PMID: 18840885 DOI: 10.1177/1043659608325844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Theoretical underpinnings of two theories are examined for their applicability in guiding practice and research when understanding Native American women's health outcomes. METHOD Published studies testing two independent theories, historical trauma and weathering, are reviewed. Key theoretical concepts that are applicable in the study of Native women and understanding their intergenerational heritage of injustice and cultural context are discussed. RESULTS The authors infer underlying assumptions and definitions of both theories and present a hypothetical diagram blending both theories. CONCLUSION By understanding historical legacies and the surrounding context, researchers and clinicians can develop knowledge to improve and enhance optimal health outcomes and life opportunities for Native women.
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Wood K, Chase E, Aggleton P. ‘Telling the truth is the best thing’: Teenage orphans’ experiences of parental AIDS-related illness and bereavement in Zimbabwe. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63:1923-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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