1
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Copeland SE, Snow SM, Wan J, Matkowskyj KA, Halberg RB, Weaver BA. MAD1 upregulation sensitizes to inflammation-mediated tumor formation. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011437. [PMID: 39374311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitotic Arrest Deficient 1 (gene name MAD1L1), an essential component of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, is frequently overexpressed in colon cancer, which correlates with poor disease-free survival. MAD1 upregulation induces two phenotypes associated with tumor promotion in tissue culture cells-low rates of chromosomal instability (CIN) and destabilization of the tumor suppressor p53. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we generated a novel mouse model by inserting a doxycycline (dox)-inducible promoter and HA tag into the endogenous mouse Mad1l1 gene, enabling inducible expression of HA-MAD1 following exposure to dox in the presence of the reverse tet transactivator (rtTA). A modest 2-fold overexpression of MAD1 in murine colon resulted in decreased p53 expression and increased mitotic defects consistent with CIN. After exposure to the colon-specific inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), 31% of mice developed colon lesions, including a mucinous adenocarcinoma, while none formed in control animals. Lesion incidence was particularly high in male mice, 57% of which developed at least one hyperplastic polyp, adenoma or adenocarcinoma in the colon. Notably, mice expressing HA-MAD1 also developed lesions in tissues in which DSS is not expected to induce inflammation. These findings demonstrate that MAD1 upregulation is sufficient to promote colon tumorigenesis in the context of inflammation in immune-competent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Copeland
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Santina M Snow
- Cancer Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jun Wan
- Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard B Halberg
- Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Beth A Weaver
- Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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2
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Romeiro Motta M, Nédélec F, Saville H, Woelken E, Jacquerie C, Pastuglia M, Stolze SC, Van De Slijke E, Böttger L, Belcram K, Nakagami H, De Jaeger G, Bouchez D, Schnittger A. The cell cycle controls spindle architecture in Arabidopsis by activating the augmin pathway. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00484-2. [PMID: 39191252 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
To ensure an even segregation of chromosomes during somatic cell division, eukaryotes rely on mitotic spindles. Here, we measured prime characteristics of the Arabidopsis mitotic spindle and built a three-dimensional dynamic model using Cytosim. We identified the cell-cycle regulator CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1 (CDKB1) together with its cyclin partner CYCB3;1 as key regulators of spindle morphology in Arabidopsis. We found that the augmin component ENDOSPERM DEFECTIVE1 (EDE1) is a substrate of the CDKB1;1-CYCB3;1 complex. A non-phosphorylatable mutant rescue of ede1 resembled the spindle phenotypes of cycb3;1 and cdkb1 mutants and the protein associated less efficiently with spindle microtubules. Accordingly, reducing the level of augmin in simulations recapitulated the phenotypes observed in the mutants. Our findings emphasize the importance of cell-cycle-dependent phospho-control of the mitotic spindle in plant cells and support the validity of our model as a framework for the exploration of mechanisms controlling the organization of the eukaryotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Romeiro Motta
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22609, Germany; Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - François Nédélec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Helen Saville
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Elke Woelken
- Department of Aquatic Ecophysiology and Phycology, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Claire Jacquerie
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Martine Pastuglia
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78026, France
| | | | - Eveline Van De Slijke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Lev Böttger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Katia Belcram
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78026, France
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - David Bouchez
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78026, France
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22609, Germany.
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3
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Gliech CR, Yeow ZY, Tapias-Gomez D, Yang Y, Huang Z, Tijhuis AE, Spierings DC, Foijer F, Chung G, Tamayo N, Bahrami-Nejad Z, Collins P, Nguyen TT, Plata Stapper A, Hughes PE, Payton M, Holland AJ. Weakened APC/C activity at mitotic exit drives cancer vulnerability to KIF18A inhibition. EMBO J 2024; 43:666-694. [PMID: 38279026 PMCID: PMC10907621 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of current antimitotic cancer drugs is limited by toxicity in highly proliferative healthy tissues. A cancer-specific dependency on the microtubule motor protein KIF18A therefore makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Not all cancers require KIF18A, however, and the determinants underlying this distinction remain unclear. Here, we show that KIF18A inhibition drives a modest and widespread increase in spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling from kinetochores which can result in lethal mitotic delays. Whether cells arrest in mitosis depends on the robustness of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and cells predisposed with weak basal anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activity and/or persistent SAC signaling through metaphase are uniquely sensitive to KIF18A inhibition. KIF18A-dependent cancer cells exhibit hallmarks of this SAC:APC/C imbalance, including a long metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and slow mitosis overall. Together, our data reveal vulnerabilities in the cell division apparatus of cancer cells that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Gliech
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhong Y Yeow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Tapias-Gomez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andréa E Tijhuis
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Cj Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Chung
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Nuria Tamayo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | | | - Patrick Collins
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, 94084, USA
| | - Thong T Nguyen
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, 94084, USA
| | - Andres Plata Stapper
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, 94084, USA
| | - Paul E Hughes
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Marc Payton
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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4
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Wu J, Raas MW, Alcaraz PS, Vos HR, Tromer EC, Snel B, Kops GJ. A farnesyl-dependent structural role for CENP-E in expansion of the fibrous corona. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202303007. [PMID: 37934467 PMCID: PMC10630089 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct chromosome segregation during cell division depends on proper connections between spindle microtubules and kinetochores. During prometaphase, kinetochores are temporarily covered with a dense protein meshwork known as the fibrous corona. Formed by oligomerization of ROD/ZW10/ZWILCH-SPINDLY (RZZ-S) complexes, the fibrous corona promotes spindle assembly, chromosome orientation, and spindle checkpoint signaling. The molecular requirements for formation of the fibrous corona are not fully understood. Here, we show that the fibrous corona depends on the mitotic kinesin CENP-E and that poorly expanded fibrous coronas after CENP-E depletion are functionally compromised. This previously unrecognized role for CENP-E does not require its motor activity but instead is driven by farnesyl modification of its C-terminal kinetochore- and microtubule-binding domain. We show that in cells, CENP-E binds Spindly and recruits RZZ-S complexes to ectopic locations in a farnesyl-dependent manner. CENP-E is recruited to kinetochores following RZZ-S, and-while not required for RZZ-S oligomerization per se-promotes subsequent fibrous corona expansion. Our comparative genomics analyses suggest that the farnesylation motif in CENP-E orthologs emerged alongside the full RZZ-S module in an ancestral lineage close to the fungi-animal split (Obazoa), revealing potential conservation of the mechanisms for fibrous corona formation. Our results show that proper spindle assembly has a potentially conserved non-motor contribution from the kinesin CENP-E through stabilization of the fibrous corona meshwork during its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian W.D. Raas
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paula Sobrevals Alcaraz
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R. Vos
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eelco C. Tromer
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert J.P.L. Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d'Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. RZZ-Spindly and CENP-E form an integrated platform to recruit dynein to the kinetochore corona. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114838. [PMID: 37984321 PMCID: PMC10711656 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin-7) and dynein-dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we show that when corona assembly is prevented through MPS1 inhibition, CENP-E is absolutely required to retain RZZS at kinetochores. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement, demonstrating the existence of a second receptor for polymeric RZZS. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
European Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Ennio d'Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
Division of Structural StudiesMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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6
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Corno A, Cordeiro MH, Allan LA, Lim Q, Harrington E, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. A bifunctional kinase-phosphatase module balances mitotic checkpoint strength and kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112630. [PMID: 37712330 PMCID: PMC10577578 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major mechanisms safeguard genome stability during mitosis: the mitotic checkpoint delays mitosis until all chromosomes have attached to microtubules, and the kinetochore-microtubule error-correction pathway keeps this attachment process free from errors. We demonstrate here that the optimal strength and dynamics of these processes are set by a kinase-phosphatase pair (PLK1-PP2A) that engage in negative feedback from adjacent phospho-binding motifs on the BUB complex. Uncoupling this feedback to skew the balance towards PLK1 produces a strong checkpoint, hypostable microtubule attachments and mitotic delays. Conversely, skewing the balance towards PP2A causes a weak checkpoint, hyperstable microtubule attachments and chromosome segregation errors. These phenotypes are associated with altered BUB complex recruitment to KNL1-MELT motifs, implicating PLK1-PP2A in controlling auto-amplification of MELT phosphorylation. In support, KNL1-BUB disassembly becomes contingent on PLK1 inhibition when KNL1 is engineered to contain excess MELT motifs. This elevates BUB-PLK1/PP2A complex levels on metaphase kinetochores, stabilises kinetochore-microtubule attachments, induces chromosome segregation defects and prevents KNL1-BUB disassembly at anaphase. Together, these data demonstrate how a bifunctional PLK1/PP2A module has evolved together with the MELT motifs to optimise BUB complex dynamics and ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corno
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Marilia H Cordeiro
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Lindsey A Allan
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Qian‐Wei Lim
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Elena Harrington
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Richard J Smith
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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7
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Ide AH, DeLuca KF, Wiggan O, Markus SM, DeLuca JG. The role of kinetochore dynein in checkpoint silencing is restricted to disassembly of the corona. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar76. [PMID: 37126397 PMCID: PMC10295480 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, kinetochore-microtubule attachments are monitored by a molecular surveillance system known as the spindle assembly checkpoint. The prevailing model posits that dynein evicts checkpoint proteins (e.g., Mad1, Mad2) from stably attached kinetochores by transporting them away from kinetochores, thus contributing to checkpoint silencing. However, the mechanism by which dynein performs this function, and its precise role in checkpoint silencing remain unresolved. Here, we find that dynein's role in checkpoint silencing is restricted to evicting checkpoint effectors from the fibrous corona, and not the outer kinetochore. Dynein evicts these molecules from the corona in a manner that does not require stable, end-on microtubule attachments. Thus, by disassembling the corona through indiscriminate microtubule encounters, dynein primes the checkpoint signaling apparatus so it can respond to stable end-on microtubule attachments and permit cells to progress through mitosis. Accordingly, we find that dynein function in checkpoint silencing becomes largely dispensable in cells in which checkpoint effectors are excluded from the corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Ide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Keith F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - O’Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Steven M. Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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8
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McAinsh AD, Kops GJPL. Principles and dynamics of spindle assembly checkpoint signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00593-z. [PMID: 36964313 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of a complete set of chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division is vital for development and tissue homeostasis. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures correct segregation by informing the cell cycle machinery of potential errors in the interactions of chromosomes with spindle microtubules prior to anaphase. To do so, the SAC monitors microtubule engagement by specialized structures known as kinetochores and integrates local mechanical and chemical cues such that it can signal in a sensitive, responsive and robust manner. In this Review, we discuss how SAC proteins interact to allow production of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) that halts anaphase progression by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). We highlight recent advances aimed at understanding the dynamic signalling properties of the SAC and how it interprets various naturally occurring intermediate attachment states. Further, we discuss SAC signalling in the context of the mammalian multisite kinetochore and address the impact of the fibrous corona. We also identify current challenges in understanding how the SAC ensures high-fidelity chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Abstract
The microtubule minus-end-directed motility of cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein), arguably the most complex and versatile cytoskeletal motor, is harnessed for diverse functions, such as long-range organelle transport in neuronal axons and spindle assembly in dividing cells. The versatility of dynein raises a number of intriguing questions, including how is dynein recruited to its diverse cargo, how is recruitment coupled to activation of the motor, how is motility regulated to meet different requirements for force production and how does dynein coordinate its activity with that of other microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) present on the same cargo. Here, these questions will be discussed in the context of dynein at the kinetochore, the supramolecular protein structure that connects segregating chromosomes to spindle microtubules in dividing cells. As the first kinetochore-localized MAP described, dynein has intrigued cell biologists for more than three decades. The first part of this Review summarizes current knowledge about how kinetochore dynein contributes to efficient and accurate spindle assembly, and the second part describes the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlights emerging commonalities with dynein regulation at other subcellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Al-Rawi A, Kaye E, Korolchuk S, Endicott JA, Ly T. Cyclin A and Cks1 promote kinase consensus switching to non-proline-directed CDK1 phosphorylation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112139. [PMID: 36840943 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ordered protein phosphorylation by CDKs is a key mechanism for regulating the cell cycle. How temporal order is enforced in mammalian cells remains unclear. Using a fixed cell kinase assay and phosphoproteomics, we show how CDK1 activity and non-catalytic CDK1 subunits contribute to the choice of substrate and site of phosphorylation. Increases in CDK1 activity alter substrate choice, with intermediate- and low-sensitivity CDK1 substrates enriched in DNA replication and mitotic functions, respectively. This activity dependence is shared between Cyclin A- and Cyclin B-CDK1. Cks1 has a proteome-wide role as an enhancer of multisite CDK1 phosphorylation. Contrary to the model of CDK1 as an exclusively proline-directed kinase, we show that Cyclin A and Cks1 enhance non-proline-directed phosphorylation, preferably on sites with a +3 lysine residue. Indeed, 70% of cell-cycle-regulated phosphorylations, where the kinase carrying out this modification has not been identified, are non-proline-directed CDK1 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Al-Rawi
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Edward Kaye
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Jane A Endicott
- Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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11
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HN1 Is Enriched in the S-Phase, Phosphorylated in Mitosis, and Contributes to Cyclin B1 Degradation in Prostate Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020189. [PMID: 36829467 PMCID: PMC9952942 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HN1 has previously been shown as overexpressed in various cancers. In Prostate cancer, it regulates AR signaling and centrosome-related functions. Previously, in two different studies, HN1 expression has been observed as inversely correlated with Cyclin B1. However, HN1 interacting partners and the role of HN1 interactions in cell cycle pathways have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we used Prostate cancer cell lines again and utilized both transient and stable inducible overexpression systems to delineate the role of HN1 in the cell cycle. HN1 characterization was performed using treatments of kinase inhibitors, western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, cellular fractionation, and immunoprecipitation approaches. Our findings suggest that HN1 overexpression before mitosis (post-G2), using both transient and stable expression systems, leads to S-phase accumulation and causes early mitotic exit after post-G2 overexpression. Mechanistically, HN1 interacted with Cyclin B1 and increased its degradation via ubiquitination through stabilized Cdh1, which is a co-factor of the APC/C complex. Stably HN1-expressing cells exhibited a reduced Cdt1 loading onto chromatin, demonstrating an exit from a G1 to S phenotype. We found HN1 and Cdh1 interaction as a new regulator of the Cyclin B1/CDK1 axis in mitotic regulation which can be explored further to dissect the roles of HN1 in the cell cycle.
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12
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Fischer ES. Kinetochore‐catalyzed MCC
formation: A structural perspective. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:289-310. [PMID: 36518060 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that functions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Macromolecular complexes known as kinetochores, act as the interface of sister chromatid attachment to spindle microtubules. In response to unattached kinetochores, the SAC activates its effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which delays mitotic exit until all sister chromatid pairs have achieved successful attachment to the bipolar mitotic spindle. Formation of the MCC (composed of Mad2, BubR1, Bub3 and Cdc20) is regulated by an Mps1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation signaling cascade which assembles and repositions components of the MCC onto a catalytic scaffold. This scaffold functions to catalyze the conversion of the HORMA-domain protein Mad2 from an "inactive" open-state (O-Mad2) into an "active" closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2), and simultaneous Cdc20 binding. Here, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the kinetic barrier to C-Mad2:Cdc20 formation will be reviewed. Recent progress in elucidating the precise molecular choreography orchestrated by the catalytic scaffold to rapidly assemble the MCC will be examined, and unresolved questions will be highlighted. Ultimately, understanding how the SAC rapidly activates the checkpoint not only provides insights into how cells maintain genomic integrity during mitosis, but also provides a paradigm for how cells can utilize molecular switches, including other HORMA domain-containing proteins, to make rapid changes to a cell's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse S. Fischer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
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13
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Kucharski TJ, Hards R, Vandal SE, Abad MA, Jeyaprakash AA, Kaye E, al-Rawi A, Ly T, Godek KM, Gerber SA, Compton DA. Small changes in phospho-occupancy at the kinetochore-microtubule interface drive mitotic fidelity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213364. [PMID: 35878017 PMCID: PMC9351707 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore protein phosphorylation promotes the correction of erroneous microtubule attachments to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Determining how phosphorylation executes error correction requires an understanding of whether kinetochore substrates are completely (i.e., all-or-none) or only fractionally phosphorylated. Using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), we measured phospho-occupancy on the conserved kinetochore protein Hec1 (NDC80) that directly binds microtubules. None of the positions measured exceeded ∼50% phospho-occupancy, and the cumulative phospho-occupancy changed by only ∼20% in response to changes in microtubule attachment status. The narrow dynamic range of phospho-occupancy is maintained, in part, by the ongoing phosphatase activity. Further, both Cdk1-Cyclin B1 and Aurora kinases phosphorylate Hec1 to enhance error correction in response to different types of microtubule attachment errors. The low inherent phospho-occupancy promotes microtubule attachment to kinetochores while the high sensitivity of kinetochore-microtubule attachments to small changes in phospho-occupancy drives error correction and ensures high mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kucharski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Rufus Hards
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Sarah E. Vandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Maria Alba Abad
- Wellcome Centre For Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Edward Kaye
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Aymen al-Rawi
- Wellcome Centre For Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tony Ly
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kristina M. Godek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Scott A. Gerber
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Duane A. Compton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Correspondence to Duane A. Compton:
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14
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Liu L, Chen H, Chen X, Yao C, Shen W, Jia C. KNTC1 as a putative tumor oncogene in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04146-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Recent studies have demonstrated that kinetochore-associated protein 1 (KNTC1) plays a significant role in the carcinogenesis of numerous types of cancer. This study aimed to explore the role and possible mechanisms of KNTC1 in the development of pancreatic cancer.
Methods and results
We analyzed differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing in three paired pancreatic cancer and para-cancerous tissue samples and found that the expression of KNTC1 was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer. A Cancer and Tumor Gene Map pan-analysis showed that high expression of KNTC1 was related to poor prognosis in 9499 tumor samples. With immunohistochemical staining, we found that the high expression of KNTC1 in pancreatic cancer was related to pathological grade and clinical prognosis. Similarly, RT-PCR results indicated that the expression of KNTC1 was higher in three groups of pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC-3, PANC-1, and SW1990) than in normal pancreatic ductal cells. We introduced lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting KNTC1 into PANC-1 and SW1990 cells and found that KNTC1 knockdown significantly decreased cell growth and increased cell apoptosis compared to the control group cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the cell expression profile revealed that differential genes were mainly enriched in the cell cycle, mitosis, and STAT3 signaling pathways, and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed an interaction between KNTC1 and cell division cycle associated 8.
Conclusions
KNTC1 could be linked to the pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer and may be an early diagnostic marker of cervical precancerous lesions.
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15
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Liu S, Yuan X, Gui P, Liu R, Durojaye O, Hill DL, Fu C, Yao X, Dou Z, Liu X. Mad2 promotes Cyclin B2 recruitment to the kinetochore for guiding accurate mitotic checkpoint. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54171. [PMID: 35384228 PMCID: PMC9171689 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitotic progression relies on the dynamic phosphorylation of multiple substrates by key mitotic kinases. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is a master kinase that coordinates mitotic progression and requires its regulatory subunit Cyclin B to ensure full kinase activity and substrate specificity. The function of Cyclin B2, which is a closely related family member of Cyclin B1, remains largely elusive. Here, we show that Mad2 promotes the kinetochore localization of Cyclin B2 and that their interaction at the kinetochores guides accurate chromosome segregation. Our biochemical analyses have characterized the Mad2-Cyclin B2 interaction and delineated a novel Mad2-interacting motif (MIM) on Cyclin B2. The functional importance of the Cyclin B2-Mad2 interaction was demonstrated by real-time imaging in which MIM-deficient mutant Cyclin B2 failed to rescue the chromosomal segregation defects. Taken together, we have delineated a previously undefined function of Cyclin B2 at the kinetochore and have established, in human cells, a mechanism of action by which Mad2 contributes to the spindle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gui
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Olanrewaju Durojaye
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donald L Hill
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Barbiero M, Cirillo L, Veerapathiran S, Coates C, Ruffilli C, Pines J. Cell cycle-dependent binding between Cyclin B1 and Cdk1 revealed by time-resolved fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Open Biol 2022; 12:220057. [PMID: 35765818 PMCID: PMC9240681 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the dynamics with which the regulatory complexes assemble and disassemble is a crucial barrier to our understanding of how the cell cycle is controlled that until now has been difficult to address. This considerable gap in our understanding is due to the difficulty of reconciling biochemical assays with single cell-based techniques, but recent advances in microscopy and gene editing techniques now enable the measurement of the kinetics of protein-protein interaction in living cells. Here, we apply fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy to study the dynamics of the cell cycle machinery, beginning with Cyclin B1 and its binding to its partner kinase Cdk1 that together form the major mitotic kinase. Although Cyclin B1 and Cdk1 are known to bind with high affinity, our results reveal that in living cells there is a pool of Cyclin B1 that is not bound to Cdk1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the affinity of Cyclin B1 for Cdk1 increases during the cell cycle, indicating that the assembly of the complex is a regulated step. Our work lays the groundwork for studying the kinetics of protein complex assembly and disassembly during the cell cycle in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Barbiero
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Luca Cirillo
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Catherine Coates
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Camilla Ruffilli
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jonathon Pines
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London, London SW3 6JB, UK
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17
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Raisch T, Ciossani G, d’Amico E, Cmentowski V, Carmignani S, Maffini S, Merino F, Wohlgemuth S, Vetter IR, Raunser S, Musacchio A. Structure of the RZZ complex and molecular basis of Spindly-driven corona assembly at human kinetochores. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110411. [PMID: 35373361 PMCID: PMC9058546 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, a ≈1 megadalton (MDa) multiprotein complex comprising the dynein-dynactin adaptor Spindly and the ROD-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex is the building block of a fibrous biopolymer, the kinetochore fibrous corona. The corona assembles on mitotic kinetochores to promote microtubule capture and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling. We report here a high-resolution cryo-EM structure that captures the essential features of the RZZ complex, including a farnesyl-binding site required for Spindly binding. Using a highly predictive in vitro assay, we demonstrate that the SAC kinase MPS1 is necessary and sufficient for corona assembly at supercritical concentrations of the RZZ-Spindly (RZZS) complex, and describe the molecular mechanism of phosphorylation-dependent filament nucleation. We identify several structural requirements for RZZS polymerization in rings and sheets. Finally, we identify determinants of kinetochore localization and corona assembly of Spindly. Our results describe a framework for the long-sought-for molecular basis of corona assembly on metazoan kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural BiochemistryMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
European Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Ennio d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural BiochemistryMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural BiochemistryMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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18
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Herman JA, Arora S, Carter L, Zhu J, Biggins S, Paddison PJ. Functional dissection of human mitotic genes using CRISPR-Cas9 tiling screens. Genes Dev 2022; 36:495-510. [PMID: 35483740 PMCID: PMC9067404 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349319.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this Resource/Methodology, Herman et al. developed a method that leverages CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations across protein-coding genes for the a priori identification of functional regions at the sequence level. As a test case, they applied this method to 48 human mitotic genes, revealing hundreds of regions required for cell proliferation, including domains that were experimentally characterized, ones that were predicted based on homology, and novel ones. The identity of human protein-coding genes is well known, yet our in-depth knowledge of their molecular functions and domain architecture remains limited by shortcomings in homology-based predictions and experimental approaches focused on whole-gene depletion. To bridge this knowledge gap, we developed a method that leverages CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations across protein-coding genes for the a priori identification of functional regions at the sequence level. As a test case, we applied this method to 48 human mitotic genes, revealing hundreds of regions required for cell proliferation, including domains that were experimentally characterized, ones that were predicted based on homology, and novel ones. We validated screen outcomes for 15 regions, including amino acids 387–402 of Mad1, which were previously uncharacterized but contribute to Mad1 kinetochore localization and chromosome segregation fidelity. Altogether, we demonstrate that CRISPR–Cas9-based tiling mutagenesis identifies key functional domains in protein-coding genes de novo, which elucidates separation of function mutants and allows functional annotation across the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Herman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lucas Carter
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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19
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Yamada C, Morooka A, Miyazaki S, Nagai M, Mase S, Iemura K, Tasnin MN, Takuma T, Nakamura S, Morshed S, Koike N, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Sharmin T, Katsuta H, Ohara K, Tanaka K, Ushimaru T. TORC1 inactivation promotes APC/C-dependent mitotic slippage in yeast and human cells. iScience 2022; 25:103675. [PMID: 35141499 PMCID: PMC8814761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfied kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint to inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition. However, some cells eventually override mitotic arrest by mitotic slippage. Here, we show that inactivation of TORC1 kinase elicits mitotic slippage in budding yeast and human cells. Yeast mitotic slippage was accompanied with aberrant aspects, such as degradation of the nucleolar protein Net1, release of phosphatase Cdc14, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1-dependent degradation of securin and cyclin B in metaphase. This mitotic slippage caused chromosome instability. In human cells, mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) inactivation also invoked mitotic slippage, indicating that TORC1 inactivation-induced mitotic slippage is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. However, the invoked mitotic slippage in human cells was not dependent on APC/C-Cdh1. This study revealed an unexpected involvement of TORC1 in mitosis and provides information on undesirable side effects of the use of TORC1 inhibitors as immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs. Yeast TORC1 inhibition promotes Net1 degradation and Cdc14 release Yeast TORC1 inhibition invokes mitotic slippage in an APC/C-Cdh1-dependent manner Human mTORC1 inhibition also elicits mitotic slippage
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Aya Morooka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Seira Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagai
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Mase
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Most Naoshia Tasnin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Takuma
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakamura
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shamsul Morshed
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Naoki Koike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Md Golam Mostofa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Haruko Katsuta
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ohara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushimaru
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
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20
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Philip J, Örd M, Silva A, Singh S, Diffley JFX, Remus D, Loog M, Ikui AE. Cdc6 is sequentially regulated by PP2A-Cdc55, Cdc14, and Sic1 for origin licensing in S. cerevisiae. eLife 2022; 11:e74437. [PMID: 35142288 PMCID: PMC8830886 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc6, a subunit of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), contains multiple regulatory cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) consensus sites, SP or TP motifs. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdk1 phosphorylates Cdc6-T7 to recruit Cks1, the Cdk1 phospho-adaptor in S phase, for subsequent multisite phosphorylation and protein degradation. Cdc6 accumulates in mitosis and is tightly bound by Clb2 through N-terminal phosphorylation in order to prevent premature origin licensing and degradation. It has been extensively studied how Cdc6 phosphorylation is regulated by the cyclin-Cdk1 complex. However, a detailed mechanism on how Cdc6 phosphorylation is reversed by phosphatases has not been elucidated. Here, we show that PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdc6 N-terminal sites to release Clb2. Cdc14 dephosphorylates the C-terminal phospho-degron, leading to Cdc6 stabilization in mitosis. In addition, Cdk1 inhibitor Sic1 releases Clb2·Cdk1·Cks1 from Cdc6 to load Mcm2-7 on the chromatin upon mitotic exit. Thus, pre-RC assembly and origin licensing are promoted by phosphatases through the attenuation of distinct Cdk1-dependent Cdc6 inhibitory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Philip
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | | | - Andriele Silva
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | - Shaneen Singh
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | | | - Dirk Remus
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Amy E Ikui
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
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21
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Compartmentalized control of Cdk1 drives mitotic spindle assembly. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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22
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Germanova TE, Roscioli E, Harrison JU, McAinsh AD, Burroughs NJ. Subcellular Euclidean distance measurements with multicolor fluorescence localization imaging in cultured cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100774. [PMID: 34841272 PMCID: PMC8605398 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol measures the 3D Euclidean distance (Δ3D) between two/three fluorescently labeled kinetochore components in fixed samples using Kinetochore Delta software (KiDv1.0.1, MATLAB based). Overestimation of mean Δ3D is corrected through a Bayesian algorithm, with ΔEC distances reflecting the ensemble average positions of fluorophores within a kinetochore population. This package also enables kinetochore categorization, which can be used to sub-sample kinetochores and measure ΔEC. Together, this allows the dynamic architecture of human kinetochores to be investigated (tested in hTERT-RPE1 cells). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Roscioli et al. (2020). Measurements of intra-kinetochore distances from multi-color image stacks Automated detection of fluorescent spot centers with sub-pixel accuracy GUI-based pipeline to enable spot classification and data quality control Bayesian algorithm to correct for over-estimation of Euclidian distances
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina E Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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23
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Lara-Gonzalez P, Pines J, Desai A. Spindle assembly checkpoint activation and silencing at kinetochores. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:86-98. [PMID: 34210579 PMCID: PMC8406419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that promotes accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. The checkpoint senses the attachment state of kinetochores, the proteinaceous structures that assemble onto chromosomes in mitosis in order to mediate their interaction with spindle microtubules. When unattached, kinetochores generate a diffusible inhibitor that blocks the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Work from the past decade has greatly illuminated our understanding of the mechanisms by which the diffusible inhibitor is assembled and how it inhibits the APC/C. However, less is understood about how SAC proteins are recruited to kinetochores in the absence of microtubule attachment, how the kinetochore catalyzes formation of the diffusible inhibitor, and how attachments silence the SAC at the kinetochore. Here, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms that activate and silence the SAC at kinetochores and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Cyclin B2 (CCNB2) Stimulates the Proliferation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5511041. [PMID: 34354775 PMCID: PMC8331305 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. Currently, targeting therapy makes great advances for the treatment of TNBC, whereas more effective therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Cyclin B2 (CCNB2), which belongs to B-type cyclins, is known as a cell cycle regulator. CCNB2 is synthesized at G1 phase in cancer cells and downregulated at anaphase. The defects of CCNB2 led to the abnormal cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Though there are wide effects of CCNB2 on multiple types of tumors, the potential role of CCNB2 in TNBC progression is still unclear. Herein, we found that CCNB2 was highly expressed in human TNBC tissues and correlated with the prognosis and clinical pathological features including tumor size (p = 0.022∗) and pTNM stage (p = 0.021∗) of patients with TNBC. CCNB2 could promote the proliferation of TNBC cells in vitro and in mice. Our findings therefore confirmed the involvement of CCNB2 in TNBC progression and provided the evidence that CCNB2 could serve as a promising molecular target of TNBC.
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25
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Piano V, Alex A, Stege P, Maffini S, Stoppiello GA, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. CDC20 assists its catalytic incorporation in the mitotic checkpoint complex. Science 2021; 371:67-71. [PMID: 33384373 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Open (O) and closed (C) topologies of HORMA-domain proteins are respectively associated with inactive and active states of fundamental cellular pathways. The HORMA protein O-MAD2 converts to C-MAD2 upon binding CDC20. This is rate limiting for assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), the effector of a checkpoint required for mitotic fidelity. A catalyst assembled at kinetochores accelerates MAD2:CDC20 association through a poorly understood mechanism. Using a reconstituted SAC system, we discovered that CDC20 is an impervious substrate for which access to MAD2 requires simultaneous docking on several sites of the catalytic complex. Our analysis indicates that the checkpoint catalyst is substrate assisted and promotes MCC assembly through spatially and temporally coordinated conformational changes in both MAD2 and CDC20. This may define a paradigm for other HORMA-controlled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Piano
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Amal Alex
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricia Stege
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gerardo A Stoppiello
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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26
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Specificity determinants of phosphoprotein phosphatases controlling kinetochore functions. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:325-336. [PMID: 32501472 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are instrumental for accurate chromosome segregation by binding to microtubules in order to move chromosomes and by delaying anaphase onset through the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Dynamic phosphorylation of kinetochore components is key to control these activities and is tightly regulated by temporal and spatial recruitment of kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs). Here we focus on PP1, PP2A-B56 and PP2A-B55, three PPPs that are important regulators of mitosis. Despite the fact that these PPPs share a very similar active site, they target unique ser/thr phosphorylation sites to control kinetochore function. Specificity is in part achieved by PPPs binding to short linear motifs (SLiMs) that guide their substrate specificity. SLiMs bind to conserved pockets on PPPs and are degenerate in nature, giving rise to a range of binding affinities. These SLiMs control the assembly of numerous substrate specifying complexes and their position and binding strength allow PPPs to target specific phosphorylation sites. In addition, the activity of PPPs is regulated by mitotic kinases and inhibitors, either directly at the activity level or through affecting PPP-SLiM interactions. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the regulation of PPP specificity and activity and how this controls kinetochore biology.
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27
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Sarkar S, Sahoo PK, Mahata S, Pal R, Ghosh D, Mistry T, Ghosh S, Bera T, Nasare VD. Mitotic checkpoint defects: en route to cancer and drug resistance. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:131-144. [PMID: 33409811 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-020-09646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mitosis regulation is a common feature of malignant cells that leads to aberrant cell division with inaccurate chromosome segregation. The mitotic checkpoint is responsible for faithful transmission of genetic material to the progeny. Defects in this checkpoint, such as mutations and changes in gene expression, lead to abnormal chromosome content or aneuploidy that may facilitate cancer development. Furthermore, a defective checkpoint response is indicated in the development of drug resistance to microtubule poisons that are used in treatment of various blood and solid cancers for several decades. Mitotic slippage and senescence are important cell fates that occur even with an active mitotic checkpoint and are held responsible for the resistance. However, contradictory findings in both the scenarios of carcinogenesis and drug resistance have aroused questions on whether mitotic checkpoint defects are truly responsible for these dismal outcomes. Here, we discuss the possible contribution of the faulty checkpoint signaling in cancer development and drug resistance, followed by the latest research on this pathway for better outcomes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Sarkar
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Sutapa Mahata
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Ranita Pal
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Dipanwita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tanuma Mistry
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Sushmita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Vilas D Nasare
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
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28
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Cordeiro MH, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. Kinetochore phosphatases suppress autonomous Polo-like kinase 1 activity to control the mitotic checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002020. [PMID: 33125045 PMCID: PMC7608062 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local phosphatase regulation is needed at kinetochores to silence the mitotic checkpoint (a.k.a. spindle assembly checkpoint [SAC]). A key event in this regard is the dephosphorylation of MELT repeats on KNL1, which removes SAC proteins from the kinetochore, including the BUB complex. We show here that PP1 and PP2A-B56 phosphatases are primarily required to remove Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) from the BUB complex, which can otherwise maintain MELT phosphorylation in an autocatalytic manner. This appears to be their principal role in the SAC because both phosphatases become redundant if PLK1 is inhibited or BUB-PLK1 interaction is prevented. Surprisingly, MELT dephosphorylation can occur normally under these conditions even when the levels or activities of PP1 and PP2A are strongly inhibited at kinetochores. Therefore, these data imply that kinetochore phosphatase regulation is critical for the SAC, but primarily to restrain and extinguish autonomous PLK1 activity. This is likely a conserved feature of the metazoan SAC, since the relevant PLK1 and PP2A-B56 binding motifs have coevolved in the same region on MADBUB homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian T. Saurin
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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29
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Faustova I, Bulatovic L, Matiyevskaya F, Valk E, Örd M, Loog M. A new linear cyclin docking motif that mediates exclusively S-phase CDK-specific signaling. EMBO J 2020; 40:e105839. [PMID: 33210757 PMCID: PMC7809796 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), the master regulators of cell division, are activated by different cyclins at different cell cycle stages. In addition to being activators of CDKs, cyclins recognize various linear motifs to target CDK activity to specific proteins. We uncovered a cyclin docking motif, NLxxxL, that contributes to phosphorylation‐dependent degradation of the CDK inhibitor Far1 at the G1/S stage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This motif is recognized exclusively by S‐phase CDK (S‐CDK) Clb5/6‐Cdc28 and is considerably more potent than the conventional RxL docking motif. The NLxxxL and RxL motifs were found to overlap in some target proteins, suggesting that cyclin docking motifs can evolve to switch from one to another for fine‐tuning of cell cycle events. Using time‐lapse fluorescence microscopy, we show how different docking connections temporally control phosphorylation‐driven target degradation. This also revealed a differential function of the phosphoadaptor protein Cks1, as Cks1 docking potentiated degron phosphorylation of RxL‐containing but not of NLxxxL‐containing substrates. The NLxxxL motif was found to govern S‐cyclin‐specificity in multiple yeast CDK targets including Fin1, Lif1, and Slx4, suggesting its wider importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Faustova
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luka Bulatovic
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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30
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Cunha-Silva S, Conde C. From the Nuclear Pore to the Fibrous Corona: A MAD Journey to Preserve Genome Stability. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000132. [PMID: 32885448 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between kinetochores and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is intimate but poorly understood. Several NPC components and associated proteins are relocated to mitotic kinetochores to assist in different activities that ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Such is the case of the Mad1-c-Mad2 complex, the catalytic core of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a surveillance pathway that delays anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to spindle microtubules. Mad1-c-Mad2 is recruited to discrete domains of unattached kinetochores from where it promotes the rate-limiting step in the assembly of anaphase-inhibitory complexes. SAC proficiency further requires Mad1-c-Mad2 to be anchored at NPCs during interphase. However, the mechanistic relevance of this arrangement for SAC function remains ill-defined. Recent studies uncover the molecular underpinnings that coordinate the release of Mad1-c-Mad2 from NPCs with its prompt recruitment to kinetochores. Here, current knowledge on Mad1-c-Mad2 function and spatiotemporal regulation is reviewed and the critical questions that remain unanswered are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cunha-Silva
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
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31
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Houston J, Lara-Gonzalez P, Desai A. Rashomon at the kinetochore: Function(s) of the Mad1-cyclin B1 complex. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151919. [PMID: 32614383 PMCID: PMC7401815 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the film Rashomon, four witnesses describe seemingly contradictory views of one event. In a recent analogy, an interaction between the master mitotic regulator cyclin B1 and the spindle checkpoint component Mad1 was independently described by three groups who propose strikingly different functions for this interaction. Here, we summarize their findings and present a perspective on reconciling the different views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Houston
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA
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32
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Liu X, Liu X, Wang H, Dou Z, Ruan K, Hill DL, Li L, Shi Y, Yao X. Phase separation drives decision making in cell division. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13419-13431. [PMID: 32699013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules drives the formation of subcellular compartments with distinct physicochemical properties. These compartments, free of lipid bilayers and therefore called membraneless organelles, include nucleoli, centrosomes, heterochromatin, and centromeres. These have emerged as a new paradigm to account for subcellular organization and cell fate decisions. Here we summarize recent studies linking LLPS to mitotic spindle, heterochromatin, and centromere assembly and their plasticity controls in the context of the cell division cycle, highlighting a functional role for phase behavior and material properties of proteins assembled onto heterochromatin, centromeres, and central spindles via LLPS. The techniques and tools for visualizing and harnessing membraneless organelle dynamics and plasticity in mitosis are also discussed, as is the potential for these discoveries to promote new research directions for investigating chromosome dynamics, plasticity, and interchromosome interactions in the decision-making process during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Haowei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Ruan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China
| | - Donald L Hill
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyu Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China; Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Abstract
The spindle checkpoint protects against aneuploidy by ensuring that dividing cells only proceed with chromosome segregation once all kinetochores are stably attached to spindle microtubules. The checkpoint protein MAD1 localizes to the corona, a structural expansion of the kinetochore forming in the absence of microtubule attachment, but molecular mechanism or functional significance of this localization remains unknown. Recent results now show that cyclin B1 recruits MAD1 to the corona and that this MAD1 pool is required for robust checkpoint signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Conde
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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34
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Allan LA, Camacho Reis M, Ciossani G, Huis in ‘t Veld PJ, Wohlgemuth S, Kops GJPL, Musacchio A, Saurin AT. Cyclin B1 scaffolds MAD1 at the kinetochore corona to activate the mitotic checkpoint. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103180. [PMID: 32202322 PMCID: PMC7298293 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin B:CDK1 is the master kinase regulator of mitosis. We show here that, in addition to its kinase functions, mammalian Cyclin B also scaffolds a localised signalling pathway to help preserve genome stability. Cyclin B1 localises to an expanded region of the outer kinetochore, known as the corona, where it scaffolds the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) machinery by binding directly to MAD1. In vitro reconstitutions map the key binding interface to a few acidic residues in the N-terminal region of MAD1, and point mutations in this sequence abolish MAD1 corona localisation and weaken the SAC. Therefore, Cyclin B1 is the long-sought-after scaffold that links MAD1 to the corona, and this specific pool of MAD1 is needed to generate a robust SAC response. Robustness arises because Cyclin B1:MAD1 localisation loses dependence on MPS1 kinase after the corona has been established, ensuring that corona-localised MAD1 can still be phosphorylated when MPS1 activity is low. Therefore, this study explains how corona-MAD1 generates a robust SAC signal, and it reveals a scaffolding role for the key mitotic kinase, Cyclin B1:CDK1, which ultimately helps to inhibit its own degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Allan
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Magda Camacho Reis
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Pim J Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Geert JPL Kops
- Oncode InstituteHubrecht Institute—KNAW and University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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35
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Jackman M, Marcozzi C, Barbiero M, Pardo M, Yu L, Tyson AL, Choudhary JS, Pines J. Cyclin B1-Cdk1 facilitates MAD1 release from the nuclear pore to ensure a robust spindle checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201907082. [PMID: 32236513 PMCID: PMC7265330 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How the cell rapidly and completely reorganizes its architecture when it divides is a problem that has fascinated researchers for almost 150 yr. We now know that the core regulatory machinery is highly conserved in eukaryotes, but how these multiple protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and ubiquitin ligases are coordinated in space and time to remodel the cell in a matter of minutes remains a major question. Cyclin B1-Cdk is the primary kinase that drives mitotic remodeling; here we show that it is targeted to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) by binding an acidic face of the kinetochore checkpoint protein, MAD1, where it coordinates NPC disassembly with kinetochore assembly. Localized cyclin B1-Cdk1 is needed for the proper release of MAD1 from the embrace of TPR at the nuclear pore so that it can be recruited to kinetochores before nuclear envelope breakdown to maintain genomic stability.
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36
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Kops GJPL, Gassmann R. Crowning the Kinetochore: The Fibrous Corona in Chromosome Segregation. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:653-667. [PMID: 32386879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is at the heart of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Rather than a static linker complex for chromatin and spindle microtubules, it is highly dynamic in composition, size, and shape. While known for decades that it can expand and grow a fibrous meshwork known as the corona, it was until recently unclear what constitutes this 'crown' and what its relevance is for kinetochore function. Here, we highlight recent discoveries in fibrous corona biology, and place them in the context of the processes that orchestrate high-fidelity chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Roscioli E, Germanova TE, Smith CA, Embacher PA, Erent M, Thompson AI, Burroughs NJ, McAinsh AD. Ensemble-Level Organization of Human Kinetochores and Evidence for Distinct Tension and Attachment Sensors. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107535. [PMID: 32348762 PMCID: PMC7196887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multi-protein machines that form dynamic attachments to microtubules and control chromosome segregation. High fidelity is ensured because kinetochores can monitor attachment status and tension, using this information to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. To explore how kinetochores achieve this, we used two- and three-color subpixel fluorescence localization to define how proteins from six major complexes (CCAN, MIS12, NDC80, KNL1, RZZ, and SKA) and the checkpoint proteins Bub1, Mad1, and Mad2 are organized in the human kinetochore. This reveals how the outer kinetochore has a high nematic order and is largely invariant to the loss of attachment or tension, except for two mechanical sensors. First, Knl1 unravels to relay tension, and second, NDC80 undergoes jackknifing and loss of nematic order under microtubule detachment, with only the latter wired up to the checkpoint signaling system. This provides insight into how kinetochores integrate mechanical signals to promote error-free chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tsvetelina E Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter A Embacher
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amelia I Thompson
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Fulcher LJ, Sapkota GP. Mitotic kinase anchoring proteins: the navigators of cell division. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:505-524. [PMID: 32048898 PMCID: PMC7100989 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1728014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated activities of many protein kinases, acting on multiple protein substrates, ensures the error-free progression through mitosis of eukaryotic cells. Enormous research effort has thus been devoted to studying the roles and regulation of these mitotic kinases, and to the identification of their physiological substrates. Central for the timely deployment of specific protein kinases to their appropriate substrates during the cell division cycle are the many anchoring proteins, which serve critical regulatory roles. Through direct association, anchoring proteins are capable of modulating the catalytic activity and/or sub-cellular distribution of the mitotic kinases they associate with. The key roles of some anchoring proteins in cell division are well-established, whilst others are still being unearthed. Here, we review the current knowledge on anchoring proteins for some mitotic kinases, and highlight how targeting anchoring proteins for inhibition, instead of the mitotic kinases themselves, could be advantageous for disrupting the cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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