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González R, Félix MA. Caenorhabditis elegans immune responses to microsporidia and viruses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105148. [PMID: 38325500 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is susceptible to infection by obligate intracellular pathogens, specifically microsporidia and viruses. These intracellular pathogens infect intestinal cells, or, for some microsporidia, epidermal cells. Strikingly, intestinal cell infections by viruses or microsporidia trigger a common transcriptional response, activated in part by the ZIP-1 transcription factor. Among the strongest activated genes in this response are ubiquitin-pathway members and members of the pals family, an intriguing gene family with cross-regulations of different members of genomic clusters. Some of the induced genes participate in host defense against the pathogens, for example through ubiquitin-mediated inhibition. Other mechanisms defend the host specifically against viral infections, including antiviral RNA interference and uridylation. These various immune responses are altered by environmental factors and by intraspecific genetic variation of the host. These pathogens were first isolated 15 years ago and much remains to be discovered using C. elegans genetics; also, other intracellular pathogens of C. elegans may yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, 75005, Paris, France
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Chen G, Han Q, Li WX, Hai R, Ding SW. Live-attenuated virus vaccine defective in RNAi suppression induces rapid protection in neonatal and adult mice lacking mature B and T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321170121. [PMID: 38630724 PMCID: PMC11046691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Global control of infectious diseases depends on the continuous development and deployment of diverse vaccination strategies. Currently available live-attenuated and killed virus vaccines typically take a week or longer to activate specific protection by the adaptive immunity. The mosquito-transmitted Nodamura virus (NoV) is attenuated in mice by mutations that prevent expression of the B2 viral suppressor of RNA interference (VSR) and consequently, drastically enhance in vivo production of the virus-targeting small-interfering RNAs. We reported recently that 2 d after immunization with live-attenuated VSR-disabled NoV (NoVΔB2), neonatal mice become fully protected against lethal NoV challenge and develop no detectable infection. Using Rag1-/- mice that produce no mature B and T lymphocytes as a model, here we examined the hypothesis that adaptive immunity is dispensable for the RNAi-based protective immunity activated by NoVΔB2 immunization. We show that immunization of both neonatal and adult Rag1-/- mice with live but not killed NoVΔB2 induces full protection against NoV challenge at 2 or 14 d postimmunization. Moreover, NoVΔB2-induced protective antiviral immunity is virus-specific and remains effective in adult Rag1-/- mice 42 and 90 d after a single-shot immunization. We conclude that immunization with the live-attenuated VSR-disabled RNA virus vaccine activates rapid and long-lasting protective immunity against lethal challenges by a distinct mechanism independent of the adaptive immunity mediated by B and T cells. Future studies are warranted to determine whether additional animal and human viruses attenuated by VSR inactivation induce similar protective immunity in healthy and adaptive immunity-compromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Qingxia Han
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
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Wang J, Li Y. Current advances in antiviral RNA interference in mammals. FEBS J 2024; 291:208-216. [PMID: 36652199 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have potent innate immune systems that work together to fight against a variety of distinct viruses. In addition to interferon (IFN) response, which has been intensively studied, antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) is gradually being studied. However, previous studies indicated low Dicer activity on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates in vitro and that IFN response masks or inhibits antiviral RNAi in mammals. Therefore, whether or not the RNAi is functional for antiviral response in mammalian somatic cells is still an ongoing area of research. In this review, we will present the current advances in antiviral RNAi in mammals and focus on three fundamental questions critical to the intense debate about whether RNAi can function as an innate antiviral immunity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Tang D, Liu Y, Wang C, Li L, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Yan Y. Invasion by exogenous RNA: cellular defense strategies and implications for RNA inference. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:573-584. [PMID: 38045546 PMCID: PMC10689678 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous RNA poses a continuous threat to genome stability and integrity across various organisms. Accumulating evidence reveals complex mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exogenous RNA, including endo-lysosomal degradation, RNA-dependent repression and innate immune clearance. Across a variety of mechanisms, the natural anti-sense RNA-dependent defensive strategy has been utilized both as a powerful gene manipulation tool and gene therapy strategy named RNA-interference (RNAi). To optimize the efficiency of RNAi silencing, a comprehensive understanding of the whole life cycle of exogenous RNA, from cellular entry to its decay, is vital. In this paper, we review recent progress in comprehending the recognition and elimination of foreign RNA by cells, focusing on cellular entrance, intracellular transportation, and immune-inflammatory responses. By leveraging these insights, we highlight the potential implications of these insights for advancing RNA interference efficiency, underscore the need for future studies to elucidate the pathways and fates of various exogenous RNA forms, and provide foundational information for more efficient RNA delivery methods in both genetic manipulation and therapy in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Liu S, Han Y, Li WX, Ding SW. Infection Defects of RNA and DNA Viruses Induced by Antiviral RNA Interference. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0003522. [PMID: 37052496 PMCID: PMC10304667 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00035-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune recognition of viral genome-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules and their subsequent processing into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in plants, invertebrates, and mammals trigger specific antiviral immunity known as antiviral RNA interference (RNAi). Immune sensing of viral dsRNA is sequence-independent, and most regions of viral RNAs are targeted by virus-derived siRNAs which extensively overlap in sequence. Thus, the high mutation rates of viruses do not drive immune escape from antiviral RNAi, in contrast to other mechanisms involving specific virus recognition by host immune proteins such as antibodies and resistance (R) proteins in mammals and plants, respectively. Instead, viruses actively suppress antiviral RNAi at various key steps with a group of proteins known as viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Some VSRs are so effective in virus counter-defense that potent inhibition of virus infection by antiviral RNAi is undetectable unless the cognate VSR is rendered nonexpressing or nonfunctional. Since viral proteins are often multifunctional, resistance phenotypes of antiviral RNAi are accurately defined by those infection defects of VSR-deletion mutant viruses that are efficiently rescued by host deficiency in antiviral RNAi. Here, we review and discuss in vivo infection defects of VSR-deficient RNA and DNA viruses resulting from the actions of host antiviral RNAi in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yanhong Han
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Tang C, Kurata S, Fuse N. Re-recognition of innate immune memory as an integrated multidimensional concept. Microbiol Immunol 2023. [PMID: 37311618 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the concept of immunological memory, which has long been considered a phenomenon observed in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, has been extended to the innate immune system of various organisms. This de novo immunological memory is mainly called "innate immune memory", "immune priming", or "trained immunity" and has received increased attention because of its potential for clinical and agricultural applications. However, research on different species, especially invertebrates and vertebrates, has caused controversy regarding this concept. Here we discuss the current studies focusing on this immunological memory and summarize several mechanisms underlying it. We propose "innate immune memory" as a multidimensional concept as an integration between the seemingly different immunological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Tang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Xu Z, Wang Y, Sun M, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Xuan X, Zhou J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from tick hemolymph and uptake of extracellular vesicles by salivary glands and ovary cells. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:125. [PMID: 37046327 PMCID: PMC10100430 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that are important mediators of intercellular communication. Arthropods transport nutrients, signaling molecules, waste and immune factors to all areas of the body via the hemolymph. Little is known about tick hemolymph EVs. METHODS Hemolymph was collected from partially fed Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks by making an incision with a sterile scalpel in the middle (between the femur and metatarsus) of the first pair of legs, which is known as leg amputation. EVs were isolated from hemolymph by differential centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Proteins extracted from the hemolymph EVs were analyzed by 4D label-free proteomics. The EVs were also examined by western blot and immuno-electron microscopy analysis. Intracellular incorporation of PHK26-labeled EVs was tested by adding labeled EVs to tick salivary glands and ovaries, followed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In this study, 149 and 273 proteins were identified by 4D label-free proteomics in R. haemaphysaloides and H. asiaticum hemolymph EVs, respectively. TEM and NTA revealed that the sizes of the hemolymph EVs from R. haemaphysaloides and H. asiaticum were 133 and 138 nm, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses of identified proteins revealed pathways related to binding, catalytic and transporter activity, translation, transport and catabolism, signal transduction and cellular community. The key EV marker proteins RhCD9, RhTSG101, Rh14-3-3 and RhGAPDH were identified using proteomics and western blot. The presence of RhFerritin-2 in tick hemolymph EVs was confirmed by western blot and immuno-electron microscopy. We demonstrated that PKH26-labeled hemolymph EVs are internalized by tick salivary glands and ovary cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that tick EVs are secreted into, and circulated by, the hemolymph. EVs may play roles in the regulation of tick development, metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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RNA interference, an emerging component of antiviral immunity in mammals. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:137-146. [PMID: 36606711 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) is an immune pathway that can, in certain conditions, protect mammalian cells against RNA viruses. It depends on the recognition and dicing of viral double-stranded RNA by a protein of the Dicer family, which leads to the production of viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) that sequence-specifically guide the degradation of cognate viral RNA. If the first line of defence against viruses relies on type-I and type-III interferons (IFN) in mammals, certain cell types such as stem cells, that are hyporesponsive for IFN, instead use antiviral RNAi via the expression of a specific antiviral Dicer. In certain conditions, antiviral RNAi can also contribute to the protection of differentiated cells. Indeed, abundant vsiRNAs are detected in infected cells and efficiently guide the degradation of viral RNA, especially in cells infected with viruses disabled for viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs), which are virally encoded blockers of antiviral RNAi. The existence and importance of antiviral RNAi in differentiated cells has however been debated in the field, because data document mutual inhibition between IFN and antiviral RNAi. Recent developments include the engineering of a small molecule inhibitor of VSR to probe antiviral RNAi in vivo, as well as the detection of vsiRNAs inside extracellular vesicles in the serum of infected mice. It suggests that using more complex, in vivo models could allow to unravel the contribution of antiviral RNAi to immunity at the host level.
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Li WX, Ding SW. Mammalian viral suppressors of RNA interference. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:978-988. [PMID: 35618579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral defense directed by the RNAi pathway employs distinct specificity and effector mechanisms compared with other immune responses. The specificity of antiviral RNAi is programmed by siRNAs processed from virus-derived double-stranded RNA by Dicer endonuclease. Argonaute-containing RNA-induced silencing complex loaded with the viral siRNAs acts as the effector to mediate specific virus clearance by RNAi. Recent studies have provided evidence for the production and antiviral function of virus-derived siRNAs in both undifferentiated and differentiated mammalian cells infected with a range of RNA viruses when the cognate virus-encoded suppressor of RNAi (VSR) is rendered nonfunctional. In this review, we discuss the function, mechanism, and evolutionary origin of the validated mammalian VSRs and cell culture assays for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Schierhorn KL, Sanchez-David RY, Maillard PV. Mammalian antiviral RNAi is on the move. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111210. [PMID: 35471636 PMCID: PMC9156964 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work reported the existence of a mammalian cell-autonomous antiviral defence based on RNA interference (RNAi), which relies on the accumulation of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) to guide the degradation of complementary viral RNAs. In a new study, Zhang et al (2022) find that, in infected mice, vsiRNAs can enter the bloodstream via their incorporation into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and confer sequence-specific antiviral activity to recipient cells, thus indicating that mammalian antiviral RNAi participates in both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Schierhorn
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Raul Y Sanchez-David
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pierre V Maillard
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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