1
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Gao Q, Vermeulen BJA, Würtz M, Shin H, Erdogdu D, Zheng A, Hofer FW, Neuner A, Pfeffer S, Schiebel E. The structure of the γ-TuRC at the microtubule minus end - not just one solution. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400117. [PMID: 39044599 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In cells, microtubules (MTs) assemble from α/β-tubulin subunits at nucleation sites containing the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). Within the γ-TuRC, exposed γ-tubulin molecules act as templates for MT assembly by interacting with α/β-tubulin. The vertebrate γ-TuRC is scaffolded by γ-tubulin-interacting proteins GCP2-6 arranged in a specific order. Interestingly, the γ-tubulin molecules in the γ-TuRC deviate from the cylindrical geometry of MTs, raising the question of how the γ-TuRC structure changes during MT nucleation. Recent studies on the structure of the vertebrate γ-TuRC attached to the end of MTs came to varying conclusions. In vitro assembly of MTs, facilitated by an α-tubulin mutant, resulted in a closed, cylindrical γ-TuRC showing canonical interactions between all γ-tubulin molecules and α/β-tubulin subunits. Conversely, native MTs formed in a frog extract were capped by a partially closed γ-TuRC, with some γ-tubulin molecules failing to align with α/β-tubulin. This review discusses these outcomes, along with the broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bram J A Vermeulen
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Würtz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hyesu Shin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dilara Erdogdu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anjun Zheng
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian W Hofer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfeffer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Rai D, Song Y, Hua S, Stecker K, Monster JL, Yin V, Stucchi R, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Chen F, Katrukha EA, Altelaar M, Heck AJR, Wieczorek M, Jiang K, Akhmanova A. CAMSAPs and nucleation-promoting factors control microtubule release from γ-TuRC. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:404-420. [PMID: 38424271 PMCID: PMC10940162 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
γ-Tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is the major microtubule-nucleating factor. After nucleation, microtubules can be released from γ-TuRC and stabilized by other proteins, such as CAMSAPs, but the biochemical cross-talk between minus-end regulation pathways is poorly understood. Here we reconstituted this process in vitro using purified components. We found that all CAMSAPs could bind to the minus ends of γ-TuRC-attached microtubules. CAMSAP2 and CAMSAP3, which decorate and stabilize growing minus ends but not the minus-end tracking protein CAMSAP1, induced microtubule release from γ-TuRC. CDK5RAP2, a γ-TuRC-interactor, and CLASP2, a regulator of microtubule growth, strongly stimulated γ-TuRC-dependent microtubule nucleation, but only CDK5RAP2 suppressed CAMSAP binding to γ-TuRC-anchored minus ends and their release. CDK5RAP2 also improved selectivity of γ-tubulin-containing complexes for 13- rather than 14-protofilament microtubules in microtubule-capping assays. Knockout and overexpression experiments in cells showed that CDK5RAP2 inhibits the formation of CAMSAP2-bound microtubules detached from the microtubule-organizing centre. We conclude that CAMSAPs can release newly nucleated microtubules from γ-TuRC, whereas nucleation-promoting factors can differentially regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yinlong Song
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shasha Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kelly Stecker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jooske L Monster
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Yin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yixin Xu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangrui Chen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Baldrighi M, Doreth C, Li Y, Zhao X, Warner E, Chenoweth H, Kishore K, Umrania Y, Minde DP, Thome S, Yu X, Lu Y, Knapton A, Harrison J, Clarke M, Latz E, de Cárcer G, Malumbres M, Ryffel B, Bryant C, Liu J, Lilley KS, Mallat Z, Li X. PLK1 inhibition dampens NLRP3 inflammasome-elicited response in inflammatory disease models. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162129. [PMID: 37698938 PMCID: PMC10617773 DOI: 10.1172/jci162129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Unabated activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is linked with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has been widely studied for its role in mitosis. Here, using both pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that PLK1 promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation at cell interphase. Using an unbiased proximity-dependent biotin identification (Bio-ID) screen for the PLK1 interactome in macrophages, we show an enhanced proximal association of NLRP3 with PLK1 upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We further confirmed the interaction between PLK1 and NLRP3 and identified the interacting domains. Mechanistically, we show that PLK1 orchestrated the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) structure and NLRP3 subcellular positioning upon inflammasome activation. Treatment with a selective PLK1 kinase inhibitor suppressed IL-1β production in in vivo inflammatory models, including LPS-induced endotoxemia and monosodium urate-induced peritonitis in mice. Our results uncover a role of PLK1 in regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation during interphase and identify pharmacological inhibition of PLK1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases with excessive NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baldrighi
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Doreth
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Warner
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chenoweth
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David-Paul Minde
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Thome
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xian Yu
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Lu
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Knapton
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Harrison
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Clarke
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biomarkers Group, “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- UMR7355 INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics CNRS and Université d’Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad Mallat
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Xuan Li
- The Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Polenghi M, Taverna E. Intracellular traffic and polarity in brain development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1172016. [PMID: 37859764 PMCID: PMC10583573 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1172016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons forming the human brain are generated during embryonic development by neural stem and progenitor cells via a process called neurogenesis. A crucial feature contributing to neural stem cell morphological and functional heterogeneity is cell polarity, defined as asymmetric distribution of cellular components. Cell polarity is built and maintained thanks to the interplay between polarity proteins and polarity-generating organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA). ER and GA affect the distribution of membrane components and work as a hub where glycans are added to nascent proteins and lipids. In the last decades our knowledge on the role of polarity in neural stem and progenitor cells have increased tremendously. However, the role of traffic and associated glycosylation in neural stem and progenitor cells is still relatively underexplored. In this review, we discuss the link between cell polarity, architecture, identity and intracellular traffic, and highlight how studies on neurons have shaped our knowledge and conceptual framework on traffic and polarity. We will then conclude by discussing how a group of rare diseases, called congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) offers the unique opportunity to study the contribution of traffic and glycosylation in the context of neurodevelopment.
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5
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Farcy S, Hachour H, Bahi-Buisson N, Passemard S. Genetic Primary Microcephalies: When Centrosome Dysfunction Dictates Brain and Body Size. Cells 2023; 12:1807. [PMID: 37443841 PMCID: PMC10340463 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephalies (PMs) are defects in brain growth that are detectable at or before birth and are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders. Most are caused by biallelic or, more rarely, dominant mutations in one of the likely hundreds of genes encoding PM proteins, i.e., ubiquitous centrosome or microtubule-associated proteins required for the division of neural progenitor cells in the embryonic brain. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of PMs, i.e., isolated PMs with or without malformations of cortical development and PMs associated with short stature (microcephalic dwarfism) or sensorineural disorders. We present an overview of the genetic, developmental, neurological, and cognitive aspects characterizing the most representative PMs. The analysis of phenotypic similarities and differences among patients has led scientists to elucidate the roles of these PM proteins in humans. Phenotypic similarities indicate possible redundant functions of a few of these proteins, such as ASPM and WDR62, which play roles only in determining brain size and structure. However, the protein pericentrin (PCNT) is equally required for determining brain and body size. Other PM proteins perform both functions, albeit to different degrees. Finally, by comparing phenotypes, we considered the interrelationships among these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farcy
- UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France;
- Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hassina Hachour
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU MICADO, APHP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR 1141, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
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6
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Iglesias-Ortega L, Megías-Fernández C, Domínguez-Giménez P, Jimeno-González S, Rivero S. Cell consequences of loss of function of the epigenetic factor EHMT1. Cell Signal 2023:110734. [PMID: 37257768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
EHMT1 is an epigenetic factor with histone methyltransferase activity that appears mutated in Kleefstra syndrome, a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autistic-like features. Despite recent progress in the study of the function of this gene and the molecular etiology of the disease, our knowledge of how EHMT1 haploinsufficiency causes Kleefstra syndrome is still very limited. Here, we show that EHMT1 depletion in RPE1 cells leads to alterations in the morphology and distribution of different subcellular structures, such as the Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes and different cell adhesion components. EHMT1 downregulation also increases centriolar satellites detection, which may indicate a role for EHMT1 in centrosome functioning. Furthermore, the migration process is also altered in EHMT1 depleted cells, which show reduced migration capacity. We consider that the described phenotypes could open new possibilities for understanding the functional impact of EHMT1 haploinsufficiency in Kleefstra syndrome, helping to elucidate the link between epigenetic regulation and the underlying cellular mechanisms that result in this neurodevelopmental disorder. This knowledge could be relevant not only for the treatment of this syndrome, but also for other neurodevelopmental conditions that could share similar deregulated cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Iglesias-Ortega
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Clara Megías-Fernández
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paloma Domínguez-Giménez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Jimeno-González
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sabrina Rivero
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.
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7
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Wu J, Larreategui-Aparicio A, Lambers MLA, Bodor DL, Klaasen SJ, Tollenaar E, de Ruijter-Villani M, Kops GJPL. Microtubule nucleation from the fibrous corona by LIC1-pericentrin promotes chromosome congression. Curr Biol 2023; 33:912-925.e6. [PMID: 36720222 PMCID: PMC10017265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis relies on the assembly of a microtubule-based spindle that interacts with kinetochores to guide chromosomes to the cell equator before segregation in anaphase. Microtubules sprout from nucleation sites such as centrosomes, but kinetochores can also promote microtubule formation. It is unclear, however, how kinetochore-derived microtubules are generated and what their role is in chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the transient outer-kinetochore meshwork known as the fibrous corona serves as an autonomous microtubule nucleation platform. The fibrous corona is essential for the nucleation of kinetochore-derived microtubules, and when dissociated from the core kinetochore, it retains microtubule nucleation capacity. Nucleation relies on a fibrous-corona-bound pool of the LIC1 subunit of the dynein motor complex, which interacts with the γ-tubulin-tethering protein pericentrin (PCNT). PCNT is essential for microtubule nucleation from fibrous coronas, and in centrosome-depleted cells, where nearly all mitotic nucleation occurs at fibrous coronas, chromosome congression is fully dependent on PCNT. We further show that chromosomes in bovine oocytes, which naturally lack centrosomes, have highly expanded fibrous coronas that drive chromosome-derived microtubule nucleation. Preventing fibrous corona expansion in these cells impairs chromosome congression and causes spindle assembly defects. Our results show that fibrous coronas are autonomous microtubule-organizing centers that are important for spindle assembly, which may be especially relevant in acentrosomal cells such as oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Larreategui-Aparicio
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dani L Bodor
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Woman and Baby, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Ali A, Vineethakumari C, Lacasa C, Lüders J. Microtubule nucleation and γTuRC centrosome localization in interphase cells require ch-TOG. Nat Commun 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36702836 PMCID: PMC9879976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubule arrays requires spatio-temporal regulation of the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). MTOC-localized adapter proteins are thought to recruit and activate γTuRC, but the molecular underpinnings remain obscure. Here we show that at interphase centrosomes, rather than adapters, the microtubule polymerase ch-TOG (also named chTOG or CKAP5) ultimately controls γTuRC recruitment and activation. ch-TOG co-assembles with γTuRC to stimulate nucleation around centrioles. In the absence of ch-TOG, γTuRC fails to localize to these sites, but not the centriole lumen. However, whereas some ch-TOG is stably bound at subdistal appendages, it only transiently associates with PCM. ch-TOG's dynamic behavior requires its tubulin-binding TOG domains and a C-terminal region involved in localization. In addition, ch-TOG also promotes nucleation from the Golgi. Thus, at interphase centrosomes stimulation of nucleation and γTuRC attachment are mechanistically coupled through transient recruitment of ch-TOG, and ch-TOG's nucleation-promoting activity is not restricted to centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Chithran Vineethakumari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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9
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Jewett CE, McCurdy BL, O'Toole ET, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Given KS, Lin CH, Olsen V, Martin W, Reinholdt L, Espinosa JM, Sullivan KD, Macklin WB, Prekeris R, Pearson CG. Trisomy 21 induces pericentrosomal crowding delaying primary ciliogenesis and mouse cerebellar development. eLife 2023; 12:e78202. [PMID: 36656118 PMCID: PMC9851619 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the genetic cause of Down syndrome, disrupts primary cilia formation and function, in part through elevated Pericentrin, a centrosome protein encoded on chromosome 21. Yet how trisomy 21 and elevated Pericentrin disrupt cilia-related molecules and pathways, and the in vivo phenotypic relevance remain unclear. Utilizing ciliogenesis time course experiments combined with light microscopy and electron tomography, we reveal that chromosome 21 polyploidy elevates Pericentrin and microtubules away from the centrosome that corral MyosinVA and EHD1, delaying ciliary membrane delivery and mother centriole uncapping essential for ciliogenesis. If given enough time, trisomy 21 cells eventually ciliate, but these ciliated cells demonstrate persistent trafficking defects that reduce transition zone protein localization and decrease sonic hedgehog signaling in direct anticorrelation with Pericentrin levels. Consistent with cultured trisomy 21 cells, a mouse model of Down syndrome with elevated Pericentrin has fewer primary cilia in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors and thinner external granular layers at P4. Our work reveals that elevated Pericentrin from trisomy 21 disrupts multiple early steps of ciliogenesis and creates persistent trafficking defects in ciliated cells. This pericentrosomal crowding mechanism results in signaling deficiencies consistent with the neurological phenotypes found in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Bailey L McCurdy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Carrie H Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Valerie Olsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | | | | | - Joaquín M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
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10
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Divergent Contribution of the Golgi Apparatus to Microtubule Organization in Related Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416178. [PMID: 36555819 PMCID: PMC9782006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking in interphase animal cells is accomplished mostly along the microtubules. Microtubules are often organized radially by the microtubule-organizing center to coordinate intracellular transport. Along with the centrosome, the Golgi often serves as a microtubule-organizing center, capable of nucleating and retaining microtubules. Recent studies revealed the role of a special subset of Golgi-derived microtubules, which facilitates vesicular traffic from this central transport hub of the cell. However, proteins essential for microtubule organization onto the Golgi might be differentially expressed in different cell lines, while many potential participants remain undiscovered. In the current work, we analyzed the involvement of the Golgi complex in microtubule organization in related cell lines. We studied two cell lines, both originating from green monkey renal epithelium, and found that they relied either on the centrosome or on the Golgi as a main microtubule-organizing center. We demonstrated that the difference in their Golgi microtubule-organizing activity was not associated with the well-studied proteins, such as CAMSAP3, CLASP2, GCC185, and GMAP210, but revealed several potential candidates involved in this process.
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11
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Spradling AC, Niu W, Yin Q, Pathak M, Maurya B. Conservation of oocyte development in germline cysts from Drosophila to mouse. eLife 2022; 11:83230. [PMID: 36445738 PMCID: PMC9708067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that pre-follicular mouse oogenesis takes place in germline cysts, highly conserved groups of oogonial cells connected by intercellular bridges that develop as nurse cells as well as an oocyte. Long studied in Drosophila and insect gametogenesis, female germline cysts acquire cytoskeletal polarity and traffic centrosomes and organelles between nurse cells and the oocyte to form the Balbiani body, a conserved marker of polarity. Mouse oocyte development and nurse cell dumping are supported by dynamic, cell-specific programs of germline gene expression. High levels of perinatal germ cell death in this species primarily result from programmed nurse cell turnover after transfer rather than defective oocyte production. The striking evolutionary conservation of early oogenesis mechanisms between distant animal groups strongly suggests that gametogenesis and early embryonic development in vertebrates and invertebrates share even more in common than currently believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C Spradling
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wanbao Niu
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Qi Yin
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Madhulika Pathak
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bhawana Maurya
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
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12
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Tátrai P, Gergely F. Centrosome function is critical during terminal erythroid differentiation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108739. [PMID: 35678476 PMCID: PMC9289712 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells are produced by terminal erythroid differentiation, which involves the dramatic morphological transformation of erythroblasts into enucleated reticulocytes. Microtubules are important for enucleation, but it is not known if the centrosome, a key microtubule-organizing center, is required as well. Mice lacking the conserved centrosome component, CDK5RAP2, are likely to have defective erythroid differentiation because they develop macrocytic anemia. Here, we show that fetal liver-derived, CDK5RAP2-deficient erythroid progenitors generate fewer and larger reticulocytes, hence recapitulating features of macrocytic anemia. In erythroblasts, but not in embryonic fibroblasts, loss of CDK5RAP2 or pharmacological depletion of centrosomes leads to highly aberrant spindle morphologies. Consistent with such cells exiting mitosis without chromosome segregation, tetraploidy is frequent in late-stage erythroblasts, thereby giving rise to fewer but larger reticulocytes than normal. Our results define a critical role for CDK5RAP2 and centrosomes in spindle formation specifically during blood production. We propose that disruption of centrosome and spindle function could contribute to the emergence of macrocytic anemias, for instance, due to nutritional deficiency or exposure to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Solvo BiotechnologyBudapestHungary
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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13
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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McCurdy BL, Jewett CE, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Duc HN, Joshi M, Espinosa JM, Prekeris R, Pearson CG. Trisomy 21 increases microtubules and disrupts centriolar satellite localization. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br11. [PMID: 35476505 PMCID: PMC9635274 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0517-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the source of Down syndrome, causes a 0.5-fold protein increase of the chromosome 21-resident gene Pericentrin (PCNT) and reduces primary cilia formation and signaling. We investigate how PCNT imbalances disrupt cilia. Using isogenic RPE-1 cells with increased chromosome 21 dosage, we find PCNT accumulates around the centrosome as a cluster of enlarged cytoplasmic puncta that localize along microtubules (MTs) and at MT ends. Cytoplasmic PCNT puncta impact the density, stability, and localization of the MT trafficking network required for primary cilia. The PCNT puncta appear to sequester cargo peripheral to centrosomes in what we call pericentrosomal crowding. The centriolar satellite proteins PCM1, CEP131, and CEP290, important for ciliogenesis, accumulate at enlarged PCNT puncta in trisomy 21 cells. Reducing PCNT when chromosome 21 ploidy is elevated is sufficient to decrease PCNT puncta and pericentrosomal crowding, reestablish a normal density of MTs around the centrosome, and restore ciliogenesis to wild-type levels. A transient reduction in MTs also decreases pericentrosomal crowding and partially rescues ciliogenesis in trisomy 21 cells, indicating that increased PCNT leads to defects in the MT network deleterious to normal centriolar satellite distribution. We propose that chromosome 21 aneuploidy disrupts MT-dependent intracellular trafficking required for primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey L. McCurdy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Alexander J. Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Huy Nguyen Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
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15
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O'Neill AC, Uzbas F, Antognolli G, Merino F, Draganova K, Jäck A, Zhang S, Pedini G, Schessner JP, Cramer K, Schepers A, Metzger F, Esgleas M, Smialowski P, Guerrini R, Falk S, Feederle R, Freytag S, Wang Z, Bahlo M, Jungmann R, Bagni C, Borner GHH, Robertson SP, Hauck SM, Götz M. Spatial centrosome proteome of human neural cells uncovers disease-relevant heterogeneity. Science 2022; 376:eabf9088. [PMID: 35709258 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf9088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome provides an intracellular anchor for the cytoskeleton, regulating cell division, cell migration, and cilia formation. We used spatial proteomics to elucidate protein interaction networks at the centrosome of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurons. Centrosome-associated proteins were largely cell type-specific, with protein hubs involved in RNA dynamics. Analysis of neurodevelopmental disease cohorts identified a significant overrepresentation of NSC centrosome proteins with variants in patients with periventricular heterotopia (PH). Expressing the PH-associated mutant pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 (PRPF6) reproduced the periventricular misplacement in the developing mouse brain, highlighting missplicing of transcripts of a microtubule-associated kinase with centrosomal location as essential for the phenotype. Collectively, cell type-specific centrosome interactomes explain how genetic variants in ubiquitous proteins may convey brain-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C O'Neill
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fatma Uzbas
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giulia Antognolli
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Florencia Merino
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kalina Draganova
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alex Jäck
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sirui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biomedical Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Giorgia Pedini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Kimberly Cramer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Metzger
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pawel Smialowski
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sven Falk
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biomedical Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Altered CXCR4 dynamics at the cell membrane impairs directed cell migration in WHIM syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119483119. [PMID: 35588454 PMCID: PMC9173760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119483119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceNew imaging-based approaches are incorporating new concepts to our knowledge of biological processes. The analysis of receptor dynamics involved in cell movement using single-particle tracking demonstrates that cells require chemokine-mediated receptor clustering to sense appropriately chemoattractant gradients. Here, we report that this process does not occur in T cells expressing CXCR4R334X, a mutant form of CXCR4 linked to WHIM syndrome (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis). The underlaying molecular mechanism involves inappropriate actin cytoskeleton remodeling due to the inadequate β-arrestin1 activation by CXCR4R334X, which alters its lateral mobility and spatial organization. These defects, associated to CXCR4R334X expression, contribute to the retention of hematopoietic precursors in bone marrow niches and explain the severe immunological symptoms associated with WHIM syndrome.
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17
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Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC. Mechanisms of microtubule organization in differentiated animal cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:541-558. [PMID: 35383336 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are polarized cytoskeletal filaments that serve as tracks for intracellular transport and form a scaffold that positions organelles and other cellular components and modulates cell shape and mechanics. In animal cells, the geometry, density and directionality of microtubule networks are major determinants of cellular architecture, polarity and proliferation. In dividing cells, microtubules form bipolar spindles that pull chromosomes apart, whereas in interphase cells, microtubules are organized in a cell type-specific fashion, which strongly correlates with cell physiology. In motile cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, microtubules are organized as radial asters, whereas in immotile epithelial and neuronal cells and in muscles, microtubules form parallel or antiparallel arrays and cortical meshworks. Here, we review recent work addressing how the formation of such microtubule networks is driven by the plethora of microtubule regulatory proteins. These include proteins that nucleate or anchor microtubule ends at different cellular structures and those that sever or move microtubules, as well as regulators of microtubule elongation, stability, bundling or modifications. The emerging picture, although still very incomplete, shows a remarkable diversity of cell-specific mechanisms that employ conserved building blocks to adjust microtubule organization in order to facilitate different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Vineethakumari C, Lüders J. Microtubule Anchoring: Attaching Dynamic Polymers to Cellular Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867870. [PMID: 35309944 PMCID: PMC8927778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic, filamentous polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin. Arrays of microtubules that have a specific polarity and distribution mediate essential processes such as intracellular transport and mitotic chromosome segregation. Microtubule arrays are generated with the help of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). MTOCs typically combine two principal activities, the de novo formation of microtubules, termed nucleation, and the immobilization of one of the two ends of microtubules, termed anchoring. Nucleation is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which, in cooperation with its recruitment and activation factors, provides a template for α- and β-tubulin assembly, facilitating formation of microtubule polymer. In contrast, the molecules and mechanisms that anchor newly formed microtubules at MTOCs are less well characterized. Here we discuss the mechanistic challenges underlying microtubule anchoring, how this is linked with the molecular activities of known and proposed anchoring factors, and what consequences defective microtubule anchoring has at the cellular and organismal level.
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19
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Abstract
The centrosome is a multifunctional organelle that is known primarily for its microtubule organising function. Centrosomal defects caused by changes in centrosomal structure or number have been associated with human diseases ranging from congenital defects to cancer. We are only beginning to appreciate how the non-microtubule organising roles of the centrosome are related to these clinical conditions. In this review, we will discuss the historical evidence that led to the proposal that the centrosome participates in cell cycle regulation. We then summarize the body of work that describes the involvement of the mammalian centrosome in triggering cell cycle progression and checkpoint signalling. Then we will highlight work from the fission yeast model organism, revealing the molecular details that explain how the spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast functional equivalent of the centrosome), participates in these cell cycle transitions. Importantly, we will discuss some of the emerging questions from recent discoveries related to the role of the centrosome as a cell cycle regulator.
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20
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ER proteins decipher the tubulin code to regulate organelle distribution. Nature 2021; 601:132-138. [PMID: 34912111 PMCID: PMC8732269 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organelles move along differentially modified microtubules to establish and maintain their proper distributions and functions1,2. However, how cells interpret these post-translational microtubule modification codes to selectively regulate organelle positioning remains largely unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of diverse morphologies that extends promiscuously throughout the cytoplasm3, forming abundant contacts with other organelles4. Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum morphology is tightly linked to neurologic disorders and cancer5,6. Here we demonstrate that three membrane-bound endoplasmic reticulum proteins preferentially interact with different microtubule populations, with CLIMP63 binding centrosome microtubules, kinectin (KTN1) binding perinuclear polyglutamylated microtubules, and p180 binding glutamylated microtubules. Knockout of these proteins or manipulation of microtubule populations and glutamylation status results in marked changes in endoplasmic reticulum positioning, leading to similar redistributions of other organelles. During nutrient starvation, cells modulate CLIMP63 protein levels and p180-microtubule binding to bidirectionally move endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes for proper autophagic responses.
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21
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Tsuchiya K, Goshima G. Microtubule-associated proteins promote microtubule generation in the absence of γ-tubulin in human colon cancer cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202104114. [PMID: 34779859 PMCID: PMC8598081 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-tubulin complex acts as the predominant microtubule (MT) nucleator that initiates MT formation and is therefore an essential factor for cell proliferation. Nonetheless, cellular MTs are formed after experimental depletion of the γ-tubulin complex, suggesting that cells possess other factors that drive MT nucleation. Here, by combining gene knockout, auxin-inducible degron, RNA interference, MT depolymerization/regrowth assay, and live microscopy, we identified four microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), ch-TOG, CLASP1, CAMSAPs, and TPX2, which are involved in γ-tubulin-independent MT generation in human colon cancer cells. In the mitotic MT regrowth assay, nucleated MTs organized noncentriolar MT organizing centers (ncMTOCs) in the absence of γ-tubulin. Depletion of CLASP1 or TPX2 substantially delayed ncMTOC formation, suggesting that these proteins might promote MT nucleation in the absence of γ-tubulin. In contrast, depletion of ch-TOG or CAMSAPs did not affect the timing of ncMTOC appearance. CLASP1 also accelerates γ-tubulin-independent MT regrowth during interphase. Thus, MT generation can be promoted by MAPs without the γ-tubulin template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tsuchiya
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Buchwalter RA, Ogden SC, York SB, Sun L, Zheng C, Hammack C, Cheng Y, Chen JV, Cone AS, Meckes DG, Tang H, Megraw TL. Coordination of Zika Virus Infection and Viroplasm Organization by Microtubules and Microtubule-Organizing Centers. Cells 2021; 10:3335. [PMID: 34943843 PMCID: PMC8699624 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a global health concern in 2016 due to its links to congenital microcephaly and other birth defects. Flaviviruses, including ZIKV, reorganize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form a viroplasm, a compartment where virus particles are assembled. Microtubules (MTs) and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) coordinate structural and trafficking functions in the cell, and MTs also support replication of flaviviruses. Here we investigated the roles of MTs and the cell's MTOCs on ZIKV viroplasm organization and virus production. We show that a toroidal-shaped viroplasm forms upon ZIKV infection, and MTs are organized at the viroplasm core and surrounding the viroplasm. We show that MTs are necessary for viroplasm organization and impact infectious virus production. In addition, the centrosome and the Golgi MTOC are closely associated with the viroplasm, and the centrosome coordinates the organization of the ZIKV viroplasm toroidal structure. Surprisingly, viroplasm formation and virus production are not significantly impaired when infected cells have no centrosomes and impaired Golgi MTOC, and we show that MTs are anchored to the viroplasm surface in these cells. We propose that the viroplasm is a site of MT organization, and the MTs organized at the viroplasm are sufficient for efficient virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Sarah C. Ogden
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Sara B. York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Christy Hammack
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Jieyan V. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Timothy L. Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
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23
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explore self-organizing mechanisms that pattern microtubules (MTs) and spatially organize animal cell cytoplasm, inspired by recent experiments in frog egg extract. We start by reviewing conceptual distinctions between self-organizing and templating mechanisms for subcellular organization. We then discuss self-organizing mechanisms that generate radial MT arrays and cell centers in the absence of centrosomes. These include autocatalytic MT nucleation, transport of minus ends, and nucleation from organelles such as melanosomes and Golgi vesicles that are also dynein cargoes. We then discuss mechanisms that partition the cytoplasm in syncytia, in which multiple nuclei share a common cytoplasm, starting with cytokinesis, when all metazoan cells are transiently syncytial. The cytoplasm of frog eggs is partitioned prior to cytokinesis by two self-organizing modules, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1)-kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A) and chromosome passenger complex (CPC)-KIF20A. Similar modules may partition longer-lasting syncytia, such as early Drosophila embryos. We end by discussing shared mechanisms and principles for the MT-based self-organization of cellular units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mitchison
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Christine M Field
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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24
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Klemm LC, Denu RA, Hind LE, Rocha-Gregg BL, Burkard ME, Huttenlocher A. Centriole and Golgi microtubule nucleation are dispensable for the migration of human neutrophil-like cells. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1545-1556. [PMID: 34191538 PMCID: PMC8351748 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-02-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils migrate in response to chemoattractants to mediate host defense. Chemoattractants drive rapid intracellular cytoskeletal rearrangements including the radiation of microtubules from the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) toward the rear of polarized neutrophils. Microtubules regulate neutrophil polarity and motility, but little is known about the specific role of MTOCs. To characterize the role of MTOCs on neutrophil motility, we depleted centrioles in a well-established neutrophil-like cell line. Surprisingly, both chemical and genetic centriole depletion increased neutrophil speed and chemotactic motility, suggesting an inhibitory role for centrioles during directed migration. We also found that depletion of both centrioles and GM130-mediated Golgi microtubule nucleation did not impair neutrophil directed migration. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an inhibitory role for centrioles and a resilient MTOC system in motile human neutrophil-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. Klemm
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ryan A. Denu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laurel E. Hind
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Briana L. Rocha-Gregg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark E. Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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25
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Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical structures that assemble the centrosome and template the formation of cilia. The proximal part of centrioles is associated with the pericentriolar material, a protein scaffold from which microtubules are nucleated. This activity is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) whose central role in centrosomal microtubule organization has been recognized for decades. However, accumulating evidence suggests that γTuRC activity at this organelle is neither restricted to the pericentriolar material nor limited to microtubule nucleation. Instead, γTuRC is found along the entire centriole cylinder, at subdistal appendages, and inside the centriole lumen, where its canonical function as a microtubule nucleator might be supplemented or replaced by a function in microtubule anchoring and centriole stabilization, respectively. In this Opinion, we discuss recent insights into the expanded repertoire of γTuRC activities at centrioles and how distinct subpopulations of γTuRC might act in concert to ensure centrosome and cilia biogenesis and function, ultimately supporting cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis. We propose that the classical view of centrosomal γTuRC as a pericentriolar material-associated microtubule nucleator needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Vasquez-Limeta A, Loncarek J. Human centrosome organization and function in interphase and mitosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:30-41. [PMID: 33836946 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes were first described by Edouard Van Beneden and named and linked to chromosome segregation by Theodor Boveri around 1870. In the 1960-1980s, electron microscopy studies have revealed the remarkable ultrastructure of a centriole -- a nine-fold symmetrical microtubular assembly that resides within a centrosome and organizes it. Less than two decades ago, proteomics and genomic screens conducted in multiple species identified hundreds of centriole and centrosome core proteins and revealed the evolutionarily conserved nature of the centriole assembly pathway. And now, super resolution microscopy approaches and improvements in cryo-tomography are bringing an unparalleled nanoscale-detailed picture of the centriole and centrosome architecture. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the architecture of human centrioles. We discuss the structured organization of centrosome components in interphase, focusing on localization/function relationship. We discuss the process of centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle pole assembly in centriolar and acentriolar cells, emphasizing recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI, Frederick 21702, MD, USA.
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27
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Bornens M. Centrosome organization and functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:199-206. [PMID: 33338884 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome, discovered near 1875, was named by Boveri when proposing the chromosomal theory of heredity. After a long eclipse, a considerable amount of molecular data has been accumulated on the centrosome and its biogenesis in the last 30 years, summarized regularly in excellent reviews. Major questions are still at stake in 2021 however, as we lack a comprehensive view of the centrosome functions. I will first try to see how progress towards a unified view of the role of centrosomes during evolution is possible, and then review recent data on only some of the many important questions raised by this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
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28
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Takayasu BS, Martins IR, Garnique AM, Miyamoto S, Machado-Santelli GM, Uemi M, Onuki J. Biological effects of an oxyphytosterol generated by β-Sitosterol ozonization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Mukherjee A, Brooks PS, Bernard F, Guichet A, Conduit PT. Microtubules originate asymmetrically at the somatic golgi and are guided via Kinesin2 to maintain polarity within neurons. eLife 2020; 9:e58943. [PMID: 32657758 PMCID: PMC7394546 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons contain polarised microtubule arrays essential for neuronal function. How microtubule nucleation and polarity are regulated within neurons remains unclear. We show that γ-tubulin localises asymmetrically to the somatic Golgi within Drosophila neurons. Microtubules originate from the Golgi with an initial growth preference towards the axon. Their growing plus ends also turn towards and into the axon, adding to the plus-end-out microtubule pool. Any plus ends that reach a dendrite, however, do not readily enter, maintaining minus-end-out polarity. Both turning towards the axon and exclusion from dendrites depend on Kinesin-2, a plus-end-associated motor that guides growing plus ends along adjacent microtubules. We propose that Kinesin-2 engages with a polarised microtubule network within the soma to guide growing microtubules towards the axon; while at dendrite entry sites engagement with microtubules of opposite polarity generates a backward stalling force that prevents entry into dendrites and thus maintains minus-end-out polarity within proximal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul S Brooks
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fred Bernard
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Paul T Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
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30
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Microtubule Organization in Striated Muscle Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061395. [PMID: 32503326 PMCID: PMC7349303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctly organized microtubule networks contribute to the function of differentiated cell types such as neurons, epithelial cells, skeletal myotubes, and cardiomyocytes. In striated (i.e., skeletal and cardiac) muscle cells, the nuclear envelope acts as the dominant microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and the function of the centrosome—the canonical MTOC of mammalian cells—is attenuated, a common feature of differentiated cell types. We summarize the mechanisms known to underlie MTOC formation at the nuclear envelope, discuss the significance of the nuclear envelope MTOC for muscle function and cell cycle progression, and outline potential mechanisms of centrosome attenuation.
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31
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Targeting centrosome amplification, an Achilles' heel of cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1209-1222. [PMID: 31506331 PMCID: PMC6824836 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to cell-cycle dysregulation, many cancer cells contain more than the normal compliment of centrosomes, a state referred to as centrosome amplification (CA). CA can drive oncogenic phenotypes and indeed can cause cancer in flies and mammals. However, cells have to actively manage CA, often by centrosome clustering, in order to divide. Thus, CA is also an Achilles' Heel of cancer cells. In recent years, there have been many important studies identifying proteins required for the management of CA and it has been demonstrated that disruption of some of these proteins can cause cancer-specific inhibition of cell growth. For certain targets therapeutically relevant interventions are being investigated, for example, small molecule inhibitors, although none are yet in clinical trials. As the field is now poised to move towards clinically relevant interventions, it is opportune to summarise the key work in targeting CA thus far, with particular emphasis on recent developments where small molecule or other strategies have been proposed. We also highlight the relatively unexplored paradigm of reversing CA, and thus its oncogenic effects, for therapeutic gain.
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32
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Fourriere L, Jimenez AJ, Perez F, Boncompain G. The role of microtubules in secretory protein transport. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/2/jcs237016. [PMID: 31996399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are part of the dynamic cytoskeleton network and composed of tubulin dimers. They are the main tracks used in cells to organize organelle positioning and trafficking of cargos. In this Review, we compile recent findings on the involvement of microtubules in anterograde protein transport. First, we highlight the importance of microtubules in organelle positioning. Second, we discuss the involvement of microtubules within different trafficking steps, in particular between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex, traffic through the Golgi complex itself and in post-Golgi processes. A large number of studies have assessed the involvement of microtubules in transport of cargo from the Golgi complex to the cell surface. We focus here on the role of kinesin motor proteins and protein interactions in post-Golgi transport, as well as the impact of tubulin post-translational modifications. Last, in light of recent findings, we highlight the role microtubules have in exocytosis, the final step of secretory protein transport, occurring close to focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fourriere
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ana Joaquina Jimenez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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Wu Y, Cheng T, Chen Q, Gao B, Stewart AG, Lee PVS. On-chip surface acoustic wave and micropipette aspiration techniques to assess cell elastic properties. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:014114. [PMID: 32095200 PMCID: PMC7028434 DOI: 10.1063/1.5138662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal mechanics and cell mechanical properties play an important role in cellular behaviors. In this study, in order to provide comprehensive insights into the relationship between different cytoskeletal components and cellular elastic moduli, we built a phase-modulated surface acoustic wave microfluidic device to measure cellular compressibility and a microfluidic micropipette-aspiration device to measure cellular Young's modulus. The microfluidic devices were validated based on experimental data and computational simulations. The contributions of structural cytoskeletal actin filament and microtubule to cellular compressibility and Young's modulus were examined in MCF-7 cells. The compressibility of MCF-7 cells was increased after microtubule disruption, whereas actin disruption had no effect. In contrast, Young's modulus of MCF-7 cells was reduced after actin disruption but unaffected by microtubule disruption. The actin filaments and microtubules were stained to confirm the structural alteration in cytoskeleton. Our findings suggest the dissimilarity in the structural roles of actin filaments and microtubules in terms of cellular compressibility and Young's modulus. Based on the differences in location and structure, actin filaments mainly contribute to tensile Young's modulus and microtubules mainly contribute to compressibility. In addition, different responses to cytoskeletal alterations between acoustophoresis and micropipette aspiration demonstrated that micropipette aspiration was better at detecting the change from actin cortex, while the response to acoustophoresis was governed by microtubule networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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34
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Generation and regulation of microtubule network asymmetry to drive cell polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:86-95. [PMID: 31739264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules control cell architecture by serving as a scaffold for intracellular transport, signaling, and organelle positioning. Microtubules are intrinsically polarized, and their orientation, density, and post-translational modifications both respond and contribute to cell polarity. Animal cells that can rapidly reorient their polarity axis, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells, contain radially organized microtubule arrays anchored at the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, whereas stably polarized cells often acquire non-centrosomal microtubule networks attached to the cell cortex, nucleus, or other structures. Microtubule density, longevity, and post-translational modifications strongly depend on the dynamics of their plus ends. Factors controlling microtubule plus-end dynamics are often part of cortical assemblies that integrate cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and secretion and are subject to microtubule-dependent feedback regulation. Finally, microtubules can mechanically contribute to cell asymmetry by promoting cell elongation, a property that might be important for cells with dense microtubule arrays growing in soft environments.
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35
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Bornens M. A moment at the cell centre. Biol Cell 2019; 111:294-307. [PMID: 31621092 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
I have been invited by the board of the French Society of Cell Biology (SBCF) to write a text around my presentation in the Symposium 'A day at the Cell Centre', held at the Curie Institute on May 17, 2019, and organized by four of my former students, namely Juliette Azimzadeh, Nathalie Delgehyr, Matthieu Piel and Manuel Théry. I have to thank them warmly for the quality of the science during this day. It was also a moving day for me indeed to listen to so many figures in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
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36
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Dynamics of centriole amplification in centrosome-depleted brain multiciliated progenitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13060. [PMID: 31506528 PMCID: PMC6736942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive and respiratory organs, along with brain ventricles, are lined by multiciliated epithelial cells (MCC) that generate cilia-powered fluid flows. MCC hijack the centrosome duplication pathway to form hundreds of centrioles and nucleate motile cilia. In these cells, the large majority of procentrioles are formed associated with partially characterized organelles called deuterosomes. We recently challenged the paradigm that deuterosomes and procentrioles are formed de novo by providing data, in brain MCC, suggesting that they are nucleated from the pre-existing centrosomal younger centriole. However, the origin of deuterosomes and procentrioles is still under debate. Here, we further question centrosome importance for deuterosome and centriole amplification. First, we provide additional data confirming that centriole amplification occurs sequentially from the centrosomal region, and that the first procentriole-loaded deuterosomes are associated with the daughter centriole or in the centrosomal centriole vicinity. Then, to further test the requirement of the centrosome in deuterosome and centriole formation, we depleted centrosomal centrioles using a Plk4 inhibitor. We reveal unexpected limited consequences in deuterosome/centriole number in absence of centrosomal centrioles. Notably, in absence of the daughter centriole only, deuterosomes are not seen associated with the mother centriole. In absence of both centrosomal centrioles, procentrioles are still amplified sequentially and with no apparent structural defects. They seem to arise from a focal region, characterized by microtubule convergence and pericentriolar material (PCM) assembly. The relevance of deuterosome association with the daughter centriole as well as the role of the PCM in the focal and sequential genesis of centrioles in absence of centrosomal centrioles are discussed.
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Fokin Artem I, Zhapparova Olga N, Burakov Anton V, Nadezhdina Elena S. Centrosome-derived microtubule radial array, PCM-1 protein, and primary cilia formation. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1361-1373. [PMID: 31079229 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, the centrosome nucleates and anchors microtubules (MT), forming their radial array. During interphase centrosome-derived MT, aster can either team up with other MT network or function in an autonomous manner. What is the function of the centrosome-derived MT aster? We suggested that it might play an important role in the formation of the primary cilium, the organelle obligatorily associated with the centrosome. PCM-1 (PeriCentriolar Matrix 1) protein, which participates in the organization of the primary cilium, is a part of pericentiolar satellites. They are transported to the centrosome along MTs by the motor protein dynein in a complex with its cofactor dynactin. Previously, we showed that SLK/LOSK phosphorylated the p150Glued subunit of dynactin, thus promoting its centrosomal targeting followed by its participation in the retention of microtubules. Here, we found that under the repression of SLK/LOSK activity, the PCM-1 protein lost its pericentrosomal localization and was being dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Despite that the alanine and glutamine mutants of p150Glued had opposite effects on PCM-1 localization, they associated with PCM-1 to the same extent. The occurrence of primary cilia also significantly decreased when SLK/LOSK was repressed. These defects also correlated with a disturbance of the long-range transport in cells, whereas dynein-depending motility was intact. Treatment with the GSK-3β kinase inhibitor also resulted in the loss of the centrosome-derived MT aster, dispersion of PCM-1 over the cytoplasm, and reduction of primary cilia occurrence. Thus, kinases involved in the centrosome-derived MT aster regulation can indirectly control the formation of primary cilia in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fokin Artem
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobjevy Gory, 1 bld.73, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - N Zhapparova Olga
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobjevy Gory, 1 bld.73, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - V Burakov Anton
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobjevy Gory, 1 bld.73, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - S Nadezhdina Elena
- Department of Cell Biology of Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova ul., 34, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117334.
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Yamada M, Hayashi K. Microtubule nucleation in the cytoplasm of developing cortical neurons and its regulation by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:339-345. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimori Yamada
- Department of Materials and Life SciencesFaculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Department of Materials and Life SciencesFaculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University Tokyo Japan
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Quarantotti V, Chen J, Tischer J, Gonzalez Tejedo C, Papachristou EK, D'Santos CS, Kilmartin JV, Miller ML, Gergely F. Centriolar satellites are acentriolar assemblies of centrosomal proteins. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101082. [PMID: 31304626 PMCID: PMC6627235 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are core structural elements of both centrosomes and cilia. Although cytoplasmic granules called centriolar satellites have been observed around these structures, lack of a comprehensive inventory of satellite proteins impedes our understanding of their ancestry. To address this, we performed mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteome profiling of centriolar satellites obtained by affinity purification of their key constituent, PCM1, from sucrose gradient fractions. We defined an interactome consisting of 223 proteins, which showed striking enrichment in centrosome components. The proteome also contained new structural and regulatory factors with roles in ciliogenesis. Quantitative MS on whole-cell and centriolar satellite proteomes of acentriolar cells was performed to reveal dependencies of satellite composition on intact centrosomes. Although most components remained associated with PCM1 in acentriolar cells, reduced cytoplasmic and satellite levels were observed for a subset of centrosomal proteins. These results demonstrate that centriolar satellites and centrosomes form independently but share a substantial fraction of their proteomes. Dynamic exchange of proteins between these organelles could facilitate their adaptation to changing cellular environments during development, stress response and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Quarantotti
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jia‐Xuan Chen
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Julia Tischer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Carmen Gonzalez Tejedo
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Clive S D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John V Kilmartin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Martin L Miller
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteLi Ka Shing CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Joukov V, De Nicolo A. The Centrosome and the Primary Cilium: The Yin and Yang of a Hybrid Organelle. Cells 2019; 8:E701. [PMID: 31295970 PMCID: PMC6678760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes and primary cilia are usually considered as distinct organelles, although both are assembled with the same evolutionary conserved, microtubule-based templates, the centrioles. Centrosomes serve as major microtubule- and actin cytoskeleton-organizing centers and are involved in a variety of intracellular processes, whereas primary cilia receive and transduce environmental signals to elicit cellular and organismal responses. Understanding the functional relationship between centrosomes and primary cilia is important because defects in both structures have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Here, we discuss evidence that the animal centrosome evolved, with the transition to complex multicellularity, as a hybrid organelle comprised of the two distinct, but intertwined, structural-functional modules: the centriole/primary cilium module and the pericentriolar material/centrosome module. The evolution of the former module may have been caused by the expanding cellular diversification and intercommunication, whereas that of the latter module may have been driven by the increasing complexity of mitosis and the requirement for maintaining cell polarity, individuation, and adhesion. Through its unique ability to serve both as a plasma membrane-associated primary cilium organizer and a juxtanuclear microtubule-organizing center, the animal centrosome has become an ideal integrator of extracellular and intracellular signals with the cytoskeleton and a switch between the non-cell autonomous and the cell-autonomous signaling modes. In light of this hypothesis, we discuss centrosome dynamics during cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and propose a model of centrosome-driven microtubule assembly in mitotic and interphase cells. In addition, we outline the evolutionary benefits of the animal centrosome and highlight the hierarchy and modularity of the centrosome biogenesis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells with long branched axons and dendrites. Microtubule generation and organization machineries are crucial to grow and pattern these complex cellular extensions. Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) concentrate the molecular machinery for templating microtubules, stabilizing the nascent polymer, and organizing the resultant microtubules into higher-order structures. MTOC formation and function are well described at the centrosome, in the spindle, and at interphase Golgi; we review these studies and then describe recent results about how the machineries acting at these classic MTOCs are repurposed in the postmitotic neuron for axon and dendrite differentiation. We further discuss a constant tug-of-war interplay between different MTOC activities in the cell and how this process can be used as a substrate for transcription factor-mediated diversification of neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Tann
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Centre for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Adrian W Moore
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Centre for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
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