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Wu J, Fu J. Toward developing human organs via embryo models and chimeras. Cell 2024; 187:3194-3219. [PMID: 38906095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing functional organs from stem cells remains a challenging goal in regenerative medicine. Existing methodologies, such as tissue engineering, bioprinting, and organoids, only offer partial solutions. This perspective focuses on two promising approaches emerging for engineering human organs from stem cells: stem cell-based embryo models and interspecies organogenesis. Both approaches exploit the premise of guiding stem cells to mimic natural development. We begin by summarizing what is known about early human development as a blueprint for recapitulating organogenesis in both embryo models and interspecies chimeras. The latest advances in both fields are discussed before highlighting the technological and knowledge gaps to be addressed before the goal of developing human organs could be achieved using the two approaches. We conclude by discussing challenges facing embryo modeling and interspecies organogenesis and outlining future prospects for advancing both fields toward the generation of human tissues and organs for basic research and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Contreras-Jurado C, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Pérez RF, Alemany S, Fraga MF, Aranda A. The thyroid hormone enhances mouse embryonic fibroblasts reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells: role of the nuclear receptor corepressor 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1235614. [PMID: 38107517 PMCID: PMC10722291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1235614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pluripotent stem cells can be generated from somatic cells by the Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. Methods Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were transduced with the Yamanaka factors and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was assessed by formation of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies, pluripotency gene expression and embryod bodies formation. Results The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) enhances MEFs reprogramming. T3-induced iPSCs resemble embryonic stem cells in terms of the expression profile and DNA methylation pattern of pluripotency genes, and of their potential for embryod body formation and differentiation into the three major germ layers. T3 induces reprogramming even though it increases expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, which are known to oppose acquisition of pluripotency. The actions of T3 on reprogramming are mainly mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor beta and T3 can enhance iPSC generation in the absence of c-Myc. The hormone cannot replace Oct4 on reprogramming, but in the presence of T3 is possible to obtain iPSCs, although with low efficiency, without exogenous Klf4. Furthermore, depletion of the corepressor NCoR (or Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1) reduces MEFs reprogramming in the absence of the hormone and strongly decreases iPSC generation by T3 and also by 9cis-retinoic acid, a well-known inducer of reprogramming. NCoR depletion also markedly antagonizes induction of pluripotency gene expression by both ligands. Conclusions Inclusion of T3 on reprogramming strategies has a potential use in enhancing the generation of functional iPSCs for studies of cell plasticity, disease and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Contreras-Jurado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl F. Pérez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (BOS), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario F. Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology (BOS), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Anwised P, Moorawong R, Samruan W, Somredngan S, Srisutush J, Laowtammathron C, Aksoy I, Parnpai R, Savatier P. An expedition in the jungle of pluripotent stem cells of non-human primates. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2016-2037. [PMID: 37863046 PMCID: PMC10679654 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly three decades, more than 80 embryonic stem cell lines and more than 100 induced pluripotent stem cell lines have been derived from New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and great apes. In this comprehensive review, we examine these cell lines originating from marmoset, cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque, pig-tailed macaque, Japanese macaque, African green monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan. We outline the methodologies implemented for their establishment, the culture protocols for their long-term maintenance, and their basic molecular characterization. Further, we spotlight any cell lines that express fluorescent reporters. Additionally, we compare these cell lines with human pluripotent stem cell lines, and we discuss cell lines reprogrammed into a pluripotent naive state, detailing the processes used to attain this. Last, we present the findings from the application of these cell lines in two emerging fields: intra- and interspecies embryonic chimeras and blastoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyanan Anwised
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France; Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Ratree Moorawong
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Worawalan Samruan
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Somredngan
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jittanun Srisutush
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chuti Laowtammathron
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Irene Aksoy
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Pierre Savatier
- University Lyon, University Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
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Choi HS, Lee HM, Kim MK, Ryu CJ. Role of heat shock protein 60 in primed and naïve states of human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269547. [PMID: 35679330 PMCID: PMC9182300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exist in at least two distinct states in mammals: naïve pluripotency that represents several molecular characteristics in pre-implantation epiblast and primed pluripotency that corresponds to cells poised for differentiation in post-implantation epiblast. To identify and characterize the surface molecules that are necessary for the maintenance of naïve hPSCs, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the naïve state of hPSCs. Flow cytometry showed that N1-A4, one of the MAbs, bound to naïve hPSCs but not to primed hPSCs. Cell surface biotinylation and immunoprecipitation analysis identified that N1-A4 recognized heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) expressed on the surface of naïve hPSCs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that HSP60 expression was rapidly downregulated during the embryoid body (EB) differentiation of primed hPSCs. HSP60 knockdown led to a decrease in the expression of pluripotency genes in primed hPSCs. HSP60 depletion also led to a decrease in the expression of pluripotency genes and representative naïve-state-specific genes in naïve hPSCs. Taken together, the results suggest that HSP60 is downregulated during differentiation of hPSCs and is required for the maintenance of pluripotency genes in both primed and naïve hPSCs, suggesting that HSP60 is a regulator of hPSC pluripotency and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seo Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Jeih Ryu
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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De Los Angeles A, Wu J. New concepts for generating interspecies chimeras using human pluripotent stem cells. Protein Cell 2021; 13:234-238. [PMID: 34633640 PMCID: PMC8934365 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Zheng C, Ballard EB, Wu J. The road to generating transplantable organs: from blastocyst complementation to interspecies chimeras. Development 2021; 148:dev195792. [PMID: 34132325 PMCID: PMC10656466 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing human organs in animals sounds like something from the realm of science fiction, but it may one day become a reality through a technique known as interspecies blastocyst complementation. This technique, which was originally developed to study gene function in development, involves injecting donor pluripotent stem cells into an organogenesis-disabled host embryo, allowing the donor cells to compensate for missing organs or tissues. Although interspecies blastocyst complementation has been achieved between closely related species, such as mice and rats, the situation becomes much more difficult for species that are far apart on the evolutionary tree. This is presumably because of layers of xenogeneic barriers that are a result of divergent evolution. In this Review, we discuss the current status of blastocyst complementation approaches and, in light of recent progress, elaborate on the keys to success for interspecies blastocyst complementation and organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Emily B. Ballard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Tobias IC, Kao MMC, Parmentier T, Hunter H, LaMarre J, Betts DH. Targeted expression profiling reveals distinct stages of early canine fibroblast reprogramming are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate hydroxylases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:528. [PMID: 33298190 PMCID: PMC7725121 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic expression of a defined set of transcription factors allows the reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells to pluripotency. Despite continuous progress in primate and rodent reprogramming, limited attention has been paid to cell reprogramming in domestic and companion species. Previous studies attempting to reprogram canine cells have mostly assessed a small number of presumptive canine induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines for generic pluripotency attributes. However, why canine cell reprogramming remains extremely inefficient is poorly understood. Methods To better characterize the initial steps of pluripotency induction in canine somatic cells, we optimized an experimental system where canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) are transduced with the Yamanaka reprogramming factors by Sendai virus vectors. We use quantitative PCR arrays to measure the expression of 80 target genes at various stages of canine cell reprogramming. We ask how cFF reprogramming is influenced by small molecules affecting the epigenomic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, specifically L-ascorbic acid and retinoic acid (AA/RA). Results We found that the expression and catalytic output of a class of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2-OG) hydroxylases, known as ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, can be modulated in canine cells treated with AA/RA. We further show that AA/RA treatment induces TET1 expression and facilitates early canine reprogramming, evidenced by upregulation of epithelial and pluripotency markers. Using a chemical inhibitor of 2-OG hydroxylases, we demonstrate that 2-OG hydroxylase activity regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and pluripotency in early canine reprogramming. We identify a set of transcription factors depleted in maturing reprogramming intermediates compared to pluripotent canine embryonic stem cells. Conclusions Our findings highlight 2-OG hydroxylases have evolutionarily conserved and divergent functions regulating the early reprogramming of canine somatic cells and show reprogramming conditions can be rationally optimized for the generation of maturing canine iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Present Affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mian-Mian C Kao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hailey Hunter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jonathan LaMarre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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