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Hou FF, Mi JH, Wang Q, Tao YL, Guo SB, Ran GH, Wang JC. Macrophage polarization in sepsis: Emerging role and clinical application prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 144:113715. [PMID: 39626538 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/15/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe, potentially fatal condition defined by organ dysfunction due to excessive inflammation. Its complex pathogenesis and poor therapeutic outcomes pose significant challenges in treatment. Macrophages, with their high heterogeneity and plasticity, play crucial roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. They can polarize into M1-like macrophages, which promote pro-inflammatory responses, or M2-like macrophages, which mediate anti-inflammatory responses, positioning them as critical mediators in the immune response during sepsis.Macrophages are the main regulators of inflammatory responses, and their polarization is also regulated by inflammatory signaling pathways. This review highlights recent advances in the inflammatory signaling pathways involved in sepsis, mechanism of macrophage polarization mediated by inflammation-related signaling pathways in sepsis, and the role of signaling pathway mediated macrophage polarization in organ dysfunction involved in sepsis. We also explore the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage polarization for immunotherapy, offering new perspectives on macrophage-targeted treatments for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei Hou
- Intensive Care Unit Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Jun Hao Mi
- Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery Department of Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Yan Lin Tao
- Intensive Care Unit Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Shuai Bin Guo
- Intensive Care Unit Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Guang He Ran
- Chongqing Changshou Traditional Cinese Medicine Hospital, 401200 Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Chao Wang
- Intensive Care Unit Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China.
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Wang D, Bi X, Zhao L, Xiang S, Xi W, Yang S, Wu W, Chen T, Zheng L, Chi X, Kang Y. Targeting SphK1/S1PR3 axis ameliorates sepsis-induced multiple organ injury via orchestration of macrophage polarization and glycolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2025; 1872:119877. [PMID: 39549732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a heterogeneous and imprecise disorder characterized by aberrant response to infection which has been accredited for detrimental impact on immune homeostasis. Recently, macrophage metabolism has been recognized as attractive targets to develop novel immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis research. However, the fine-tuning regulators dictating macrophage functions and the specific mechanisms underlying macrophage metabolic reprogramming remain largely obscure. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a metabolic mediator of sphingolipid catabolism, predominantly formed through sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) catalyzing, mediates inflammation in sepsis by binding to S1P receptor 3 (S1PR3) expressed in macrophages. Here we demonstrate that SphK1/S1PR3 axis was upregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and septic mice lungs, cascading the activation of proglycolytic signaling such as HIF-1α, HK2 and PFKFB3. Targeted inhibition of Sphk1 by PF-543 effectively abrogated upregulated SphK1/S1PR3 axis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, PF-543 significantly suppressed sepsis-related inflammation and multi-organ injury in vivo. Furthermore, PF-543 not only blunted key glycolytic enzymes HIF-1α, HK2, and PFKFB3 in LPS-treated macrophages but also inhibited HK2 and PFKFB3 in septic mice. Silencing or inhibiting SphK1 tempered pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages while boosted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Intriguingly, S1PR3 knockdown proficiently dampened glycolysis-associated markers, retrieved LPS-modulated M1/M2 polarization and attenuated NF-κB p65 activation. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that PF-543 orchestrates proportional imbalance of macrophage polarization and the Warburg effect in a SphK1/S1PR3 dependent manner during sepsis, mitigating both hyperinflammation and multi-organ failure, adding a novel puzzle piece to pharmacologically exploitable therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinwen Bi
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shijian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Xi
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shushu Yang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tufeng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xinjin Chi
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yang Kang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Wang S, Shen S, Cheng N, Zhou W, Yu W, Liang D, Cao L, Zhang P, Lu Z, Sun Y. The role of m6A methylation genes in predicting poor prognosis in sepsis: identifying key biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:608. [PMID: 39702336 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death among seriously ill patients worldwide, affecting more than 30 million people annually and accounting for 1-2% of hospitalizations. By analyzing gene expression omnibus (GEO) data set, our team explored the relationship between m6A methylation gene and poor prognosis of sepsis. The purpose of this present study is to examine new detection markers for patients with poor prognosis, provide theoretical basis for timely intervention and improve the survival rate of patients. First, GSE54514 transcriptome data were extracted from the GEO database 31 patients with sepsis related death and 72 sepsis survivors. Key genes were screened from differentially expressed genes (DEGs), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LSAAO) and random forest (RF). And then, METTL3, WTAP and RBM15 were further verified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The constructed nomogram model showed high accuracy in predicting death. These three genes are mainly involved in chemokine signaling pathway, differentiation of monocytes and T cells, and phagocytosis of immune cells. The analysis showed that a high m6A score subtype is linked to lower immunosuppression and higher survival rates in clinical samples, suggesting better immune responses and outcomes for these patients. Finally, the protective effect of METTL3 in sepsis was demonstrated in mouse sepsis model applied with METTL3 inhibitor, by conducting cell flow cytometry analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. In conclusion, these findings provide potential biomarkers and targets for early precision diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Siye Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weili Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Daiyun Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lijun Cao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Pinjie Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
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Fang C, Ren P, He Y, Wang Y, Yao S, Zhao C, Li X, Zhang X, Li J, Li M. Spinster homolog 2/S1P signaling ameliorates macrophage inflammatory response to bacterial infections by balancing PGE 2 production. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:463. [PMID: 39350143 PMCID: PMC11440679 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria play a crucial role in shaping the macrophage inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2), responsible for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) secretion, acts as a key regulator of mitochondrial dynamics in macrophages. However, the link between Spns2/S1P signaling and mitochondrial functions remains unclear. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from both wild-type and Spns2 knockout rats, followed by non-targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing analysis to identify the potential mediators through which Spns2/S1P signaling influences the mitochondrial functions in macrophages. Various agonists and antagonists were used to modulate the activation of Spns2/S1P signaling and its downstream pathways, with the underlying mechanisms elucidated through western blotting. Mitochondrial functions were assessed using flow cytometry and oxygen consumption assays, as well as morphological analysis. The impact on inflammatory response was validated through both in vitro and in vivo sepsis models, with the specific role of macrophage-expressed Spns2 in sepsis evaluated using Spns2flox/floxLyz2-Cre mice. Additionally, the regulation of mitochondrial functions by Spns2/S1P signaling was confirmed using THP-1 cells, a human monocyte-derived macrophage model. RESULTS In this study, we unveil prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a pivotal mediator involved in Spns2/S1P-mitochondrial communication. Spns2/S1P signaling suppresses PGE2 production to support malate-aspartate shuttle activity. Conversely, excessive PGE2 resulting from Spns2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial respiration, leading to intracellular lactate accumulation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through E-type prostanoid receptor 4 activation. The overactive lactate-ROS axis contributes to the early-phase hyperinflammation during infections. Prolonged exposure to elevated PGE2 due to Spns2 deficiency culminates in subsequent immunosuppression, underscoring the dual roles of PGE2 in inflammation throughout infections. The regulation of PGE2 production by Spns2/S1P signaling appears to depend on the coordinated activation of multiple S1P receptors rather than any single one. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize PGE2 as a key effector of Spns2/S1P signaling on mitochondrial dynamics in macrophages, elucidating the mechanisms through which Spns2/S1P signaling balances both early hyperinflammation and subsequent immunosuppression during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ren
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yejun He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuting Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Burns, Plastic and Wound Repair Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Mingkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Fu S, Li J, You J, Liu S, Dong Q, Fu Y, Luo R, Sun Y, Tian X, Liu W, Zhang J, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Guo L, Qiu Y. Baicalin attenuates PD-1/PD-L1 axis-induced immunosuppression in piglets challenged with Glaesserella parasuis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/MEK/ERK signalling pathways. Vet Res 2024; 55:95. [PMID: 39075562 PMCID: PMC11285455 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection of piglets with Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) induces host immunosuppression. However, the mechanism underlying the immunosuppression of piglets remains unclear. Activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has been shown to trigger host immunosuppression. Baicalin possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. However, whether baicalin inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 activation and thus alleviates host immunosuppression has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of baicalin on the attenuation of piglet immunosuppression induced by G. parasuis was evaluated. Seventy piglets were randomly divided into the control group, infection group, levamisole group, BMS-1 group, 25 mg/kg baicalin group, 50 mg/kg baicalin group and 100 mg/kg baicalin group. Following pretreatment with levamisole, BMS-1 or baicalin, the piglets were challenged with 1 × 108 CFU of G. parasuis. Our results showed that baicalin, levamisole and BMS-1 modified routine blood indicators and biochemical parameters; downregulated IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression; and upregulated IL-2 and IL-8 mRNA expression in blood. Baicalin, levamisole and BMS-1 increased the proportions of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD3-CD21+ B cells in the splenocyte population, increased the proportions of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD3+CD8+ T cells in the blood, and inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 and TIM-3 activation. Baicalin, levamisole and BMS-1 reduced p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR expression, the p-MEK1/2/MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 ratios and increased RAS expression. Baicalin, levamisole and BMS-1 provided substantial protection against G. parasuis challenge and relieved tissue histopathological damage. Our findings might provide new strategies for controlling G. parasuis infection and other immunosuppressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jiarui You
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qiaoli Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yunjian Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ronghui Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yu Ding
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yitian Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wutao Wang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Xu J, Zhao Y, Tyler Mertens R, Ding Y, Xiao P. Sweet regulation - The emerging immunoregulatory roles of hexoses. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00157-7. [PMID: 38631430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that dietary habits have profound impacts on human health and diseases. As the most important sweeteners and energy sources in human diets, hexoses take part in a broad range of physiopathological processes. In recent years, emerging evidence has uncovered the crucial roles of hexoses, such as glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose, in controlling the differentiation or function of immune cells. AIM OF REVIEW Herein, we reviewed the latest research progresses in the hexose-mediated modulation of immune responses, provided in-depth analyses of the underlying mechanisms, and discussed the unresolved issues in this field. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Owing to their immunoregulatory effects, hexoses affect the onset and progression of various types of immune disorders, including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and tumor immune evasion. Thus, targeting hexose metabolism is becoming a promising strategy for reversing immune abnormalities in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuening Zhao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yimin Ding
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory for Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Sun G, Wang B, Wu X, Cheng J, Ye J, Wang C, Zhu H, Liu X. How do sphingosine-1-phosphate affect immune cells to resolve inflammation? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362459. [PMID: 38482014 PMCID: PMC10932966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important immune response of the body. It is a physiological process of self-repair and defense against pathogens taken up by biological tissues when stimulated by damage factors such as trauma and infection. Inflammation is the main cause of high morbidity and mortality in most diseases and is the physiological basis of the disease. Targeted therapeutic strategies can achieve efficient toxicity clearance at the inflammatory site, reduce complications, and reduce mortality. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid signaling molecule, is involved in immune cell transport by binding to S1P receptors (S1PRs). It plays a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses and is closely related to inflammation. In homeostasis, lymphocytes follow an S1P concentration gradient from the tissues into circulation. One widely accepted mechanism is that during the inflammatory immune response, the S1P gradient is altered, and lymphocytes are blocked from entering the circulation and are, therefore, unable to reach the inflammatory site. However, the full mechanism of its involvement in inflammation is not fully understood. This review focuses on bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and immunological aspects of the Sphks/S1P/S1PRs signaling pathway, highlighting their role in promoting intradial-adaptive immune interactions. How S1P signaling is regulated in inflammation and how S1P shapes immune responses through immune cells are explained in detail. We teased apart the immune cell composition of S1P signaling and the critical role of S1P pathway modulators in the host inflammatory immune system. By understanding the role of S1P in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, we linked the genomic studies of S1P-targeted drugs in inflammatory diseases to provide a basis for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Sun
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiangfeng Cheng
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junming Ye
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Clinical College, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongquan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Clinical College, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Zhong H, Tang R, Feng JH, Peng YW, Xu QY, Zhou Y, He ZY, Mei SY, Xing SP. METFORMIN MITIGATES SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED PULMONARY FIBROSIS BY PROMOTING AMPK ACTIVATION AND INHIBITING HIF-1α-INDUCED AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS. Shock 2024; 61:283-293. [PMID: 38010091 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent research has revealed that aerobic glycolysis has a strong correlation with sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis (PF). However, at present, the mechanism and pathogenesis remain unclear. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-induced aerobic glycolysis play a central role in septic pulmonary fibrogenesis. Cellular experiments demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide increased fibroblast activation through AMPK inactivation, HIF-1α induction, alongside an augmentation of aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, the effects were reversed by AMPK activation or HIF-1α inhibition. In addition, pretreatment with metformin, which is an AMPK activator, suppresses HIF-1α expression and alleviates PF associated with sepsis, which is caused by aerobic glycolysis, in mice. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α knockdown demonstrated similar protective effects in vivo . Our research implies that targeting AMPK activation and HIF-1α-induced aerobic glycolysis with metformin might be a practical and useful therapeutic alternative for sepsis-associated PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li Y, Yu J, Li R, Zhou H, Chang X. New insights into the role of mitochondrial metabolic dysregulation and immune infiltration in septic cardiomyopathy by integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:21. [PMID: 38291374 PMCID: PMC10826082 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM), a common cardiovascular comorbidity of sepsis, has emerged among the leading causes of death in patients with sepsis. SCM's pathogenesis is strongly affected by mitochondrial metabolic dysregulation and immune infiltration disorder. However, the specific mechanisms and their intricate interactions in SCM remain unclear. This study employed bioinformatics analysis and drug discovery approaches to identify the regulatory molecules, distinct functions, and underlying interactions of mitochondrial metabolism and immune microenvironment, along with potential interventional strategies in SCM. METHODS GSE79962, GSE171546, and GSE167363 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and module genes were identified using Limma and Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA), followed by functional enrichment analysis. Machine learning algorithms, including support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and random forest, were used to screen mitochondria-related hub genes for early diagnosis of SCM. Subsequently, a nomogram was developed based on six hub genes. The immunological landscape was evaluated by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). We also explored the expression pattern of hub genes and distribution of mitochondria/inflammation-related pathways in UMAP plots of single-cell dataset. Potential drugs were explored using the Drug Signatures Database (DSigDB). In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to validate the pathogenetic mechanism of SCM and the therapeutic efficacy of candidate drugs. RESULTS Six hub mitochondria-related DEGs [MitoDEGs; translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane domain-containing 1 (TIMMDC1), mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 (MRPS31), F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7), phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase 1 (PGS1), LYR motif containing 7 (LYRM7), and mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 (BCS1L)] were identified. The diagnostic nomogram model based on the six hub genes demonstrated high reliability and validity in both the training and validation sets. The immunological microenvironment differed between SCM and control groups. The Spearman correlation analysis revealed that hub MitoDEGs were significantly associated with the infiltration of immune cells. Upregulated hub genes showed remarkably high expression in the naive/memory B cell, CD14+ monocyte, and plasma cell subgroup, evidenced by the feature plot. The distribution of mitochondria/inflammation-related pathways varied across subgroups among control and SCM individuals. Metformin was predicted to be the most promising drug with the highest combined score. Its efficacy in restoring mitochondrial function and suppressing inflammatory responses has also been validated. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive mitochondrial metabolism and immune infiltration landscape in SCM, providing a potential novel direction for the pathogenesis and medical intervention of SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Fang C, Ren P, Bian G, Wang J, Bai J, Huang J, Ding Y, Li X, Li M, Hou Z. Enhancing Spns2/S1P in macrophages alleviates hyperinflammation and prevents immunosuppression in sepsis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56635. [PMID: 37358015 PMCID: PMC10398662 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of in-hospital mortality resulting from a dysregulated response to infection. Novel immunomodulatory therapies targeting macrophage metabolism have emerged as an important focus for current sepsis research. However, understanding the mechanisms underlying macrophage metabolic reprogramming and how they impact immune response requires further investigation. Here, we identify macrophage-expressed Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2), a major transporter of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as a crucial metabolic mediator that regulates inflammation through the lactate-reactive oxygen species (ROS) axis. Spns2 deficiency in macrophages significantly enhances glycolysis, thereby increasing intracellular lactate production. As a key effector, intracellular lactate promotes pro-inflammatory response by increasing ROS generation. The overactivity of the lactate-ROS axis drives lethal hyperinflammation during the early phase of sepsis. Furthermore, diminished Spns2/S1P signaling impairs the ability of macrophages to sustain an antibacterial response, leading to significant innate immunosuppression in the late stage of infection. Notably, reinforcing Spns2/S1P signaling contributes to balancing the immune response during sepsis, preventing both early hyperinflammation and later immunosuppression, making it a promising therapeutic target for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Pan Ren
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Institute of Medical ResearchNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiaxin Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yixiao Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Mingkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zheng Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Vanderhaeghen T, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Spns2/S1P: it takes two to tango with inflammation and metabolic rewiring during sepsis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57615. [PMID: 37358010 PMCID: PMC10398644 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to an infection and causes high morbidity and mortality at the intensive care units worldwide. Despite intensive research, the current management of sepsis is supportive rather than curative. Therefore, new therapeutic interventions for sepsis and septic shock patients are urgently needed. In this issue of EMBO Reports, Fang et al have used rat sepsis models to show that macrophage-expressed SPNS2, a major transporter of S1P, is a crucial mediator of metabolic reprogramming of macrophages during sepsis which regulates inflammation via the lactate-ROS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- Center for Inflammation ResearchVIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation ResearchVIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation ResearchVIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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