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Shunxi W, Xiaoxue Y, Guanbin S, Li Y, Junyu J, Wanqian L. Serine Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumorigenesis, Tumor Immunity, and Clinical Treatment. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1050-1066. [PMID: 37187454 PMCID: PMC10509429 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine has been recently identified as an essential metabolite for oncogenesis, progression, and adaptive immunity. Influenced by many physiologic or tumor environmental factors, the metabolic pathways of serine synthesis, uptake, and usage are heterogeneously reprogrammed and frequently amplified in tumor or tumor-associated cells. The hyperactivation of serine metabolism promotes abnormal cellular nucleotide/protein/lipid synthesis, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic modifications, which drive malignant transformation, unlimited proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and drug resistance of tumor cells. Dietary restriction of serine or phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase depletion mitigates tumor growth and extends the survival of tumor patients. Correspondingly, these findings triggered a boom in the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting serine metabolism. In this study, recent discoveries in the underlying mechanism and cellular function of serine metabolic reprogramming are summarized. The vital role of serine metabolism in oncogenesis, tumor stemness, tumor immunity, and therapeutic resistance is outlined. Finally, some potential tumor therapeutic concepts, strategies, and limitations of targeting the serine metabolic pathway are described in detail. Taken together, this review underscores the importance of serine metabolic reprogramming in tumorigenesis and progression and highlights new opportunities for dietary restriction or selective pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shunxi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Xiaoxue
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Guanbin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Junyu
- Department of Oncology, Chenjiaqiao Hospital, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
| | - Liu Wanqian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Gibson SV, Roozitalab RM, Allen MD, Jones JL, Carter EP, Grose RP. Everybody needs good neighbours: the progressive DCIS microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:326-338. [PMID: 36739265 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive form of breast cancer where neoplastic luminal cells are confined to the ductal tree. While as many as 70% of DCIS cases will remain indolent, most women are treated with surgery, often combined with endocrine and radiotherapies. Overtreatment is therefore a major issue, demanding new methods to stratify patients. Somewhat paradoxically, the neoplastic cells in DCIS are genetically comparable to those in invasive disease, suggesting the tumour microenvironment is the driving force for progression. Clinical and mechanistic studies highlight the complex DCIS microenvironment, with multiple cell types competing to regulate progression. Here, we examine recent studies detailing distinct aspects of the DCIS microenvironment and discuss how these may inform more effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayin V Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Reza M Roozitalab
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael D Allen
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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3
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The potential value of amlexanox in the treatment of cancer: Molecular targets and therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114895. [PMID: 34968491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amlexanox (AMX) is an azoxanthone drug used for decades for the treatment of mouth aphthous ulcers and now considered for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. The drug is usually viewed as a dual inhibitor of the non-canonical IκB kinases IKK-ɛ (inhibitor-kappaB kinase epsilon) and TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1). But a detailed target profile analysis indicated that AMX binds directly to twelve protein targets, including different enzymes (IKK-ɛ, TBK1, GRK1, GRK5, PDE4B, 5- and 12-lipoxygenases) and non-enzyme proteins (FGF-1, HSP90, S100A4, S100A12, S100A13). AMX has been demonstrated to have marked anticancer effects in multiple models of xenografted tumors in mice, including breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers and in onco-hematological models. The anticancer potency is generally modest but largely enhanced upon combination with cytotoxic (temozolide, docetaxel), targeted (selumetinib) or biotherapeutic agents (anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies). The multiple targets participate in the anticancer effects, chiefly IKK-ɛ/TBK1 but also S100A proteins and PDE4B. The review presents the molecular basis of the antitumor effects of AMX. The capacity of the drug to block nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is also discussed, as well as AMX-induced reduction of cancer-related pain. Altogether, the analysis provides a survey of the anticancer action of AMX, with the implicated protein targets. The use of this well-tolerated drug to treat cancer should be further considered and the design of newer analogues encouraged.
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4
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Carter EP, Roozitalab R, Gibson SV, Grose RP. Tumour microenvironment 3D-modelling: simplicity to complexity and back again. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1033-1046. [PMID: 34312120 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumours are surrounded by a host of noncancerous cells that fulfil both supportive and suppressive roles within the tumour microenvironment (TME). The drive to understand the biology behind each of these components has led to a rapid expansion in the number and use of 3D in vitro models, as researchers find ways to incorporate multiple cell types into physiomimetic configurations. The use and increasing complexity of these models does however demand many considerations. In this review we discuss approaches adopted to recapitulate complex tumour biology in tractable 3D models. We consider how these cell types can be sourced and combined and examine methods for the deconvolution of complex multicellular models into manageable and informative outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Reza Roozitalab
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shayin V Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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5
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Zhao C, Hu W, Xu Y, Wang D, Wang Y, Lv W, Xiong M, Yi Y, Wang H, Zhang Q, Wu Y. Current Landscape: The Mechanism and Therapeutic Impact of Obesity for Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704893. [PMID: 34350120 PMCID: PMC8326839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as a chronic disease induced by an imbalance of energy homeostasis. Obesity is a widespread health problem with increasing prevalence worldwide. Breast cancer (BC) has already been the most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Nowadays, the impact of the rising prevalence of obesity has been recognized as a nonnegligible issue for BC development, outcome, and management. Adipokines, insulin and insulin-like growth factor, sex hormone and the chronic inflammation state play critical roles in the vicious crosstalk between obesity and BC. Furthermore, obesity can affect the efficacy and side effects of multiple therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy and weight management of BC. In this review, we focus on the current landscape of the mechanisms of obesity in fueling BC and the impact of obesity on diverse therapeutic interventions. An in-depth exploration of the underlying mechanisms linking obesity and BC will improve the efficiency of the existing treatments and even provide novel treatment strategies for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Rehman R, Tar L, Olamide AJ, Li Z, Kassubek J, Böckers T, Weishaupt J, Ludolph A, Wiesner D, Roselli F. Acute TBK1/IKK-ε Inhibition Enhances the Generation of Disease-Associated Microglia-Like Phenotype Upon Cortical Stab-Wound Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:684171. [PMID: 34326766 PMCID: PMC8313992 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.684171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury has a poorer prognosis in elderly patients, possibly because of the enhanced inflammatory response characteristic of advanced age, known as “inflammaging.” Recently, reduced activation of the TANK-Binding-Kinase 1 (Tbk1) pathway has been linked to age-associated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Here we investigated how the blockade of Tbk1 and of the closely related IKK-ε by the small molecule Amlexanox could modify the microglial and immune response to cortical stab-wound injury in mice. We demonstrated that Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibition resulted in a massive expansion of microglial cells characterized by the TMEM119+/CD11c+ phenotype, expressing high levels of CD68 and CD317, and with the upregulation of Cst7a, Prgn and Ccl4 and the decrease in the expression levels of Tmem119 itself and P2yr12, thus a profile close to Disease-Associated Microglia (DAM, a subset of reactive microglia abundant in Alzheimer’s Disease and other neurodegenerative conditions). Furthermore, Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibition increased the infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes, CD169+ macrophages and CD11c+/CD169+ cells. The enhanced immune response was associated with increased expression of Il-33, Ifn-g, Il-17, and Il-19. This upsurge in the response to the stab wound was associated with the expanded astroglial scars and increased deposition of chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycans at 7 days post injury. Thus, Tbk1/IKK-ε blockade results in a massive expansion of microglial cells with a phenotype resembling DAM and with the substantial enhancement of neuroinflammatory responses. In this context, the induction of DAM is associated with a detrimental outcome such as larger injury-related glial scars. Thus, the Tbk1/IKK-ε pathway is critical to repress neuroinflammation upon stab-wound injury and Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibitors may provide an innovative approach to investigate the consequences of DAM induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Rehman
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adeyemi Jubril Olamide
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Master in Translational and Molecular Neuroscience, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Böckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diana Wiesner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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7
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David P, Hansen FJ, Bhat A, Weber GF. An overview of proteomic methods for the study of 'cytokine storms'. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:83-91. [PMID: 33849358 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1911652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The cytokine storm is a form of excessive systemic inflammatory reaction triggered by a myriad of factors that may lead to multi-organ failure, and finally to death. The cytokine storm can occur in a number of infectious and noninfectious diseases including COVID-19, sepsis, ebola, avian influenza, and graft versus host disease, or during the severe inflammatory response syndrome.Area covered: This review mainly focuses on the most common and well-known methods of protein studies (PAGE, SDS-PAGE, and high- performance liquid chromatography). It also discusses other modern technologies in proteomics like mass spectrometry, soft ionization techniques, cytometric bead assays, and the next generation of microarrays that have been used to get an in-depth understanding of the pathomechanisms involved during the cytokine storm.Expert opinion: Overactivation of leukocytes drives the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines fueling the cytokine storm. These events lead to a systemic hyper-inflammation, circulatory collapse and shock, and finally to multiorgan failure. Therefore, monitoring the patient's systemic cytokine levels with proteomic technologies that are redundant, economical, and require minimal sample volume for real-time assessment might help in a better clinical evaluation and management of critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul David
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik J Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adil Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georg F Weber
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Weiss HJ, O'Neill LA. Bridging the gap - a new role for STAT3 in TLR4-mediated metabolic reprogramming. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:122-125. [PMID: 33179321 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Balic et al. describe a new role for STAT3 in TLR4 signalling in macrophages, linking LPS mediated activation of this innate immune receptor to phosphorylation of mitochondrial STAT3, resulting in distinct metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke J Weiss
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke Aj O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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9
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Xu R, Jones W, Wilcz-Villega E, Costa AS, Rajeeve V, Bentham RB, Bryson K, Nagano A, Yaman B, Olendo Barasa S, Wang Y, Chelala C, Cutillas P, Szabadkai G, Frezza C, Bianchi K. The breast cancer oncogene IKKε coordinates mitochondrial function and serine metabolism. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48260. [PMID: 32783398 PMCID: PMC7116048 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IκB kinase ε (IKKε) is a key molecule at the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Known to regulate cytokine secretion via NFκB and IRF3, the kinase is also a breast cancer oncogene, overexpressed in a variety of tumours. However, to what extent IKKε remodels cellular metabolism is currently unknown. Here, we used metabolic tracer analysis to show that IKKε orchestrates a complex metabolic reprogramming that affects mitochondrial metabolism and consequently serine biosynthesis independently of its canonical signalling role. We found that IKKε upregulates the serine biosynthesis pathway (SBP) indirectly, by limiting glucose‐derived pyruvate utilisation in the TCA cycle, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of mitochondrial function induces activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which in turn drives upregulation of the expression of SBP genes. Importantly, pharmacological reversal of the IKKε‐induced metabolic phenotype reduces proliferation of breast cancer cells. Finally, we show that in a highly proliferative set of ER negative, basal breast tumours, IKKε and PSAT1 are both overexpressed, corroborating the link between IKKε and the SBP in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Xu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - William Jones
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Ewa Wilcz-Villega
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Ana Sh Costa
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Robert B Bentham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK.,Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kevin Bryson
- Department of Computer Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Busra Yaman
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Sheila Olendo Barasa
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Yewei Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK.,Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katiuscia Bianchi
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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10
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Möller M, Wasel J, Schmetzer J, Weiß U, Meissner M, Schiffmann S, Weigert A, Möser CV, Niederberger E. The Specific IKKε/TBK1 Inhibitor Amlexanox Suppresses Human Melanoma by the Inhibition of Autophagy, NF-κB and MAP Kinase Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4721. [PMID: 32630674 PMCID: PMC7369692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor-kappaB kinase epsilon (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) are non-canonical IκB kinases, both described as contributors to tumor growth and metastasis in different cancer types. Several hints indicate that they are also involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma; however, the impact of their inhibition as a potential therapeutic measure in this "difficult-to-treat" cancer type has not been investigated so far. We assessed IKKε and TBK1 expression in human malignant melanoma cells, primary tumors and the metastasis of melanoma patients. Both kinases were expressed in the primary tumor and in metastasis and showed a significant overexpression in tumor cells in comparison to melanocytes. The pharmacological inhibition of IKKε/TBK1 by the approved drug amlexanox reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Amlexanox did not affect the cell cycle progression nor apoptosis induction but significantly suppressed autophagy in melanoma cells. The analysis of potential functional downstream targets revealed that NF-кB and ERK pathways might be involved in kinase-mediated effects. In an in vivo xenograft model in nude mice, amlexanox treatment significantly reduced tumor growth. In conclusion, amlexanox was able to suppress tumor progression potentially by the inhibition of autophagy as well as NF-кB and MAP kinase pathways and might therefore constitute a promising candidate for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Möller
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Julia Wasel
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Julia Schmetzer
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Ulrike Weiß
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Markus Meissner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Christine V. Möser
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Ellen Niederberger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.M.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (U.W.); (C.V.M.)
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11
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Wilcz-Villega E, Carter E, Ironside A, Xu R, Mataloni I, Holdsworth J, Jones W, Moreno Béjar R, Uhlik L, Bentham RB, Godinho SA, Dalli J, Grose R, Szabadkai G, Jones L, Hodivala-Dilke K, Bianchi K. Macrophages induce malignant traits in mammary epithelium via IKKε/TBK1 kinases and the serine biosynthesis pathway. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10491. [PMID: 31930708 PMCID: PMC7005540 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During obesity, macrophages infiltrate the breast tissue leading to low‐grade chronic inflammation, a factor considered responsible for the higher risk of breast cancer associated with obesity. Here, we formally demonstrate that breast epithelial cells acquire malignant properties when exposed to medium conditioned by macrophages derived from human healthy donors. These effects were mediated by the breast cancer oncogene IKKε and its downstream target—the serine biosynthesis pathway as demonstrated by genetic or pharmacological tools. Furthermore, amlexanox, an FDA‐approved drug targeting IKKε and its homologue TBK1, delayed in vivo tumour formation in a combined genetic mouse model of breast cancer and high‐fat diet‐induced obesity/inflammation. Finally, in human breast cancer tissues, we validated the link between inflammation–IKKε and alteration of cellular metabolism. Altogether, we identified a pathway connecting obesity‐driven inflammation to breast cancer and a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of breast cancer associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wilcz-Villega
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alastair Ironside
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruoyan Xu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Mataloni
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julie Holdsworth
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William Jones
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rocío Moreno Béjar
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lukas Uhlik
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert B Bentham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susana A Godinho
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator Unit, Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK.,Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katiuscia Bianchi
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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