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Fuyal M, James JR. Controlling the Potency of T Cell Activation Using an Optically Tunable Chimeric Antigen Receptor. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2800:55-66. [PMID: 38709477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ability of biological systems to convert inputs from their environment into information to guide future decisions is central to life and a matter of great importance. While we know the components of many of the signaling networks that make these decisions, our understanding of the dynamic flow of information between these parts remains far more limited. T cells are an essential white blood cell type of an adaptive immune response and can discriminate between healthy and infected cells with remarkable sensitivity. This chapter describes the use of a synthetic T-cell receptor (OptoCAR) that is optically tunable within cell conjugates, providing control over the duration, and intensity of intracellular T-cell signaling dynamics. Optical control can also provide control over signaling with high spatial precision, and the OptoCAR is likely to find application more generally when modulating T-cell function with imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Fuyal
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John R James
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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2
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Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler DM, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308366120. [PMID: 38113261 PMCID: PMC10756264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308366120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs but diverge only over longer (9+ h) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wither
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - William L. White
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sriram Pendyala
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Paul J. Leanza
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Douglas M. Fowler
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109
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3
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Idstein V, Ehret AK, Yousefi OS, Schamel WW. Engineering of an Optogenetic T Cell Receptor Compatible with Fluorescence-Based Readouts. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2857-2864. [PMID: 37781987 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics offers a set of tools for the precise manipulation of signaling pathways. Here we exploit optogenetics to experimentally change the kinetics of protein-protein interactions on demand. We had developed a system in which the interaction of a modified T cell receptor (TCR) with an engineered ligand can be controlled by light. The ligand was the plant photoreceptor phytochrome B (PhyB) and the TCR included a TCRβ chain fused to GFP and a mutated PhyB-interacting factor (PIFS), resulting in the GFP-PIFS-TCR. We failed to engineer a nonfluorescent PIFS-fused TCR, since PIFS did not bind to PhyB when omitting GFP. Here we tested nine different versions of PIFS-fused TCRs. We found that the SNAP-PIFS-TCR was expressed well on the surface, bound to PhyB, and subsequently elicited activation signals. This receptor could be combined with a GFP reporter system in which the expression of GFP is driven by the transcription factor NF-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Idstein
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K Ehret
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Jaeger M, Anastasio A, Chamy L, Brustlein S, Vincentelli R, Durbesson F, Gigan J, Thépaut M, Char R, Boussand M, Lechelon M, Argüello RJ, Marguet D, He HT, Lasserre R. Light-inducible T cell engagers trigger, tune, and shape the activation of primary T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302500120. [PMID: 37722050 PMCID: PMC10523538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To mount appropriate responses, T cells integrate complex sequences of receptor stimuli perceived during transient interactions with antigen-presenting cells. Although it has been hypothesized that the dynamics of these interactions influence the outcome of T cell activation, methodological limitations have hindered its formal demonstration. Here, we have engineered the Light-inducible T cell engager (LiTE) system, a recombinant optogenetics-based molecular tool targeting the T cell receptor (TCR). The LiTE system constitutes a reversible molecular switch displaying exquisite reactivity. As proof of concept, we dissect how specific temporal patterns of TCR stimulation shape T cell activation. We established that CD4+ T cells respond to intermittent TCR stimulation more efficiently than their CD8+ T cells counterparts and provide evidence that distinct sequences of TCR stimulation encode different cytokine programs. Finally, we show that the LiTE system could be exploited to create light-activated bispecific T cell engagers and manipulate tumor cell killing. Overall, the LiTE system provides opportunities to understand how T cells integrate TCR stimulations and to trigger T cell cytotoxicity with high spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Jaeger
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Anastasio
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Léa Chamy
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brustlein
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 273Marseille, France
| | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Durbesson
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Julien Gigan
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Thépaut
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Char
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Maud Boussand
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Mathias Lechelon
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rafael J. Argüello
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Lasserre
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
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Wither MJ, White WL, Pendyala S, Leanza PJ, Fowler D, Kueh HY. Antigen perception in T cells by long-term Erk and NFAT signaling dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543260. [PMID: 37333368 PMCID: PMC10274683 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune system threat detection hinges on T cells' ability to perceive varying peptide major-histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens. As the Erk and NFAT pathways link T cell receptor engagement to gene regulation, their signaling dynamics may convey information about pMHC inputs. To test this idea, we developed a dual reporter mouse strain and a quantitative imaging assay that, together, enable simultaneous monitoring of Erk and NFAT dynamics in live T cells over day-long timescales as they respond to varying pMHC inputs. Both pathways initially activate uniformly across various pMHC inputs, but diverge only over longer (9+ hrs) timescales, enabling independent encoding of pMHC affinity and dose. These late signaling dynamics are decoded via multiple temporal and combinatorial mechanisms to generate pMHC-specific transcriptional responses. Our findings underscore the importance of long timescale signaling dynamics in antigen perception, and establish a framework for understanding T cell responses under diverse contexts. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To counter diverse pathogens, T cells mount distinct responses to varying peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands (pMHCs). They perceive the affinity of pMHCs for the T cell receptor (TCR), which reflects its foreignness, as well as pMHC abundance. By tracking signaling responses in single living cells to different pMHCs, we find that T cells can independently perceive pMHC affinity vs dose, and encode this information through the dynamics of Erk and NFAT signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. These dynamics are jointly decoded by gene regulatory mechanisms to produce pMHC-specific activation responses. Our work reveals how T cells can elicit tailored functional responses to diverse threats and how dysregulation of these responses may lead to immune pathologies.
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6
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Corre B, El Janati Elidrissi Y, Duval J, Quilhot M, Lefebvre G, Ecomard S, Lemaître F, Garcia Z, Bohineust A, Russo E, Bousso P. Integration of intermittent calcium signals in T cells revealed by temporally patterned optogenetics. iScience 2023; 26:106068. [PMID: 36824271 PMCID: PMC9942117 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells become activated following one or multiple contacts with antigen-presenting cells. Calcium influx is a key signaling event elicited during these cellular interactions; however, it is unclear whether T cells recall and integrate calcium signals elicited during temporally separated contacts. To study the integration of calcium signals, we designed a programmable, multiplex illumination strategy for temporally patterned optogenetics (TEMPO). We found that a single round of calcium elevation was insufficient to promote nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity and cytokine production in a T cell line. However, robust responses were detected after a second identical stimulation even when signals were separated by several hours. Our results suggest the existence of a biochemical memory of calcium signals in T cells that favors signal integration during temporally separated contacts and promote cytokine production. As illustrated here, TEMPO is a versatile approach for dissecting temporal integration in defined signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Corre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yassine El Janati Elidrissi
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Justine Duval
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mailys Quilhot
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Lefebvre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Solène Ecomard
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erica Russo
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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7
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Britain DM, Town JP, Weiner OD. Progressive enhancement of kinetic proofreading in T cell antigen discrimination from receptor activation to DAG generation. eLife 2022; 11:e75263. [PMID: 36125261 PMCID: PMC9536835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells use kinetic proofreading to discriminate antigens by converting small changes in antigen-binding lifetime into large differences in cell activation, but where in the signaling cascade this computation is performed is unknown. Previously, we developed a light-gated immune receptor to probe the role of ligand kinetics in T cell antigen signaling. We found significant kinetic proofreading at the level of the signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) but lacked the ability to determine where the multiple signaling steps required for kinetic discrimination originate in the upstream signaling cascade (Tiseher and Weiner, 2019). Here, we uncover where kinetic proofreading is executed by adapting our optogenetic system for robust activation of early signaling events. We find the strength of kinetic proofreading progressively increases from Zap70 recruitment to LAT clustering to downstream DAG generation. Leveraging the ability of our system to rapidly disengage ligand binding, we also measure slower reset rates for downstream signaling events. These data suggest a distributed kinetic proofreading mechanism, with proofreading steps both at the receptor and at slower resetting downstream signaling complexes that could help balance antigen sensitivity and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Orion David Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Richard AC. Divide and Conquer: Phenotypic and Temporal Heterogeneity Within CD8+ T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949423. [PMID: 35911755 PMCID: PMC9334874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of technologies that can characterize the phenotypes, functions and fates of individual cells has revealed extensive and often unexpected levels of diversity between cells that are nominally of the same subset. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are no exception. Investigations of individual CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo have highlighted the heterogeneity of cellular responses at the levels of activation, differentiation and function. This review takes a broad perspective on the topic of heterogeneity, outlining different forms of variation that arise during a CD8+ T cell response. Specific attention is paid to the impact of T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength on heterogeneity. In particular, this review endeavors to highlight connections between variation at different cellular stages, presenting known mechanisms and key open questions about how variation between cells can arise and propagate.
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Harris MJ, Chen H, Cai T, Yi Y, Deng Q, Yao Y, Lan T, Guo Y, Xu X, Wen X, McGee JE, Tatang D, Brock J, Shi F, Zhou L. Generation of Allogeneic CAR T Cells through Specific Degradation of the T Cell Antigen Receptor by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Fusion Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2029-2035. [PMID: 35549091 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor downregulation is instrumental for many therapeutic interventions. Receptor knockout through gene-editing technologies is efficient but can introduce off-target mutations and chromothripsis. Regulation of gene expression at the protein level is a promising alternative. Here, we present results showing the targeted T cell antigen receptor (TCR) degradation using chimeric E3 fusion proteins that we call Receptor Targeting Chimeras (ReceptorTAC). We show that TCR degradation is dependent on enzymatically active, membrane-anchored E3 ligase variants. TCR specificity was achieved by direct fusion of an E3 domain to the CD3ζ transmembrane sequence. Jurkat and primary T cells stably expressing the ReceptorTAC constructs showed significantly reduced responses to TCR stimulation. We also used our ReceptorTAC technology to generate TCR-deficient, claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells, where the activity of the CAR was unaffected by the expression of the ReceptorTAC. These data indicate that our ReceptorTAC molecule can be used to generate allogeneic CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Harris
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Yuting Yi
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Qiaowen Deng
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Tianle Lan
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Xian Wen
- Nanjing Boan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 28 Gaoxin Rd., Pokou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Joshua E. McGee
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Daniella Tatang
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - James Brock
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Feng Shi
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Li Zhou
- Boan Boston LLC, 19 Presidential Way, Suite 304, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
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Miura Y, Senoo A, Doura T, Kiyonaka S. Chemogenetics of cell surface receptors: beyond genetic and pharmacological approaches. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:269-287. [PMID: 35359495 PMCID: PMC8905536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors transmit extracellular information into cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of receptor signaling is crucial for cellular functions, and dysregulation of signaling causes various diseases. Thus, it is highly desired to control receptor functions with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Conventionally, genetic engineering or chemical ligands have been used to control receptor functions in cells. As the alternative, chemogenetics has been proposed, in which target proteins are genetically engineered to interact with a designed chemical partner with high selectivity. The engineered receptor dissects the function of one receptor member among a highly homologous receptor family in a cell-specific manner. Notably, some chemogenetic strategies have been used to reveal the receptor signaling of target cells in living animals. In this review, we summarize the developing chemogenetic methods of transmembrane receptors for cell-specific regulation of receptor signaling. We also discuss the prospects of chemogenetics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Doura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kiyonaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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11
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Simulation of receptor triggering by kinetic segregation shows role of oligomers and close-contacts. Biophys J 2022; 121:1660-1674. [PMID: 35367423 PMCID: PMC9117938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of T cells, key players of the immune system, involves local evacuation of phosphatase CD45 from a region of the T cell's surface, segregating it from the T cell receptor. What drives this evacuation? In the presence of antigen, what ensures evacuation happens in the subsecond timescales necessary to initiate signaling? In the absence of antigen, what mechanisms ensure that evacuation does not happen spontaneously, which could cause signaling errors? Phenomena known to influence spatial organization of CD45 or similar surface molecules include diffusive motion in the lipid bilayer, oligomerization reactions, and mechanical compression against a nearby surface, such as that of the cell presenting the antigen. Computer simulations can investigate hypothesized spatiotemporal mechanisms of T cell signaling. The challenge to computational studies of evacuation is that the base process, spontaneous evacuation by simple diffusion, is in the extreme rare event limit, meaning direct stochastic simulation is unfeasible. Here, we combine particle-based spatial stochastic simulation with the weighted ensemble method for rare events to compute the mean first passage time for cell surface availability by surface reorganization of CD45. We confirm mathematical estimates that, at physiological concentrations, spontaneous evacuation is extremely rare, roughly 300 years. We find that dimerization decreases the time required for evacuation. A weak bimolecular interaction (dissociation constant estimate 460 μM) is sufficient for an order of magnitude reduction of spontaneous evacuation times, and oligomerization to hexamers reduces times to below 1 s. This introduces a mechanism whereby externally induced CD45 oligomerization could significantly modify T cell function. For large regions of close contact, such as those induced by large microvilli, molecular size and compressibility imply a nonzero reentry probability of 60%, decreasing evacuation times. Simulations show that these reduced evacuation times are still unrealistically long (even with a fourfold variation centered around previous estimates of parameters), suggesting that a yet-to-be-described mechanism, besides compressional exclusion at a close contact, drives evacuation.
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12
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Staggered starts in the race to T cell activation. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:994-1008. [PMID: 34649777 PMCID: PMC7612485 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How T lymphocytes tune their responses to different strengths of stimulation is a fundamental question in immunology. Recent work using new optogenetic, single-cell genomic, and live-imaging approaches has revealed that stimulation strength controls the rate of individual cell responses within a population. Moreover, these responses have been found to use shared molecular programs, regardless of stimulation strength. However, additional data indicate that stimulation duration or cytokine feedback can impact later gene expression phenotypes of activated cells. In-depth molecular studies have suggested mechanisms by which stimulation strength might modulate the probability of T cell activation. This emerging model allows activating T cells to achieve a wide range of population responses through probabilistic control within individual cells.
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