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Nasr AM, Mortagi YI, Elwahab NHA, Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Elbehairi SEI, Elshaarawy RFM, Kamal I. Upgrading the Transdermal Biomedical Capabilities of Thyme Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Using Amphiphilic Oligochitosan Vehicles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071350. [PMID: 35890246 PMCID: PMC9317589 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) essential oil (TEO) has gained much attention because of its long history of medicinal usage. However, the lack of precise chemical profiling of the TEO and methods to optimize the bioactivity and delivery of its constituents has hampered its research on quality control and biological function; (2) Methods: The current study aimed to analyze the TEO’s chemical composition using the GC-MS method and identify its key components. Another objective of this work is to study the impact of the protective layer of amphiphilic oligochitosan (AOC) on the physicochemical stability and transdermal potentials of TEO multilayer nanoemulsions formulated by the incorporation of TEO, Tween80, lecithin (Lec), and AOC; (3) Results: The AOC protective layer significantly improved the stability of TEO-based NEs as revealed by the constancy of their physicochemical properties (particle size and zeta potential) during storage for a week. Excessive fine-tuning of thyme extract NEs and the AOC protective layer’s persistent positive charge have been contributed to the thyme extract’s improved anti-inflammatory, transdermal, and anti-melanoma potentials; (4) Conclusions: the AOC-coated NEs could offer novel multifunctional nanoplatforms for effective transdermal delivery of lipophilic bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt; (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Yasmin I. Mortagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish 45511, Egypt;
| | - Nashwa H. Abd Elwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.E.I.E.)
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.E.I.E.)
| | - Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.E.I.E.)
- Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza 12654, Egypt
| | - Reda F. M. Elshaarawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43533, Egypt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: or
| | - Islam Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt; (A.M.N.); (I.K.)
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Zhu C, Monti S, Mathew AP. Evaluation of nanocellulose interaction with water pollutants using nanocellulose colloidal probes and molecular dynamic simulations. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Abstract
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Diamond is a highly
attractive coating material as it is characterized
by a wide optical transparency window, a high thermal conductivity,
and an extraordinary robustness due to its mechanical properties and
its chemical inertness. In particular, the latter has aroused a great
deal of interest for scanning probe microscopy applications in recent
years. In this study, we present a novel method for the fabrication
of atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes for force spectroscopy using
robust diamond-coated spheres, i.e., colloidal particles. The so-called
colloidal probe technique is commonly used to study interactions of
single colloidal particles, e.g., on biological samples like living
cells, or to measure mechanical properties like the Young’s
modulus. Under physiological measurement conditions, contamination
of the particle often strongly limits the measurement time and often
impedes reusability of the probe. Diamond as a chemically inert material
allows treatment with harsh chemicals without degradation to refurbish
the probe. Apart from that, the large surface area of spherical probes
makes sensitive studies on surface interactions possible. This provides
detailed insight into the interface of diamond with other materials
and/or solvents. To fabricate such probes, silica microspheres were
coated with a nanocrystalline diamond film and attached to tipless
cantilevers. Measurements on soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) show
that the manufactured diamond spheres, even though possessing a rough
surface, can be used to determine the Young’s modulus from
a Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) fit. By means of force spectroscopy,
they can readily probe force interactions of diamond with different
substrate materials under varying conditions. The influence of the
surface termination of the diamond was investigated concerning the
interaction with flat diamond substrates in air. Additionally, measurements
in solution, using varying salt concentrations, were carried out,
which provide information on double-layer and van-der-Waals forces
at the interface. The developed technique offers detailed insight
into surface chemistry and physics of diamond with other materials
concerning long and short-range force interactions and may provide
a valuable probe for investigations under harsh conditions but also
on biological samples, e.g., living cells, due to the robustness,
chemical inertness, and biocompatibility of diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knittel
- Fraunhofer IAF , Institute for Applied Solid State Physics , Tullastraße 72 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Taro Yoshikawa
- Fraunhofer IAF , Institute for Applied Solid State Physics , Tullastraße 72 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Christoph E Nebel
- Fraunhofer IAF , Institute for Applied Solid State Physics , Tullastraße 72 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany
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4
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Cabello G, Nwoko KC, Mingarelli M, McLaughlin AC, Trembleau L, Feldmann J, Cuesta A, Smith TA. Physicochemical Tools: Toward a Detailed Understanding of the Architecture of Targeted Radiotherapy Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1639-1646. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Cabello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth C. Nwoko
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mingarelli
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Abbie C. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Trembleau
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Tim A.D. Smith
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhong Y, Wang G. Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Structure Formation on a Supported Lipid Bilayer Disclosed by Single-Particle Tracking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11857-11865. [PMID: 30170491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking was employed to study the lipid membrane morphology change at different pHs on glass supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) [1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (sodium salt)/1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 5:3:2]. Fluorescently tagged, carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (of 100 nm) were used as the probes. At neutral pHs, the particles' diffusion was close to two-dimensional Brownian motion, indicating a mainly planar structure of the SLBs. When the environmental pH was tuned to be basic at 10.0, transiently confined diffusions within small areas were frequently observed. These confinements had a lateral dimension of 100-200 nm. Most interestingly, they showed 3D bulged structures protruding from the planar lipid bilayer. The particles were trapped by these 3D structures for a short period of time (∼0.75 s), with an estimated escape activation energy of ∼4.2 kB T. Nonuniform distribution of pH-sensitive lipids in the membrane was proposed to explain the formation of these 3D heterogeneous structures. This work suggests that the geometry of the 3D lipid structures can play a role in tuning the particle-lipid surface interactions. It sheds new light on the origin of lateral heterogeneity on the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhong
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Gufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
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6
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Sun S, Huang Y, Zhou C, Chen S, Yu M, Liu J, Zheng J. Effect of Hydrophobicity on Nano-Bio Interactions of Zwitterionic Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles at the Cellular Level. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1841-1846. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sishan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mengxiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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7
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Zhang X, Song C, Ma G, Wei W. Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7129-7143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Cui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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8
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Physico-chemistry of bacterial transmission versus adhesion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 250:15-24. [PMID: 29129313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a main problem in many biomedical, domestic, natural and industrial environments and forms the onset of the formation of a biofilm, in which adhering bacteria grow into a multi-layered film while embedding themselves in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. It is usually assumed that bacterial adhesion occurs from air or by convective-diffusion from a liquid suspension, but often bacteria adhere by transmission from a bacterially contaminated donor to a receiver surface. Therewith bacterial transmission is mechanistically different from adhesion, as it involves bacterial detachment from a donor surface followed by adhesion to a receiver one. Transmission is further complicated when the donor surface is not covered with a single layer of adhering bacteria but with a multi-layered biofilm, in which case bacteria can be transmitted either by interfacial failure at the biofilm-donor surface or through cohesive failure in the biofilm. Transmission through cohesive failure in a biofilm is more common than interfacial failure. The aim of this review is to oppose surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, as can both be applied towards bacterial adhesion, with their appropriate extensions towards transmission. Opposition of surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, will allow to distinguish between transmission of bacteria from a donor covered with a (sub)monolayer of adhering bacteria or a multi-layered biofilm. Contact angle measurements required for surface thermodynamic analyses of transmission are of an entirely different nature than analyses of adhesion forces, usually measured through atomic force microscopy. Nevertheless, transmission probabilities based on Weibull analyses of adhesion forces between bacteria and donor and receiver surfaces, correspond with the surface thermodynamic preferences of bacteria for either the donor or receiver surface. Surfaces with low adhesion forces such as polymer-brush coated or nanostructured surfaces are thus preferable for use as non-adhesive receiver surfaces, but at the same time should be avoided for use as a donor surface. Since bacterial transmission occurs under a contact pressure between two surfaces, followed by their separation under tensile or shear pressure and ultimately detachment, this will affect biofilm structure. During the compression phase of transmission, biofilms are compacted into a more dense film. After transmission, and depending on the ability of the bacterial strain involved to produce extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm left-behind on a donor or transmitted to a receiver surface will relax to its original, pre-transmission structure owing to the viscoelasticity of the extracellular polymeric substances matrix, when present. Apart from mechanistic differences between bacterial adhesion and transmission, the low numbers of bacteria generally transmitted require careful selection of suitably sensitive enumeration methods, for which culturing and optical coherence tomography are suggested. Opposing adhesion and transmission as done in this review, not only yields a better understanding of bacterial transmission, but may stimulate researchers to more carefully consider whether an adhesion or transmission model is most appropriate in the specific area of application aimed for, rather than routinely relying on adhesion models.
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Lanzicher T, Martinelli V, Long CS, Del Favero G, Puzzi L, Borelli M, Mestroni L, Taylor MRG, Sbaizero O. AFM single-cell force spectroscopy links altered nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanics to defective cell adhesion in cardiac myocytes with a nuclear lamin mutation. Nucleus 2016; 6:394-407. [PMID: 26309016 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1084453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations suggested that lamin A/C gene (LMNA) mutations, which cause a variety of human diseases including muscular dystrophies and cardiomyopathies, alter the nuclear mechanical properties. We hypothesized that biomechanical changes may extend beyond the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lanzicher
- a Department of Engineering and Architecture ; University of Trieste ; Trieste Italy
| | - Valentina Martinelli
- a Department of Engineering and Architecture ; University of Trieste ; Trieste Italy.,b International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ; Trieste Italy
| | - Carlin S Long
- c Cardiovascular Institute & Adult Medical Genetics; University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus ; CO USA
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- d Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology ; University of Vienna ; Waehringer Str. 38A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Luca Puzzi
- a Department of Engineering and Architecture ; University of Trieste ; Trieste Italy
| | - Massimo Borelli
- e Department of Life Sciences ; University of Trieste ; Trieste Italy
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- c Cardiovascular Institute & Adult Medical Genetics; University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus ; CO USA
| | - Matthew R G Taylor
- c Cardiovascular Institute & Adult Medical Genetics; University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus ; CO USA
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- a Department of Engineering and Architecture ; University of Trieste ; Trieste Italy.,c Cardiovascular Institute & Adult Medical Genetics; University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus ; CO USA
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10
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Quantifying the effect of electric current on cell adhesion studied by single-cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2016; 11:011004. [PMID: 26790407 DOI: 10.1116/1.4940214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the effect of external electric current on the cell adhesive and mechanical properties of the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. Changes in cell morphology, viability, cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion structure were studied by standard staining protocols, while single-cell force spectroscopy based on the fluidic force microscopy technology provided a rapid, serial quantification and detailed analysis of cell adhesion and its dynamics. The setup allowed measurements of adhesion forces up to the μN range, and total detachment distances over 40 μm. Force-distance curves have been fitted with a simple elastic model including a cell detachment protocol in order to estimate the Young's modulus of the cells, as well as to reveal changes in the dynamic properties as functions of the applied current dose. While the cell spreading area decreased monotonously with increasing current doses, small current doses resulted only in differences related to cell elasticity. Current doses above 11 As/m(2), however, initiated more drastic changes in cell morphology, viability, cellular structure, as well as in properties related to cell adhesion. The observed differences, eventually leading to cell death toward higher doses, might originate from both the decrease in pH and the generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Motoyama K, Onodera R, Tanaka N, Kameyama K, Higashi T, Kariya R, Okada S, Arima H. Evaluation of antitumor effects of folate-conjugated methyl-β-cyclodextrin in melanoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:374-9. [PMID: 25757918 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a life-threatening disorder and its incidence is increasing gradually. Despite the numerous treatment approaches, conventional systemic chemotherapy has not reduced the mortality rate among melanoma patients, probably due to the induction of toxicity to normal tissues. Recently, we have developed folate-conjugated methyl-β-cyclodextrin (FA-M-β-CyD) and clarified its potential as a new antitumor agent involved in autophagic cell death. However, it remains uncertain whether FA-M-β-CyD exerts anticancer effects against melanomas. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of FA-M-β-CyD on the folate receptor-α (FR-α)-expressing melanoma cell-selective cytotoxic effect. FA-M-β-CyD showed cytotoxic effects in Ihara cells, a human melanoma cell line expressing FR-α. In sharp contrast to methyl-β-cyclodextrin, FA-M-β-CyD entered Ihara cells [FR-α(+)] through FR-α-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, FA-M-β-CyD elicited the formation of autophagosomes in Ihara cells. Notably, FA-M-β-CyD suppressed melanoma growth in BALB/c nude recombinase-activating gene-2 (Rag-2)/Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) double deficient mice bearing Ihara cells. Therefore, these results suggest that FA-M-β-CyD could be utilized as a potent anticancer agent for melanoma chemotherapy by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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12
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Platel A, Carpentier R, Becart E, Mordacq G, Betbeder D, Nesslany F. Influence of the surface charge of PLGA nanoparticles on their in vitro genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, ROS production and endocytosis. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:434-44. [PMID: 26487569 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing commercialization of nanotechnology products, human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) is set to increase dramatically and an evaluation of their potential adverse effects is essential. Surface charge, among other physico-chemicals parameters, is a key criterion that should be considered when using a definition for nanomaterials in a regulatory context. It has recently been recognized as an important factor in determining the toxicity of NPs; however, a complete understanding of the mechanisms involved is still lacking. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the surface charge modification of NPs on in vitro toxicity assays. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles bearing different surface charges, positive(+), neutral(n) or negative(-), were synthesized. In vitro genotoxicity assays (micronucleus and comet assays) coupled with an assessment of cytotoxicity, were performed in different cell lines (L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, TK6 human B-lymphoblastoid cells and 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endocytosis studies were also performed. Our results showed that PLGA(+) NPs were cytotoxic. They are endocytosed by the clathrin pathway and induced ROS in the three cell lines. They led to chromosomal aberrations without primary DNA damage in 16HBE14o- cells, suggesting that aneuploidy may be considered as an important biomarker when assessing the genotoxic potential of NPs. Moreover, 16HBE14o- cells seem to be more suitable for the in vitro screening of inhaled NPs than the regulatory L5178Y and TK6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Platel
- Université de Lille 2, 59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019, Lille, France.,EA4483, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, France
| | - Rodolphe Carpentier
- CHRU de Lille, Inserm U995-LIRIC, 59000, Lille, France.,Université d'Artois, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Elodie Becart
- Université de Lille 2, 59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019, Lille, France
| | - Gwendoline Mordacq
- Université de Lille 2, 59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019, Lille, France
| | - Didier Betbeder
- Université de Lille 2, 59000, Lille, France.,CHRU de Lille, Inserm U995-LIRIC, 59000, Lille, France.,Université d'Artois, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Université de Lille 2, 59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019, Lille, France.,EA4483, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, France
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Application of the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts model in AFM-based mechanical measurements on cells and gel. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 134:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dos Ramos L, de Beer S, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Redox-Induced Backbiting of Surface-Tethered Alkylsulfonate Amphiphiles: Reversible Switching of Surface Wettability and Adherence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6343-6350. [PMID: 25989156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of electrode-supported poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) films bearing iodopropyl (PFS-I) and undecanesulfonate (PFS-SO3(-)) surface moieties are presented. The redox responsiveness of these PFS films allows for controlled and repeatable switching of the surface energy of the PFS-I and PFS-SO3(-) layers under electrochemical control. Static water/surface contact angle measurements showed a change in contact angle values for PFS-I from 80° (reduced state) to 70° (oxidized state) over repeated cycles. However, an opposite change in wettability was observed for PFS-SO3(-), where the values observed varied from 59° (reduced state) to 77° (oxidized state). Nanoscale adherence was assessed with colloid probe AFM. The adhesive forces between these surfaces and a polystyrene (PS) colloid probe in water alternated between 130 nN (reduced state) and 30 nN (oxidized state) for PFS-I layers and between 75 nN (reduced) and 180 nN (oxidized) for the PFS-SO3(-) films. The reversed response of PFS-I films to oxidation compared to that of PFS-SO3(-), in both contact angles and adhesive forces, suggests a different underlying mechanism for switching. As PFS-I is tuned from the reduced to the oxidized state, positively charged ferrocenium (Fc(+)) centers that formed in the film increase its wettability and reduce its adherence to the hydrophobic colloid probe. For PFS-SO3(-) in the reduced state, the exposed alkanesulfonate moieties increase the hydrophilicity of the surface. When oxidized, the Fc(+) units attract the negatively charged sulfonate groups, which results in a bending of the sulfonate groups toward the PFS surface, exposing the undecyl spacer. This alteration of the surface chemistry reduces the surface energy and increases the adherence between the bent alkyl chains and the hydrophobic PS colloid in water. The attraction of the charged sulfonate group to Fc(+) is in competition with the counterions present in the electrolyte solution. Therefore, the backbiting of the chain can be achieved only in electrolytes where the affinity of Fc(+) for the ions is lower than for the sulfonate group, in agreement with the Hofmeister series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Dos Ramos
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Yallapu MM, Katti KS, Katti DR, Mishra SR, Khan S, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. The roles of cellular nanomechanics in cancer. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:198-223. [PMID: 25137233 DOI: 10.1002/med.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of cells and tissues may be instrumental in increasing our understanding of cellular behavior and cellular manifestations of diseases such as cancer. Nanomechanical properties can offer clinical translation of therapies beyond what are currently employed. Nanomechanical properties, often measured by nanoindentation methods using atomic force microscopy, may identify morphological variations, cellular binding forces, and surface adhesion behaviors that efficiently differentiate normal cells and cancer cells. The aim of this review is to examine current research involving the general use of atomic force microscopy/nanoindentation in measuring cellular nanomechanics; various factors and instrumental conditions that influence the nanomechanical properties of cells; and implementation of nanoindentation methods to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells or tissues. Applying these fundamental nanomechanical properties to current discoveries in clinical treatment may result in greater efficiency in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, which ultimately can change the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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Lamprecht C, Hinterdorfer P, Ebner A. Applications of biosensing atomic force microscopy in monitoring drug and nanoparticle delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1237-53. [PMID: 24809228 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.917078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The therapeutic effects of medicinal drugs not only depend on their properties, but also on effective transport to the target receptor. Here we highlight recent developments in this discipline and show applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that enable us to track the effects of drugs and the effectiveness of nanoparticle delivery at the single molecule level. AREAS COVERED Physiological AFM imaging enables visualization of topographical changes to cells as a result of drug exposure and allows observation of cellular responses that yield morphological changes. When we upgrade the regular measuring tip to a molecular biosensor, it enables investigation of functional changes at the molecular level via single molecule force spectroscopy. EXPERT OPINION Biosensing AFM techniques have generated powerful tools to monitor drug delivery in (living) cells. While technical developments in actual AFM methods have simplified measurements at relevant physiological conditions, understanding both the biological and technical background is still a crucial factor. However, due to its potential impact, we expect the number of application-based biosensing AFM techniques to further increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Lamprecht
- University of Kiel, Institute of Materials Science Biocompatible Nanomaterials , Kaiserstr.2, 24143 Kiel , Germany
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17
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Dörig P, Ossola D, Truong AM, Graf M, Stauffer F, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Exchangeable colloidal AFM probes for the quantification of irreversible and long-term interactions. Biophys J 2014; 105:463-72. [PMID: 23870267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An original method is presented to study single-colloid interaction with a substrate in liquid environment. Colloids, either in solution or adsorbed on a surface, are fixed by suction against the aperture of a microchanneled atomic force microscopy cantilever. Their adhesion to the substrate is measured, followed by their release via a short overpressure surge. Such colloid exchange procedure allows for 1), the quick variation of differently functionalized colloids within the same experiment; 2), the investigation of long-term interactions by leaving the colloids on a surface for a defined time before detaching them; and 3), the inspection of irreversible interactions. After validation of the method by reproducing literature results obtained with traditional colloidal atomic force microscopy, the serial use of colloids with different surface functionalization was shown on a micropatterned surface. Finally, concanavalin A-coated colloids were allowed to adsorb on human embryonic kidney cells and then detached one by one. The adhesion between cells and colloids was up to 60 nN, whereas individual cells adhered with 20 nN to the glass substrate. A cellular elastic modulus of 0.8 kPa was determined using the attached colloid as indenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Dörig
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Bacteria secrete effector proteins required for successful infection and expression of toxicity into host cells. The type III secretion apparatus is involved in these processes. Previously, we showed that the viscous polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 suppressed effector secretion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We thus considered that other viscous polymers might also suppress secretion. We initially showed that PEG200 (formed from the same monomer (ethylene glycol) as PEG8000, but which forms solutions of lower viscosity than the latter compound) did not decrease effector secretion. By contrast, alginate, a high-viscous polymer formed from mannuronic and guluronic acid, unlike PEG8000, effectively inhibited secretion. The effectiveness of PEG8000 and alginate in this regard was closely associated with polymer viscosity, but the nature of viscosity dependence differed between the two polymers. Moreover, not only the natural polymer alginate, but also mucin, which protects against infection, suppressed secretion. We thus confirmed that polymer viscosity contributes to the suppression of effector secretion, but other factors (e.g. electrostatic interaction) may also be involved. Moreover, the results suggest that regulation of bacterial secretion by polymers may occur naturally via the action of components of biofilm or mucin layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Shinto H, Hirata T, Fukasawa T, Fujii S, Maeda H, Okada M, Nakamura Y, Furuzono T. Effect of interfacial serum proteins on melanoma cell adhesion to biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid) microspheres coated with hydroxyapatite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 108:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Taubenberger AV, Hutmacher DW, Muller DJ. Single-cell force spectroscopy, an emerging tool to quantify cell adhesion to biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:40-55. [PMID: 23688177 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion receptors play a central role in sensing and integrating signals provided by the cellular environment. Thus, understanding adhesive interactions at the cell-biomaterial interface is essential to improve the design of implants that should emulate certain characteristics of the cell's natural environment. Numerous cell adhesion assays have been developed; among these, atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) provides a versatile tool to quantify cell adhesion at physiological conditions. Here we discuss how AFM-SCFS can be used to quantify the adhesion of living cells to biomaterials and give examples of using AFM-SCFS in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We anticipate that in the near future, AFM-SCFS will be established in the biomaterial field as an important technique to quantify cell-biomaterial interactions and thereby will contribute to the optimization of implants, scaffolds, and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Taubenberger
- 1 Biotechnological Center, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
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Shinto H, Aso Y, Fukasawa T, Higashitani K. Adhesion of melanoma cells to the surfaces of microspheres studied by atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 91:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Pancholi K. A review of imaging methods for measuring drug release at nanometre scale: a case for drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:203-18. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.648374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Shen Y, Ahmad MR, Nakajima M, Kojima S, Homma M, Fukuda T. Evaluation of the single yeast cell's adhesion to ITO substrates with various surface energies via ESEM nanorobotic manipulation system. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 10:217-24. [PMID: 22249767 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2011.2177099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface adhesion force is important for cell activities and the development of bio materials. In this paper, a method for in situ single cell (W303) adhesion force measurement was proposed based on nanorobotic manipulation system inside an environment scanning electron microscope (ESEM). An end effector was fabricated from a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever by focused ion beam (FIB) etching. The spring constant of it was calibrated by nanomanipulation approach. Three kinds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ITO plates were prepared by using VUV-irradiation and OTS coating techniques. The shear adhesion strength of the single yeast cell to each substrate was measured based on the deflection of the end effector. The results demonstrated that the cell adhesion force was larger under the wet condition in the ESEM environment than in the aqueous condition. It also showed that the cell adhesion force to hydrophilic surface was larger than that to the hydrophobic surface. Studies of single cell's adhesion on various plate surfaces and environments could give new insights into the tissue engineering and biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Shen
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Wiederhorn SM, Chae YH, Simon CG, Cahn J, Deng Y, Day D. Cell adhesion to borate glasses by colloidal probe microscopy. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2256-63. [PMID: 21241832 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of osteoblast-like cells to silicate and borate glasses was measured in cell growth medium using colloidal probe microscopy. The probes consisted of silicate and borate glass spheres, 25-50 μm in diameter, attached to atomic force microscope cantilevers. Variables of the study included glass composition and time of contact of the cell to the glasses. Increasing the time of contact from 15 to 900 s increased the force of adhesion. The data could be plotted linearly on a log-log plot of adhesive force versus time. Of the seven glasses tested, five had slopes close to 0.5, suggesting a square root dependence of the adhesive force on the contact time. Such behavior can be interpreted as a diffusion limited process occurring during the early stages of cell attachment. We suggest that the rate limiting step in the adhesion process is the diffusion of integrins resident in the cell membrane to the area of cell attachment. Data presented in this paper support the hypothesis of Hench et al. that strong adhesion depends on the formation of a calcium phosphate reaction layer on the surfaces of the glass. Glasses that did not form a calcium phosphate layer exhibited a weaker adhesive force relative to those glasses that did form a calcium phosphate layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon M Wiederhorn
- Ceramics Division/Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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Zhang W, Stack AG, Chen Y. Interaction force measurement between E. coli cells and nanoparticles immobilized surfaces by using AFM. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 82:316-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chung KH, Shaw GA, Pratt JR. Accurate noncontact calibration of colloidal probe sensitivities in atomic force microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:065107. [PMID: 19566226 DOI: 10.1063/1.3152335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The absolute force sensitivities of colloidal probes comprised of atomic force microscope, or AFM, cantilevers with microspheres attached to their distal ends are measured. The force sensitivities are calibrated through reference to accurate electrostatic forces, the realizations of which are described in detail. Furthermore, the absolute accuracy of a common AFM force calibration scheme, known as the thermal noise method, is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the thermal noise method can be applied with great success to colloidal probe calibration in air and in liquid to yield force measurements with relative standard uncertainties below 5%. Techniques to combine the electrostatics-based determination of the AFM force sensitivity with measurements of the colloidal probe's thermal noise spectrum to compute noncontact estimates of the displacement sensitivity and spring constant are also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koo-Hyun Chung
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Ogushi Y, Sakai S, Kawakami K. Phenolic Hydroxy Groups Incorporated for the Peroxidase-Catalyzed Gelation of a Carboxymethylcellulose Support: Cellular Adhesion and Proliferation. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:262-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Quantification of the force of nanoparticle-cell membrane interactions and its influence on intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2008; 29:4244-52. [PMID: 18692238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with the cell membrane and their trafficking through cells is imperative to fully explore the use of NPs for efficient intracellular delivery of therapeutics. Here, we report a novel method of measuring the force of NP-cell membrane interactions using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs functionalized with poly-L-lysine were used as a model system to demonstrate that this force determines the adhesive interaction of NPs with the cell membrane and in turn the extent of cellular uptake of NPs, and hence that of the encapsulated therapeutic. Cellular uptake of NPs was monitored using AFM imaging and the dynamics of their intracellular distribution was quantified using confocal microscopy. Results demonstrated that the functionalized NPs have a five-fold greater force of adhesion with the cell membrane and the time-lapse AFM images show their rapid internalization than unmodified NPs. The intracellular trafficking study showed that the functionalized NPs escape more rapidly and efficiently from late endosomes than unmodified NPs and result in 10-fold higher intracellular delivery of the encapsulated model protein. The findings described herein enhance our basic understanding of the NP-cell membrane interaction on the basis of physical phenomena that could have wider applications in developing efficient nanocarrier systems for intracellular delivery of therapeutics.
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Gunning AP, Chambers S, Pin C, Man AL, Morris VJ, Nicoletti C. Mapping specific adhesive interactions on living human intestinal epithelial cells with atomic force microscopy. FASEB J 2008; 22:2331-9. [PMID: 18263697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Specific molecular-receptor interactions with gut epithelium cells are important in understanding bioactivity of food components and drugs, binding of commensal microflora, attachment and initiation of defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria and for development of targeted delivery systems to the gut. However, methods for probing such interactions are lacking. Methodology has been developed and validated to measure specific molecular-receptor interactions on living human colorectal cancer cells as in vitro models for the gut epithelium. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure ligand-receptor interactions and to map receptor locations on cell surfaces. Measurements were made using silica beads attached to the AFM tip-cantilever assembly, which were functionalized by coupling of ligands to the bead surface. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds to the glycosylated extracellular domain III of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Methodology was tested by measuring binding of WGA to the surface of confluent monolayers of living Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. The measured modal detachment force of 125 pN is typical of values expected for single molecule interactions. Adhesive events were used to map the location of binding sites on the cell surface revealing heterogeneity in their distribution within and between cells within the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patrick Gunning
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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McNamee CE, Aso Y, Yamamoto S, Fukumori Y, Ichikawa H, Higashitani K. Chemical Groups that Adhere to the Surfaces of Living Malignant Cells. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2370-80. [PMID: 17849176 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the adhesion of particles with phenyl, carboxylic acid (COOH), amine, dialkyl phosphonate, ester, and hydroxyl groups to malignant and nonmalignant cells, in order to better design drug delivery systems (DDS) for malignant cells. METHODS Living mouse melanoma skin (B16F10) and noncancerous mouse fibroblast (L929) cells, and an Atomic Force Microscope were used to determine the adhesion strengths. RESULTS The measurement of the particles against B16F10 cells showed that COOH had the highest average maximum adhesion force (<F (admax)>) and a large standard deviation (std), and phenyl had the lowest <F (admax)> and a lower std. The high <F (admax)> and std suggested that COOH was binding the strongest to malignant cells, and to groups overexpressed on malignant cells. In the case of L929 cells, <F (admax)> of phenyl and COOH were higher and lower, respectively, than those of the B16F10 cells. Additionally, Phenyl and COOH gave a lower std than that for the B16F10 cells. These results suggest that the lower binding of COOH to the nonmalignant cells was due to the lower number of groups that were overexpressed in the malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that COOH is the best group for malignant cell targeting DDS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E McNamee
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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McNamee CE, Yamamoto S, Higashitani K. Effect of the physicochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol) brushes on their binding to cells. Biophys J 2007; 93:324-34. [PMID: 17434943 PMCID: PMC1914419 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the number of oxyethylene groups (polymer molecular weight) and the interchain binding and/or entanglements of methoxy-terminated-poly(ethylene glycol) (m-PEG) brushes on their ability to adsorb to living malignant melanoma B16F10 cells. We used the atomic force microscope colloid probe method to determine the adhering ability of the m-PEG brushes to the cells, as the magnitude of the adhesion force between the m-PEG modified particles and the living cells in a physiological buffer was related to the binding strength of the m-PEGs to the cells. We saw that m-PEG brushes (average molecular weights 330, 1900, and 5000 g/mol), which were chemically attached to silica particles, may bind to living B16F10 cells. The binding of m-PEGs to living B16F10 cells increased as the oxyethylene chain length of the m-PEGs increased, if the m-PEGs had a low degree of entanglements or little inter-m-PEG chain binding. A high degree of entanglements or interchain binding decreased the ability of an m-PEG chain to bind to a living cell. The effect of m-PEG (molecular weight 1900 g/mol) being present at cell surfaces for 24 h was also seen not to induce the death of the cells or affect their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E McNamee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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