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Wu G, Yang F, Cheng X, Mai Z, Wang X, Chen T. Live-cell imaging analysis on the anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-xL transmembrane carboxyl terminal domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 639:91-99. [PMID: 36476951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Transmembrane Carboxyl Terminal Domain (TMD) of some Bcl-2 family proteins has been demonstrated to play a key role in modulating apoptosis. We here ustilzed live-cell fluorescence imaging to evaluate how the Bcl-xL TMD (XT) regulate apoptosis. Cell viability assay revealed that XT had strong anti-apoptotic ability similarly to the full-length Bcl-xL. Fluorescence images of living cells co-expressing CFP-XT and Bad-YFP or YFP-Bax revealed that XT recruited Bad to mitochondria but prevented Bax translocation to mitochondria, and also significantly suppressed Bad/Bax-mediated apoptosis, indicating that XT prevents the pro-apoptotic function of Bad and Bax. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses determined that XT directly interacted with Bad and Bax, and deletion of XT completely eliminated the mitochondrial localization and homo-oligomerization of Bcl-xL. Fluorescence images of living cells co-expressing CFP-XT and YFP-Bax revealed that XT significantly prevented mitochondrial Bax oligomerization, resulting in cytosolic Bax distribution. Collectively, XT is necessary for the mitochondrial localization and anti-apoptotic capacity of Bcl-xL, and XT, similarly to the full-length Bcl-xL, forms homo-oligomers on mitochondria to directly interact with Bad and Bax to inhibit their apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Xuecheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Zihao Mai
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 5610632, China.
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., South China Normal University, Qingyuan, 511517, China.
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Zheng Q, Ji H, Wei S, Tang J, Lu Y, Cai J, Jian J, Qin Q. Identification of a Bcl-xL homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) involved in SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:436-442. [PMID: 30243776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins play essential roles in modulating immune response and controlling cells' fate. Bcl-xL is one of anti-apoptotic protein in this family. In this study, a new Bcl-xL homolog (EcBcl-xL) was identified and characterized from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. EcBcl-xL encoded a 221 amino acid peptides that shared 86% identity to Larimichthys crocea Bcl-xL protein, contained four conserved BH domains and one transmembrane region. The predicted three-dimensional structure of EcBcl-xL was similar with Homo sapiens Bcl-xL. EcBcl-xL widely expressed in all tested tissues with highest expression in head kidney. Its expression level was significantly up-regulated after SGIV infection in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of EcBcl-xL could inhibit SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death and suppressed viral genes transcriptions in GS cells. Our findings suggested that EcBcl-xL might play a role during virus infection through modulating SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Huasong Ji
- Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND HISTOLOGY OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION SUPPORT MITOCHONDRIA AS REFLECTIVITY SOURCES. Retina 2018; 38:445-461. [PMID: 29210936 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Widespread adoption of optical coherence tomography has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of retinal disease. If the cellular and subcellular sources of reflectivity in optical coherence tomography can be identified, the value of this technology will be advanced even further toward precision medicine, mechanistic thinking, and molecular discovery. Four hyperreflective outer retinal bands are created by the exquisite arrangement of photoreceptors, Müller cells, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch membrane. Because of massed effects of these axially compartmentalized and transversely aligned cells, reflectivity can be localized to the subcellular level. This review focuses on the second of the four bands, called ellipsoid zone in a consensus clinical lexicon, with the central thesis that mitochondria in photoreceptor inner segments are a major independent reflectivity source in this band, because of Mie scattering and waveguiding. METHODS We review the evolution of Band 2 nomenclature in published literature and discuss the origins of imaging signals from photoreceptor mitochondria that could make these organelles visible in vivo. RESULTS Our recent data pertain to outer retinal tubulation, a unique neurodegenerative and gliotic structure with a highly reflective border, prominent in late age-related macular degeneration. High-resolution histology and multimodal imaging of outer retinal tubulation together provide evidence that inner segment mitochondria undergoing fission and translocation toward the nucleus provide the reflectivity signal. CONCLUSION Our data support adoption of the ellipsoid zone nomenclature. Identifying subcellular signal sources will newly inform clinical.
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Naser M, Graham MT, Pierre K, Boustany NN. Label-Free Classification of Bax/Bak Expressing vs. Double-Knockout Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3398-3407. [PMID: 27256359 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We combine optical scatter imaging with principal component analysis (PCA) to classify apoptosis-competent Bax/Bak-expressing, and apoptosis resistant Bax/Bak-null immortalized baby mouse kidney cells. We apply PCA to 100 stacks each containing 236 dark-field cell images filtered with an optically implemented Gabor filter with period between 0.3 and 2.9 μm. Each stack yields an "eigencell" image corresponding to the first principal component obtained at one of the 100 Gabor filter periods used. At each filter period, each cell image is multiplied by (projected onto) the eigencell image. A Feature Matrix consisting of 236 × 100 scalar values is thus constructed with significantly reduced dimension compared to the initial dataset. Utilizing this Feature Matrix, we implement a supervised linear discriminant analysis and classify successfully the Bax/Bak-expressing and Bax/Bak-null cells with 94.7% accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.993. Applying a feature selection algorithm further reveals that the Gabor filter period ranges most significant for the classification correspond to both large (likely nuclear) features as well as small sized features (likely organelles present in the cytoplasm). Our results suggest that cells with a genetic defect in their apoptosis pathway can be differentiated from their normal counterparts by label-free multi-parametric optical scatter data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Michelle T Graham
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kamau Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nada N Boustany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Andreu-Fernández V, García-Murria MJ, Bañó-Polo M, Martin J, Monticelli L, Orzáez M, Mingarro I. The C-terminal Domains of Apoptotic BH3-only Proteins Mediate Their Insertion into Distinct Biological Membranes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25207-25216. [PMID: 27758854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the equilibrium of pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein family in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) induce structural changes that commit cells to apoptosis. Bcl-2 homology-3 (BH3)-only proteins participate in this process by either activating pro-apoptotic effectors or inhibiting anti-apoptotic components and by promoting MOM permeabilization. The association of BH3-only proteins with MOMs is necessary for the activation and amplification of death signals; however, the nature of this association remains controversial, as these proteins lack a canonical transmembrane sequence. Here we used an in vitro expression system to study the insertion capacity of hydrophobic C-terminal regions of the BH3-only proteins Bik, Bim, Noxa, Bmf, and Puma into microsomal membranes. An Escherichia coli complementation assay was used to validate the results in a cellular context, and peptide insertions were modeled using molecular dynamics simulations. We also found that some of the C-terminal domains were sufficient to direct green fluorescent protein fusion proteins to specific membranes in human cells, but the domains did not activate apoptosis. Thus, the hydrophobic regions in the C termini of BH3-only members associated in distinct ways with various biological membranes, suggesting that a detailed investigation of the entire process of apoptosis should include studying the membranes as a setting for protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Andreu-Fernández
- From the Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.,the Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain, and
| | - María J García-Murria
- From the Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Manuel Bañó-Polo
- From the Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juliette Martin
- the Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux (BMSSI), CNRS UMR 5086, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Luca Monticelli
- the Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux (BMSSI), CNRS UMR 5086, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mar Orzáez
- the Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain, and
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- From the Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain,
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Williams A, Hayashi T, Wolozny D, Yin B, Su TC, Betenbaugh MJ, Su TP. The non-apoptotic action of Bcl-xL: regulating Ca(2+) signaling and bioenergetics at the ER-mitochondrion interface. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:211-25. [PMID: 27155879 PMCID: PMC6737942 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are known to competitively regulate Ca(2+); however, the specific inter-organelle signaling pathways and related cellular functions are not fully elucidated. In this study, a portion of Bcl-xL was detected at the ER-mitochondrion interface or MAM (mitochondria-associated ER membrane) in association with type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R3); an association facilitated by the BH4 and transmembrane domains of Bcl-xL. Moreover, increasing Bcl-xL expression enhanced transient mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels upon ER Ca(2+) depletion induced by short-term, non-apoptotic incubation with thapsigargin (Tg), while concomitantly reducing cytosolic Ca(2+) release. These mitochondrial changes appear to be IP3R3-dependent and resulted in decreased NAD/NADH ratios and higher electron transport chain oxidase activity. Interestingly, extended Tg exposure stimulated ER stress, but not apoptosis, and further enhanced TCA cycling. Indeed, confocal analysis indicated that Bcl-xL translocated to the MAM and increased its interaction with IP3R3 following extended Tg treatment. Thus, the MAM is a critical cell-signaling junction whereby Bcl-xL dynamically interacts with IP3R3 to coordinate mitochondrial Ca(2+) transfer and alters cellular metabolism in order to increase the cells' bioenergetic capacity, particularly during periods of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abasha Williams
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, IRP, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, FDA/CDER/OPS/OBP, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Teruo Hayashi
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, IRP, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Seiwakai Nishikawa Hospital, 293-2 Minato-Machi, Hamada, Shimane, 697-0052, Japan
| | - Daniel Wolozny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, IRP, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, IRP, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Cai J, Yu D, Wei S, Tang J, Lu Y, Wu Z, Qin Q, Jian J. Identification of the Bcl-2 family protein gene BOK from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) involved in SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:9-15. [PMID: 26994672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays vital roles in many physiological process and immune response. BOK is one of the central regulators in apoptosis. In this study, a new BOK homolog (Ec-BOK) was cloned and characterized from Orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Ec-BOK encoded a 210 amino acid peptides which shared 97% identity to Stegastes partitus BOK protein, contained four BH domains and one transmembrane region. Ec-BOK widely expressed in all analyzed tissues with the higher expressions in kidney and spleen. Its expression level was up-regulated after SGIV infection in vitro. Further analysis revealed that overexpression of Ec-BOK inhibited viral genes transcriptions and virus replication in fish cell. Our findings suggested that Ec-BOK might play a role in the immune response against virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zaohe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China.
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8
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Qi H, Miao G, Li L, Que H, Zhang G. Identification and functional characterization of two Bcl-2 family protein genes in Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:147-155. [PMID: 25700786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays significant roles in maintenance of homeostasis, immune defense and development. The Bcl-2 family proteins are important regulators of the intrinsic apoptosis. In the study, we have characterized a Bcl-2-like gene (named CfBcl-2) and a Bax-like gene (named CfBax) from the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. The full-length of the CfBcl-2 cDNA is 944 nucleotides (nt) encoding a putative protein of 225 amino acid residues (aa) that contains four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains, and the CfBax cDNA is 505 nt encoding a putative protein of 115 aa that contains three Bcl-2 BH domains. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that CfBcl-2 and CfBax present typical domain organization of the corresponding Bcl-2 related proteins and are more similar and clustered with their homologues of other molluscs. The two genes are ubiquitously expressed in six tissues of C. farreri, with the highest expression level of CfBcl-2 in adductor muscle and highest expression level of CfBax in gill. The expressions of CfBcl-2 and CfBax in hemocytes were both significantly up-regulated after an in vivo exposure of scallops to air, injection with lipopolysaccharide and infection with acute viral necrobiotic disease virus, and the expression patterns of the two genes after the three treatments vary in different change magnitude and up-regulation timespan. Yeast two-hybrid assay reveals a direct interaction between the CfBcl-2 and CfBax proteins. These results indicate that the CfBcl-2 and CfBax may participate in the apoptosis-based stress and immune responses against noxious stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Qi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guoying Miao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huayong Que
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Zustiak MP, Jose L, Xie Y, Zhu J, Betenbaugh MJ. Enhanced transient recombinant protein production in CHO cells through the co-transfection of the product gene with Bcl-xL. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1164-74. [PMID: 24604826 PMCID: PMC4219531 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transient gene expression is gaining popularity as a method to rapidly produce recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. Although significant improvements have been made, in terms of expression, more improvements are needed to compete with the yields achievable in stable gene expression. Much progress has come from optimization of transfection media and parameters, as well as altering culturing conditions to enhance productivity. Recent studies have included cell lines engineered for apoptosis resistance through the constitutive expression of an anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-xL. In this study, we examine an alternative method of using the benefits of anti-apoptotic gene expression to enhance the transient expression of biotherapeutics, namely, through the co-transfection of Bcl-xL and the product-coding gene. CHO-S cells were co-transfected with the product-coding gene and a vector containing Bcl-xL using polyethylenimine. Cells co-transfected with Bcl-xL showed reduced levels of apoptosis, increased specific productivity, and an overall increase in product yield of approximately 100%. Similar results were produced by employing another anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 delta, in CHO cells, or through the co-transfection with Bcl-xL using HEK-293E cells. This work provides an alternative method for increasing yields of therapeutic proteins in TGE applications without generating a stable cell line and subsequent screening, which are both time- and resource-consuming. See accompanying commentary by Matthias Hackl and Nicole Borth DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Zustiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Lisa Jose
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Micheal J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Functions of the C-terminal domains of apoptosis-related proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:77-90. [PMID: 24892727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are involved in cell homeostasis, where they regulate cell death. Some of these proteins are pro-apoptotic and others pro-survival. Moreover, many of them share a similar domain composition with several of the so-called BH domains, although some only have a BH3 domain. A C-terminal domain is present in all the multi-BH domain proteins and in some of the BH3-only ones. This C-terminal domain is hydrophobic or amphipathic, for which reason it was thought when they were discovered that they were membrane anchors. Although this is indeed one of their functions, it has since been observed that they may also serve as regulators of the function of some members of this family, such as Bax. They may also serve to recognize the target membrane of some of these proteins, which only after an apoptotic signal, are incorporated into a membrane. It has been shown that peptides that imitate the sequence of C-terminal domains can form pores and may serve as a model to design cytotoxic molecules.
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Kim EM, Kim J, Park JK, Hwang SG, Kim WJ, Lee WJ, Kang SW, Um HD. Bcl-w promotes cell invasion by blocking the invasion-suppressing action of Bax. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Ospina A, Lagunas-Martínez A, Pardo J, Carrodeguas JA. Protein oligomerization mediated by the transmembrane carboxyl terminal domain of Bcl-XL. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2935-42. [PMID: 21856303 PMCID: PMC7164028 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-XL is a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family that can be found in the outer mitochondrial membrane and in soluble cytosolic homodimers. Bcl-XL can bind pro-apoptotic members of this family preventing them from activating the execution phase of apoptosis. Bcl-XL has been shown to homodimerize in different ways, although most binding and structural assays have been carried out in the absence of its carboxyl terminal transmembrane domain. We show here that this domain can by itself direct protein oligomerization, which could be related to its previously reported role in mitochondrial morphology alterations and apoptosis inhibition. Structured summary of protein interactions Vamp2 physically interacts with Vamp2 by blue native page (View interaction) Vamp2 physically interacts with Vamp2 by cross-linking study (View interaction) Bcl-Xl physically interacts with Bcl-Xl by blue native page (View interaction) Bcl-Xl physically interacts with Bcl-Xl by cross-linking study (View interaction)
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Ospina
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Pasternack RM, Zheng JY, Boustany NN. Detection of mitochondrial fission with orientation-dependent optical Fourier filters. Cytometry A 2011; 79:137-48. [PMID: 21265007 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We utilize a recently developed optical imaging method based on Fourier processing with Gabor-like filters to detect changes in light scattering resulting from alterations in mitochondrial structure in endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis. Imaging based on Gabor filters shows a significant decrease in the orientation of subcellular organelles at 60 to 100 minutes following apoptosis induction and concomitant with mitochondrial fragmentation observed by fluorescence. The optical scatter changes can be detected at low resolution at the whole cell level. At high resolution, we combine fluorescence imaging of the mitochondria with optical Fourier-based imaging to demonstrate that the dynamic decrease in organelle orientation measured by optical Gabor filtering is spatially associated with fluorescent mitochondria and remains largely absent from nonfluorescent subcellular regions. These results provide strong evidence that the optical Gabor responses track mitochondrial fission during apoptosis and can be used to provide label-free, rapid monitoring of this morphological process within single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pasternack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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14
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Abstract
Optical contrast based on elastic scattering interactions between light and matter can be used to probe cellular structure, cellular dynamics, and image tissue architecture. The quantitative nature and high sensitivity of light scattering signals to subtle alterations in tissue morphology, as well as the ability to visualize unstained tissue in vivo, has recently generated significant interest in optical-scatter-based biosensing and imaging. Here we review the fundamental methodologies used to acquire and interpret optical scatter data. We report on recent findings in this field and present current advances in optical scatter techniques and computational methods. Cellular and tissue data enabled by current advances in optical scatter spectroscopy and imaging stand to impact a variety of biomedical applications including clinical tissue diagnosis, in vivo imaging, drug discovery, and basic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada N. Boustany
- Corresponding Author: Rutgers University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Tel: (732) 445-4500 x6320,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Depts. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, Tel: (217) 244-7479
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, Tel: (847) 491-3536
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Pasternack RM, Zheng JY, Boustany NN. Optical scatter changes at the onset of apoptosis are spatially associated with mitochondria. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:040504. [PMID: 20799771 DOI: 10.1117/1.3467501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We combine optical scatter imaging (OSI) with fluorescence imaging of mitochondria to investigate the spatial relationship between the optical scatter signal and the location and structure of mitochondria within endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis. The OSI data corroborate our previous results showing a decrease in the intensity ratio of wide-to-narrow angle scatter [optical scatter image ratio (OSIR)] during the first 60 min of apoptosis. In addition, we find here that this is followed by an increase in OSIR concurrent with mitochondrial fragmentation. We demonstrate that the dynamic change in light scattering is spatially associated with subcellular regions containing fluorescently labeled mitochondria, and remains absent from adjacent nonfluorescent regions dominated by other organelles. These results lend strong support to the hypothesis that mitochondria act as the source of the optical scatter changes measured at the onset of apoptosis.
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16
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Zheng JY, Boustany NN. Alterations in the characteristic size distributions of subcellular scatterers at the onset of apoptosis: effect of Bcl-xL and Bax/Bak. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:045002. [PMID: 20799797 DOI: 10.1117/1.3462933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical scatter imaging is used to estimate organelle size distributions in immortalized baby mouse kidney cells treated with 0.4 microM staurosporine to induce apoptosis. The study comprises apoptosis competent iBMK cells (W2) expressing the proapoptotic proteins Bax/Bak, apoptosis resistant Bax/Bak null cells (D3), and W2 and D3 cells expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or YFP fused to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) (YFP-Bcl-x(L)). YFP expression is diffuse within the transfected cells, while YFP-Bcl-x(L) is localized to the mitochondria. Our results show a significant increase in the mean subcellular particle size from approximately 1.1 to 1.4 microm in both Bax/Bak expressing and Bax/Bak null cells after 60 min of STS treatment compared to DMSO-treated control cells. This dynamic is blocked by overexpression of YFP-Bcl-x(L) in Bax/Bak expressing cells, but is less significantly inhibited by YFP-Bcl-x(L) in Bax/Bak null cells. Our data suggest that the increase in subcellular particle size at the onset of apoptosis is modulated by Bcl-x(L) in the presence of Bax/Bak, but it occurs upstream of the final commitment to programmed cell death. Mitochondrial localization of YFP-Bcl-x(L) and the finding that micron-sized particles give rise to the scattering signal further suggest that alterations in mitochondrial morphology may underlie the observed changes in light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zheng
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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17
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Zheng JY, Pasternack RM, Boustany NN. Optical Scatter Imaging with a digital micromirror device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:20401-20414. [PMID: 19997269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We had developed Optical Scatter Imaging (OSI) as a method which combines light scattering spectroscopy with microscopic imaging to probe local particle size in situ. Using a variable diameter iris as a Fourier spatial filter, the technique consisted of collecting images that encoded the intensity ratio of wide-to-narrow angle scatter at each pixel in the full field of view. In this paper, we replace the variable diameter Fourier filter with a digital micromirror device (DMD) to extend our assessment of morphology to the characterization of particle shape and orientation. We describe our setup in detail and demonstrate how to eliminate aberrations associated with the placement of the DMD in a conjugate Fourier plane of our microscopic imaging system. Using bacteria and polystyrene spheres, we show how this system can be used to assess particle aspect ratio even when imaged at low resolution. We also show the feasibility of detecting alterations in organelle aspect ratio in situ within living cells. This improved OSI system could be further developed to automate morphological quantification and sorting of non-spherical particles in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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18
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Tamura Y, Simizu S, Muroi M, Takagi S, Kawatani M, Watanabe N, Osada H. Polo-like kinase 1 phosphorylates and regulates Bcl-x(L) during pironetin-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2009; 28:107-16. [PMID: 18820703 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-x(L), an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member protein, contributes to the resistance against chemotherapies such as tubulin-binder treatment in many human tumors. Although Bcl-x(L) is phosphorylated after tubulin-binder treatment, the role of the phosphorylation and its responsible kinase(s) are poorly understood. Here, we identified Plk1 (polo-like kinase 1) as a Bcl-x(L) kinase. Same location of Bcl-x(L) and Plk1 was revealed by immunocytochemical analyses at M-phase in situ. Plk1 phosphorylates Bcl-x(L) in vitro, and we identified Plk1 phosphorylation sites in Bcl-x(L). When all of these phosphorylation sites were substituted to alanines, the anti-apoptotic activity of the Bcl-x(L) mutant against the apoptosis induced by pironetin, but not against ultraviolet-induced apoptosis, was increased. These observations suggest that Plk1 is a regulator of Bcl-x(L) phosphorylation and controls the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-x(L) during pironetin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tamura
- Antibiotics Laboratory and Chemical Biology Department, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Majors BS, Betenbaugh MJ, Pederson NE, Chiang GG. Enhancement of transient gene expression and culture viability using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing Bcl-x(L). Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:567-78. [PMID: 18727128 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) provides a method for quickly delivering protein for research using mammalian cells. While high levels of recombinant proteins have been produced in TGE experiments in HEK 293 cells, TGE efforts in the commercially prominent CHO cell line still suffer from inadequate protein yields. Here, we describe a cell-engineering strategy to improve transient production of proteins using CHO cells. CHO-DG44 cells were engineered to overexpress the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) and transiently transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) in serum-free media. Pools and cell lines stably expressing Bcl-x(L) showed enhanced viable cell density and increased production of a glycosylated, therapeutic fusion protein in shake flask TGE studies. The improved cell lines showed fusion protein production levels ranging from 12.6 to 27.0 mg/L in the supernatant compared to the control cultures which produced 6.3-7.3 mg/L, representing a 70-270% increase in yield after 14 days of fed-batch culture. All Bcl-xL-expressing cell lines also exhibited an increase in specific productivity during the first 8 days of culture. In addition to increased production, Bcl-x(L) cell lines maintained viabilities above 90% and less apoptosis compared to the DG44 host which had viabilities below 60% after 14 days. Product quality was comparable between a Bcl-xL-engineered cell line and the CHO host. The work presented here provides the foundation for using anti-apoptosis engineered CHO cell lines for increased production of therapeutic proteins in TGE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Majors
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 221 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2694, USA
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