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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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2
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Kolmogorov V, Erofeev A, Vaneev A, Gorbacheva L, Kolesov D, Klyachko N, Korchev Y, Gorelkin P. Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy for Studying Mechanical Properties of Neuronal Cells during Local Delivery of Glutamate. Cells 2023; 12:2428. [PMID: 37887273 PMCID: PMC10604991 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of neuronal cells have a key role for growth, generation of traction forces, adhesion, migration, etc. Mechanical properties are regulated by chemical signaling, neurotransmitters, and neuronal ion exchange. Disturbance of chemical signaling is accompanied by several diseases such as ischemia, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that the disturbance of chemical signaling, like that caused by glutamate excitotoxicity, leads to the structural reorganization of the cytoskeleton of neuronal cells and the deviation of native mechanical properties. Thus, to investigate the mechanical properties of living neuronal cells in the presence of glutamate, it is crucial to use noncontact and low-stress methods, which are the advantages of scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM). Moreover, a nanopipette may be used for the local delivery of small molecules as well as for a probe. In this work, SICM was used as an advanced technique for the simultaneous local delivery of glutamate and investigation of living neuronal cell morphology and mechanical behavior caused by an excitotoxic effect of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii Kolmogorov
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander Vaneev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Lyubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kolesov
- Research Laboratory of SPM, Moscow Polytechnic University, Moscow 107023, Russia
| | - Natalia Klyachko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Petr Gorelkin
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow 119049, Russia
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3
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Wang XY, Lv J, Wu X, Hong Q, Qian RC. The Modification and Applications of Nanopipettes in Electrochemical Analysis. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300100. [PMID: 37442793 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipette, which is fabricated by glasses and possesses a nanoscale pore in the tip, has been proven to be immensely useful in electrochemical analysis. Numerous nanopipette-based sensors have emerged with improved sensitivity, selectivity, ease of use, and miniaturization. In this minireview, we provide an overview of the recent developments of nanopipette-based electrochemical sensors based on different types of nanopipettes, including single-nanopipettes, self-referenced nanopipettes, dual-nanopipettes, and double-barrel nanopipettes. Several important modification materials for nanopipette functionalization are highlighted, such as conductive materials, macromolecular materials, and functional molecules. These materials can improve the sensing performance and targeting specificities of nanopipettes. We also discuss examples of related applications and the future development of nanopipette-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials &, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Lv J, Wang XY, Zhou XY, Li DW, Qian RC. Specially Resolved Single Living Cell Perfusion and Targeted Fluorescence Labeling Based on Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13860-13868. [PMID: 36162134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery and labeling of single living cells in heterogeneous cell populations are of great importance to understand the molecular biology and physiological functions of individual cells. However, it remains challenging to perfuse fluorescence markers into single living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution without interfering neighboring cells. Here, we report a single cell perfusion and fluorescence labeling strategy based on nanoscale glass nanopipettes. With the nanoscale tip hole of 100 nm, the use of nanopipettes allows special perfusion and high-resolution fluorescence labeling of different subcellular regions in single cells of interest. The dynamic of various fluorescent probes has been studied to exemplify the feasibility of nanopipette-dependent targeted delivery. According to experimental results, the cytoplasm labeling of Sulfo-Cyanine5 and fluorescein isothiocyanate is mainly based on the Brownian movement due to the dyes themselves and does not have a targeting ability, while the nucleus labeling of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) is originated from the adsorption between DAPI and DNA in the nucleus. From the finite element simulation, the precise manipulation of intracellular delivery is realized by controlling the electro-osmotic flow inside the nanopipettes, and the different delivery modes between nontargeting dyes and nucleus-targeting dyes were compared, showcasing the valuable ability of nanopipette-based method for the analysis of specially defined subcellular regions and the potential applications for single cell surgery, subcellular manipulation, and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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5
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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Teahan J, Perry D, Chen B, McPherson IJ, Meloni GN, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Surface Charge Effects on Electroosmotic Flow Delivery from a Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12281-12288. [PMID: 34460243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a powerful and versatile technique that allows an increasingly wide range of interfacial properties and processes to be studied. SICM employs a nanopipette tip that contains electrolyte solution and a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE), to which a potential is applied with respect to a QRCE in a bathing solution, in which the tip is placed. The work herein considers the potential-controlled delivery of uncharged electroactive molecules (solute) from an SICM tip to a working electrode substrate to determine the effect of the substrate on electroosmotic flow (EOF). Specifically, the local delivery of hydroquinone from the tip to a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (CF UME) provides a means of quantifying the rate of mass transport from the nanopipette and mapping electroactivity via the CF UME current response for hydroquinone oxidation to benzoquinone. EOF, and therefore species delivery, has a particularly strong dependence on the charge of the substrate surface at close nanopipette-substrate surface separations, with implications for retaining neutral solute within the tip predelivery and for the delivery process itself, both controlled via the applied tip potential. Finite element method (FEM) simulations of mass transport and reactivity are used to explain the experimental observations and identify the nature of EOF, including unusual flow patterns under certain conditions. The combination of experimental results with FEM simulations provides new insights on mass transport in SICM that will enhance quantitative applications and enable new possibilities for the use of nanopipettes for local delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Teahan
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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7
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Li B, Ponjavic A, Chen WH, Hopkins L, Hughes C, Ye Y, Bryant C, Klenerman D. Single-Molecule Light-Sheet Microscopy with Local Nanopipette Delivery. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4092-4099. [PMID: 33595281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of single molecules in biological systems has rapidly increased in resolution over the past decade. However, the delivery of single molecules remains to be a challenge. Currently, there is no effective method that can both introduce a precise amount of molecules onto or into a single cell at a defined position and then image the cellular response. Here, we have combined light-sheet microscopy with local delivery, using a nanopipette, to accurately deliver individual proteins to a defined position. We call this method local-delivery selective-plane illumination microscopy (ldSPIM). ldSPIM uses a nanopipette and ionic feedback current at the nanopipette tip to control the position from which the molecules are delivered. The number of proteins delivered can be controlled by varying the voltage applied. For single-molecule detection, we implemented single-objective SPIM using a reflective atomic force microscopy cantilever to create a 2 μm thin sheet. Using this setup, we demonstrate that ldSPIM can deliver single fluorescently labeled proteins onto the plasma membrane of HK293 cells or into the cytoplasm. Next, we deposited the aggregates of amyloid-β, which causes proteotoxicity relevant to Alzheimer's disease, onto a single macrophage stably expressing a MyDD88-eGFP fusion construct. Whole-cell imaging in the three-dimensional (3D) mode enables the live detection of MyDD88 accumulation and the formation of myddosome signaling complexes, as a result of the aggregate-induced triggering of toll-like receptor 4. Overall, we demonstrate a novel multifunctional imaging system capable of precise delivery of single proteins to a specific location on the cell surface or inside the cytoplasm and high-speed 3D detection at single-molecule resolution within live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Lee Hopkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Craig Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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8
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Rational design of DNA nanostructures for single molecule biosensing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4384. [PMID: 32873796 PMCID: PMC7463249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect low concentrations of biomarkers in patient samples is one of the cornerstones of modern healthcare. In general, biosensing approaches are based on measuring signals resulting from the interaction of a large ensemble of molecules with the sensor. Here, we report a biosensor platform using DNA origami featuring a central cavity with a target-specific DNA aptamer coupled with a nanopore read-out to enable individual biomarker detection. We show that the modulation of the ion current through the nanopore upon the DNA origami translocation strongly depends on the presence of the biomarker in the cavity. We exploit this to generate a biosensing platform with a limit of detection of 3 nM and capable of the detection of human C-reactive protein (CRP) in clinically relevant fluids. Future development of this approach may enable multiplexed biomarker detection by using ribbons of DNA origami with integrated barcoding.
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9
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Ostromohov N, Rofman B, Bercovici M, Kaigala G. Electrokinetic Scanning Probe. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904268. [PMID: 31885215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration of a new concept are presented for a non-contact scanning probe, in which transport of fluid and molecules is controlled by electric fields. The electrokinetic scanning probe (ESP) enables local chemical and biochemical interactions with surfaces in liquid environments. The physical mechanism and design criteria for such a probe are presented, and its compatibility with a wide range of processing solutions and pH values are demonstrated. The applicability of the probe is shown for surface patterning in conjunction with localized heating and 250-fold analyte stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Ostromohov
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Baruch Rofman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Moran Bercovici
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Govind Kaigala
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
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10
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Willems K, Ruić D, Biesemans A, Galenkamp NS, Van Dorpe P, Maglia G. Engineering and Modeling the Electrophoretic Trapping of a Single Protein Inside a Nanopore. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9980-9992. [PMID: 31403770 PMCID: PMC6764111 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to confine and to study single molecules has enabled important advances in natural and applied sciences. Recently, we have shown that unlabeled proteins can be confined inside the biological nanopore Cytolysin A (ClyA) and conformational changes monitored by ionic current recordings. However, trapping small proteins remains a challenge. Here, we describe a system where steric, electrostatic, electrophoretic, and electro-osmotic forces are exploited to immobilize a small protein, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), inside ClyA. Assisted by electrostatic simulations, we show that the dwell time of DHFR inside ClyA can be increased by orders of magnitude (from milliseconds to seconds) by manipulation of the DHFR charge distribution. Further, we describe a physical model that includes a double energy barrier and the main electrophoretic components for trapping DHFR inside the nanopore. Simultaneous fits to the voltage dependence of the dwell times allowed direct estimates of the cis and trans translocation probabilities, the mean dwell time, and the force exerted by the electro-osmotic flow on the protein (≅9 pN at -50 mV) to be retrieved. The observed binding of NADPH to the trapped DHFR molecules suggested that the engineered proteins remained folded and functional inside ClyA. Contact-free confinement of single proteins inside nanopores can be employed for the manipulation and localized delivery of individual proteins and will have further applications in single-molecule analyte sensing and enzymology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kherim Willems
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dino Ruić
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie Biesemans
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Stéphanie Galenkamp
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Van Dorpe
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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11
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Nanopipette/Nanorod-Combined Quartz Tuning Fork⁻Atomic Force Microscope. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081794. [PMID: 30991660 PMCID: PMC6515033 DOI: 10.3390/s19081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a nanopipette/quartz tuning fork (QTF)–atomic force microscope (AFM) for nanolithography and a nanorod/QTF–AFM for nanoscratching with in situ detection of shear dynamics during performance. Capillary-condensed nanoscale water meniscus-mediated and electric field-assisted small-volume liquid ejection and nanolithography in ambient conditions are performed at a low bias voltage (~10 V) via a nanopipette/QTF–AFM. We produce and analyze Au nanoparticle-aggregated nanowire by using nanomeniscus-based particle stacking via a nanopipette/QTF–AFM. In addition, we perform a nanoscratching technique using in situ detection of the mechanical interactions of shear dynamics via a nanorod/QTF–AFM with force sensor capability and high sensitivity.
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12
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Simonis M, Sandmeyer A, Greiner J, Kaltschmidt B, Huser T, Hennig S. MoNa - A Cost-Efficient, Portable System for the Nanoinjection of Living Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5480. [PMID: 30940847 PMCID: PMC6445100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection techniques to deliver macromolecules to cells such as microinjection have been around for decades with applications ranging from probing whole organisms to the injection of fluorescent molecules into single cells. A similar technique that has raised recent interest is nanoinjection. The pipettes used here are much smaller and allow for the precise deposition of molecules into single cells via electrokinetics with minimal influence on the cells’ health. Unfortunately, the equipment utilized for nanoinjection originates from scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and is therefore expensive and not portable, but usually fixed to a specific microscope setup. The level of precision that these systems achieve is much higher than what is needed for the more robust nanoinjection process. We present Mobile Nanoinjection (MoNa), a portable, cost-efficient and easy to build system for the injection of single cells. Sacrificing unnecessary sub-nanometer accuracy and low ion current noise levels, we were able to inject single living cells with high accuracy. We determined the noise of the MoNa system and investigated the injection conditions for 16 prominent fluorescent labels and fluorophores. Further, we performed proof of concepts by injection of ATTO655-Phalloidin and MitoTracker Deep Red to living human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells and of living adult human inferior turbinate stem cells (ITSC’s) following neuronal differentiation with the MoNa system. We achieved significant cost reductions of the nanoinjection technology and gained full portability and compatibility to most optical microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Simonis
- Biomolecular Photonics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alice Sandmeyer
- Biomolecular Photonics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Hennig
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Chen B, Perry D, Page A, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Quantitative Nanopipette Delivery-Substrate Electrode Collection Measurements and Mapping. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2516-2524. [PMID: 30608117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is becoming a powerful multifunctional tool for probing and analyzing surfaces and interfaces. This work outlines methodology for the quantitative controlled delivery of ionic redox-active molecules from a nanopipette to a substrate electrode, with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. Through control of the SICM bias applied between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) in the SICM nanopipette probe and a similar electrode in bulk solution, it is shown that ionic redox species can be held inside the nanopipette, and then pulse-delivered to a defined region of a substrate positioned beneath the nanopipette. A self-referencing hopping mode imaging protocol is implemented, where reagent is released in bulk solution (reference measurement) and near the substrate surface at each pixel in an image, with the tip and substrate currents measured throughout. Analysis of the tip and substrate current data provides an improved understanding of mass transport and nanoscale delivery in SICM and a new means of synchronously mapping electrode reactivity, surface topography, and charge. Experiments on Ru(NH3)63+ reduction to Ru(NH3)62+ and dopamine oxidation in aqueous solution at a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (UME), used as the substrate, illustrate these aspects. Finite element method (FEM) modeling provides quantitative understanding of molecular delivery in SICM. The approach outlined constitutes a new methodology for electrode mapping and provides improved insights on the use of SICM for controlled delivery to interfaces generally.
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14
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Bulbul G, Chaves G, Olivier J, Ozel RE, Pourmand N. Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology. Cells 2018; 7:E55. [PMID: 29882813 PMCID: PMC6024992 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Examining the behavior of a single cell within its natural environment is valuable for understanding both the biological processes that control the function of cells and how injury or disease lead to pathological change of their function. Single-cell analysis can reveal information regarding the causes of genetic changes, and it can contribute to studies on the molecular basis of cell transformation and proliferation. By contrast, whole tissue biopsies can only yield information on a statistical average of several processes occurring in a population of different cells. Electrowetting within a nanopipette provides a nanobiopsy platform for the extraction of cellular material from single living cells. Additionally, functionalized nanopipette sensing probes can differentiate analytes based on their size, shape or charge density, making the technology uniquely suited to sensing changes in single-cell dynamics. In this review, we highlight the potential of nanopipette technology as a non-destructive analytical tool to monitor single living cells, with particular attention to integration into applications in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Bulbul
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Gepoliano Chaves
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Joseph Olivier
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Rifat Emrah Ozel
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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15
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Yu Y, Sundaresan V, Bandyopadhyay S, Zhang Y, Edwards MA, McKelvey K, White HS, Willets KA. Three-Dimensional Super-resolution Imaging of Single Nanoparticles Delivered by Pipettes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10529-10538. [PMID: 28968077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Controlled three-dimensional positioning of nanoparticles is achieved by delivering single fluorescent nanoparticles from a nanopipette and capturing them at well-defined regions of an electrified substrate. To control the position of single nanoparticles, the force of the pressure-driven flow from the pipette is balanced by the attractive electrostatic force at the substrate, providing a strategy by which nanoparticle trajectories can be manipulated in real time. To visualize nanoparticle motion, a resistive-pulse electrochemical setup is coupled with an optical microscope, and nanoparticle trajectories are tracked in three dimensions using super-resolution fluorescence imaging to obtain positional information with precision in the tens of nanometers. As the particles approach the substrate, the diffusion kinetics are analyzed and reveal either subdiffusive (hindered) or superdiffusive (directed) motion depending on the electric field at the substrate and the pressure-driven flow from the pipette. By balancing the effects of the forces exerted on the particle by the pressure and electric fields, controlled, real-time manipulation of single nanoparticle trajectories is achieved. The developed approach has implications for a variety of applications such as surface patterning and drug delivery using colloidal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | | | - Yulun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Katherine A Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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16
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Oskooei A, Kaigala GV. Deep-Reaching Hydrodynamic Flow Confinement: Micrometer-Scale Liquid Localization for Open Substrates With Topographical Variations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:1261-1269. [PMID: 28541189 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2597297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a method for nonintrusive localization and reagent delivery on immersed biological samples with topographical variation on the order of hundreds of micrometers. Our technique, which we refer to as the deep-reaching hydrodynamic flow confinement (DR-HFC), is simple and passive: it relies on a deep-reaching hydrodynamic confinement delivered through a simple microfluidic probe design to perform localized microscale alterations on substrates as deep as 600 μm. Designed to scan centimeter-scale areas of biological substrates, our method passively prevents sample intrusion by maintaining a large gap between the probe and the substrate. The gap prevents collision of the probe and the substrate and reduces the shear stress experienced by the sample. We present two probe designs: linear and annular DR-HFC. Both designs comprise a reagent-injection aperture and aspiration apertures that serve to confine the reagent. We identify the design parameters affecting reagent localization and depth by DR-HFC and study their individual influence on the operation of DR-HFC numerically. Using DR-HFC, we demonstrate localized binding of antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) onto an activated substrate at various depths from 50 to 600 μm. DR-HFC provides a readily implementable approach for noninvasive processing of biological samples applicable to the next generation of diagnostic and bioanalytical devices.
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17
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Mao S, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zeng H, Nakajima H, Lin JM, Uchiyama K. Convection-Diffusion Layer in an “Open Space” for Local Surface Treatment and Microfabrication using a Four-Aperture Microchemical Pen. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2357-2363. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation; The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Hulie Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Hizuru Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation; The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
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18
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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19
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Survival rate of eukaryotic cells following electrophoretic nanoinjection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41277. [PMID: 28120926 PMCID: PMC5264641 DOI: 10.1038/srep41277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of foreign molecules such as functionalized fluorescent probes, antibodies, or plasmid DNA to living cells requires overcoming the plasma membrane barrier without harming the cell during the staining process. Many techniques such as electroporation, lipofection or microinjection have been developed to overcome the cellular plasma membrane, but they all result in reduced cell viability. A novel approach is the injection of cells with a nanopipette and using electrophoretic forces for the delivery of molecules. The tip size of these pipettes is approximately ten times smaller than typical microinjection pipettes and rather than pressure pulses as delivery method, moderate DC electric fields are used to drive charged molecules out of the tip. Here, we show that this approach leads to a significantly higher survival rate of nanoinjected cells and that injection with nanopipettes has a significantly lower impact on the proliferation behavior of injected cells. Thus, we propose that injection with nanopipettes using electrophoretic delivery is an excellent alternative when working with valuable and rare living cells, such as primary cells or stem cells.
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20
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Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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21
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Perry D, Parker AS, Page A, Unwin PR. Electrochemical Control of Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Dissolution in Nanopipettes. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Alexander S. Parker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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22
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From single molecules to life: microscopy at the nanoscale. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6885-911. [PMID: 27613013 PMCID: PMC5566169 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is the term commonly given to fluorescence microscopy techniques with resolutions that are not limited by the diffraction of light. Since their conception a little over a decade ago, these techniques have quickly become the method of choice for many biologists studying structures and processes of single cells at the nanoscale. In this review, we present the three main approaches used to tackle the diffraction barrier of ∼200 nm: stimulated-emission depletion (STED) microscopy, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We first present a theoretical overview of the techniques and underlying physics, followed by a practical guide to all of the facets involved in designing a super-resolution experiment, including an approachable explanation of the photochemistry involved, labeling methods available, and sample preparation procedures. Finally, we highlight some of the most exciting recent applications of and developments in these techniques, and discuss the outlook for this field. Super-resolution microscopy techniques. Working principles of the common approaches stimulated-emission depletion (STED) microscopy, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). ![]()
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23
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Kang M, Momotenko D, Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Frontiers in Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging: Faster, Multifunctional, and Ultrasensitive. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7993-8008. [PMID: 27396415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of interfacial physicochemical processes, from electrochemistry to the functioning of living cells, involve spatially localized chemical fluxes that are associated with specific features of the interface. Scanning electrochemical probe microscopes (SEPMs) represent a powerful means of visualizing interfacial fluxes, and this Feature Article highlights recent developments that have radically advanced the speed, spatial resolution, functionality, and sensitivity of SEPMs. A major trend has been a coming together of SEPMs that developed independently and the use of established SEPMs in completely new ways, greatly expanding their scope and impact. The focus is on nanopipette-based SEPMs, including scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and hybrid techniques thereof, particularly with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Nanopipette-based probes are made easily, quickly, and cheaply with tunable characteristics. They are reproducible and can be fully characterized. Their response can be modeled in considerable detail so that quantitative maps of chemical fluxes and other properties (e.g., local charge) can be obtained and analyzed. This article provides an overview of the use of these probes for high-speed imaging, to create movies of electrochemical processes in action, to carry out multifunctional mapping such as simultaneous topography-charge and topography-activity, and to create nanoscale electrochemical cells for the detection, trapping, and analysis of single entities, particularly individual molecules and nanoparticles (NPs). These studies provide a platform for the further application and diversification of SEPMs across a wide range of interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Hennig S, van de Linde S, Bergmann S, Huser T, Sauer M. Quantitative Super-Resolution Microscopy of Nanopipette-Deposited Fluorescent Patterns. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8122-30. [PMID: 26173009 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for the deposition of minute amounts of fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides with high local precision in conductive and transparent solid layers of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) doped with glycerin and cysteamine (PVA-G-C layers). Deposition of negatively charged fluorescent molecules was accomplished with a setup based on a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) using nanopipettes with tip diameters of ∼100 nm by using the ion flux flowing between two electrodes through the nanopipette. To investigate the precision of the local deposition process, we performed in situ super-resolution microscopy by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Exploiting the single-molecule sensitivity and reliability of dSTORM, we determine the number of fluorescent molecules deposited in single spots. The correlation of applied charge and number of deposited molecules enables the quantification of delivered molecules by measuring the charge during the delivery process. We demonstrate the reproducible deposition of 3-168 fluorescent molecules in single spots and the creation of fluorescent structures. The fluorescent structures are highly stable and can be reused several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hennig
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sebastian van de Linde
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97075 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Bergmann
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld , Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis , 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 1400, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97075 Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Cai H, Wang Y, Yu Y, Mirkin MV, Bhakta S, Bishop GW, Joshi AA, Rusling JF. Resistive-Pulse Measurements with Nanopipettes: Detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) Using Antibody-Decorated Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6403-10. [PMID: 26040997 PMCID: PMC4598329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Quartz nanopipettes have recently been employed for resistive-pulse sensing of Au nanoparticles (AuNP) and nanoparticles with bound antibodies. The analytical signal in such experiments is the change in ionic current caused by the nanoparticle translocation through the pipette orifice. This paper describes resistive-pulse detection of cancer biomarker (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C, VEGF-C) through the use of antibody-modified AuNPs and nanopipettes. The main challenge was to differentiate between AuNPs with attached antibodies for VEGF-C and antigen-conjugated particles. The zeta-potentials of these types of particles are not very different, and, therefore, carefully chosen pipettes with well-characterized geometry were necessary for selective detection of VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College—CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College—CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College—CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College—CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Snehasis Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry, U-60, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Gregory W. Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, U-60, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Amit A. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, U-60, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, U-60, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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26
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Trimble WS, Grinstein S. Barriers to the free diffusion of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:259-71. [PMID: 25646084 PMCID: PMC4315255 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes segregate into specialized functional domains of distinct composition, which can persist for the entire life of the cell. How separation of their lipid and (glyco)protein components is generated and maintained is not well understood, but the existence of diffusional barriers has been proposed. Remarkably, the physical nature of such barriers and the manner whereby they impede the free diffusion of molecules in the plane of the membrane has rarely been studied in depth. Moreover, alternative mechanisms capable of generating membrane inhomogeneity are often disregarded. Here we describe prototypical biological systems where membrane segregation has been amply documented and discuss the role of diffusional barriers and other processes in the generation and maintenance of their structural and functional compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5C 1N8, Canada
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27
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Hennig S, van de Linde S, Lummer M, Simonis M, Huser T, Sauer M. Instant live-cell super-resolution imaging of cellular structures by nanoinjection of fluorescent probes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1374-81. [PMID: 25533766 DOI: 10.1021/nl504660t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Labeling internal structures within living cells with standard fluorescent probes is a challenging problem. Here, we introduce a novel intracellular staining method that enables us to carefully control the labeling process and provides instant access to the inner structures of living cells. Using a hollow glass capillary with a diameter of <100 nm, we deliver functionalized fluorescent probes directly into the cells by (di)electrophoretic forces. The label density can be adjusted and traced directly during the staining process by fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate the potential of this technique by delivering and imaging a range of commercially available cell-permeable and nonpermeable fluorescent probes to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hennig
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics and §Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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28
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Scheenen WJJM, Celikel T. Nanophysiology: Bridging synapse ultrastructure, biology, and physiology using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Synapse 2015; 69:233-41. [PMID: 25655013 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic communication is at the core of neural circuit function, and its plasticity allows the nervous system to adapt to the changes in its environment. Understanding the mechanisms of this synaptic (re)organization will benefit from novel methodologies that enable simultaneous study of synaptic ultrastructure, biology, and physiology in identified circuits. Here, we describe one of these methodologies, i.e., scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), for electrical mapping of the membrane anatomy in tens of nanometers resolution in living neurons. When combined with traditional patch-clamp and fluorescence microscopy techniques, and the newly emerging nanointerference methodologies, SICM has the potential to mechanistically bridge the synaptic structure and function longitudinally throughout the life of a synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J J M Scheenen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Ivanov AP, Actis P, Jönsson P, Klenerman D, Korchev Y, Edel JB. On-demand delivery of single DNA molecules using nanopipets. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3587-95. [PMID: 25794527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavioral properties of single molecules or larger scale populations interacting with single molecules is currently a hotly pursued topic in nanotechnology. This arises from the potential such techniques have in relation to applications such as targeted drug delivery, early stage detection of disease, and drug screening. Although label and label-free single molecule detection strategies have existed for a number of years, currently lacking are efficient methods for the controllable delivery of single molecules in aqueous environments. In this article we show both experimentally and from simulations that nanopipets in conjunction with asymmetric voltage pulses can be used for label-free detection and delivery of single molecules through the tip of a nanopipet with "on-demand" timing resolution. This was demonstrated by controllable delivery of 5 kbp and 10 kbp DNA molecules from solutions with concentrations as low as 3 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar P Ivanov
- †Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Actis
- ‡Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- §Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri Korchev
- ‡Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua B Edel
- †Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
In this report, transport through a nanopipette is studied and the interplay between current rectification and ion delivery for small pipettes is examined. First, surface charge dependence of concentration polarization effects in a quartz nanopipette was investigated. Electrical characterization was performed through current-potential (I-V) measurements. In addition, fluorescein (an anionic fluorescent probe) was utilized to optically map ion enrichment and ion depletion in the nanopipette tip. Bare nanopipettes and polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified nanopipettes were examined. Results confirm that concentration polarization is a surface charge dependent phenomenon and delivery can be controlled through modification of surface charge. The relationship between concentration polarization effects and voltage-driven delivery of charged electroactive species was investigated with a carbon ring/nanopore electrode fabricated from pyrolyzed parylene C (PPC). Factors such as surface charge polarity of the nanopipette, electrolyte pH, and electrolyte concentration were investigated. Results indicate that with modification of surface charge, additional control over delivery of charged species can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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31
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Takami T, Park BH, Kawai T. Nanopipette exploring nanoworld. NANO CONVERGENCE 2014; 1:17. [PMID: 28191397 PMCID: PMC5271136 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-014-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipettes, with tip orifices on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers, have been utilized in the fields of analytical chemistry and nanophysiology. Nanopipettes make nanofabrication possible at liquid/solid interfaces. Moreover, they are utilized in time-resolved measurements and for imaging biological materials, e.g., living cells, by using techniques such as scanning ion-conductance microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. We have successfully fabricated ion-selective nanopipettes that can be used to identify targeted ions such as sodium and potassium in- and outside of living cells. In this review, we discuss the extent of utilization of nanopipettes in investigating the nanoworld. In addition, we discuss the potential applications of future nanopipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Takami
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
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32
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Autebert J, Kashyap A, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E, Kaigala GV. Hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement: efficient use and retrieval of chemicals for microscale chemistry on surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3640-5. [PMID: 24625080 PMCID: PMC4213896 DOI: 10.1021/la500875m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We devised, implemented, and tested a new concept for efficient local surface chemistry that we call hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement (hierarchical HFC). This concept leverages the hydrodynamic shaping of multiple layers of liquid to address challenges inherent to microscale surface chemistry, such as minimal dilution, economical consumption of reagent, and fast liquid switching. We illustrate two modes of hierarchical HFC, nested and pinched, by locally denaturing and recovering a 26 bp DNA with as little as 2% dilution and by efficiently patterning an antibody on a surface, with a 5 μm resolution and a 100-fold decrease of reagent consumption compared to microcontact printing. In addition, valveless switching between nanoliter volumes of liquids was achieved within 20 ms. We believe hierarchical HFC will have broad utility for chemistry on surfaces at the microscale.
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33
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Statistical denoising scheme for single molecule fluorescence microscopic images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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34
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An S, Lee K, Kim B, Noh H, Kim J, Kwon S, Lee M, Hong MH, Jhe W. Nanopipette combined with quartz tuning fork-atomic force microscope for force spectroscopy/microscopy and liquid delivery-based nanofabrication. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:033702. [PMID: 24689587 DOI: 10.1063/1.4866656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a nanopipette combined with a quartz tuning fork-atomic force microscope system (nanopipette/QTF-AFM), and describes experimental and theoretical investigations of the nanoscale materials used. The system offers several advantages over conventional cantilever-based AFM and QTF-AFM systems, including simple control of the quality factor based on the contact position of the QTF, easy variation of the effective tip diameter, electrical detection, on-demand delivery and patterning of various solutions, and in situ surface characterization after patterning. This tool enables nanoscale liquid delivery and nanofabrication processes without damaging the apex of the tip in various environments, and also offers force spectroscopy and microscopy capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Kunyoung Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Bongsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Haneol Noh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Kwon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Manhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Mun-Heon Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Wonho Jhe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nano-Liquid, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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35
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Cors JF, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E, Kaigala GV. A compact and versatile microfluidic probe for local processing of tissue sections and biological specimens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:034301. [PMID: 24689601 DOI: 10.1063/1.4866976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The microfluidic probe (MFP) is a non-contact, scanning microfluidic technology for local (bio)chemical processing of surfaces based on hydrodynamically confining nanoliter volumes of liquids over tens of micrometers. We present here a compact MFP (cMFP) that can be used on a standard inverted microscope and assist in the local processing of tissue sections and biological specimens. The cMFP has a footprint of 175 × 100 × 140 mm(3) and can scan an area of 45 × 45 mm(2) on a surface with an accuracy of ±15 μm. The cMFP is compatible with standard surfaces used in life science laboratories such as microscope slides and Petri dishes. For ease of use, we developed self-aligned mounted MFP heads with standardized "chip-to-world" and "chip-to-platform" interfaces. Switching the processing liquid in the flow confinement is performed within 90 s using a selector valve with a dead-volume of approximately 5 μl. We further implemented height-compensation that allows a cMFP head to follow non-planar surfaces common in tissue and cellular ensembles. This was shown by patterning different macroscopic copper-coated topographies with height differences up to 750 μm. To illustrate the applicability to tissue processing, 5 μm thick M000921 BRAF V600E+ melanoma cell blocks were stained with hematoxylin to create contours, lines, spots, gradients of the chemicals, and multiple spots over larger areas. The local staining was performed in an interactive manner using a joystick and a scripting module. The compactness, user-friendliness, and functionality of the cMFP will enable it to be adapted as a standard tool in research, development and diagnostic laboratories, particularly for the interaction with tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cors
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | - R D Lovchik
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | - E Delamarche
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | - G V Kaigala
- IBM Research-Zurich, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland
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36
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Gao Y, Longenbach T, Vitol EA, Orynbayeva Z, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. One-dimensional nanoprobes for single-cell studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:153-68. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to variation of individual cells within a population, single-cell studies are of great interest to researchers. Recent developments in nanofabrication technology have made this area increasingly attractive as one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale probes can be manufactured with increasing accuracy. Here, we provide an overview and description of the major designs that have been reported to date. For more details of what applications could be realized and how, based on the probe shapes and designs, we summarize the most recently reported performances of 1D single-cell probes with their advantages and limitations. Minimally invasive probes are required for long-term experiments on single cells. Carbon nanotubes with their unique properties and structure are excellent candidates for multitask robotic intracellular probes. Carbon nanotube-tipped cellular endoscopes are less invasive compared with pipettes or cantilever tips. Advances in nanofabrication techniques have made it possible to produce more consistent nanoscale cellular probes that can capture a variety of information from optical, electrical and chemical signals. In addition, these tools can transfer tiny amounts of fluids and molecular materials in a highly localized fashion for the purpose of analyzing or stimulating a variety of responses at the level of individual cells and even cellular organelles. We conclude with a critical analysis of the current state of the field as well as the major obstacles for further probe development of minimally invasive probes and their widespread use in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Travis Longenbach
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elina A Vitol
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- AJ Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- AJ Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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Gong X, Patil AV, Ivanov AP, Kong Q, Gibb T, Dogan F, deMello AJ, Edel JB. Label-Free In-Flow Detection of Single DNA Molecules using Glass Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2013; 86:835-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403391q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amol V. Patil
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar P. Ivanov
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qingyuan Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gibb
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Dogan
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute
for
Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B. Edel
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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38
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Babakinejad B, Jönsson P, López Córdoba A, Actis P, Novak P, Takahashi Y, Shevchuk A, Anand U, Anand P, Drews A, Ferrer-Montiel A, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Local delivery of molecules from a nanopipette for quantitative receptor mapping on live cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9333-42. [PMID: 24004146 DOI: 10.1021/ac4021769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using nanopipettes to locally deliver molecules to the surface of living cells could potentially open up studies of biological processes down to the level of single molecules. However, in order to achieve precise and quantitative local delivery it is essential to be able to determine the amount and distribution of the molecules being delivered. In this work, we investigate how the size of the nanopipette, the magnitude of the applied pressure or voltage, which drives the delivery, and the distance to the underlying surface influences the number and spatial distribution of the delivered molecules. Analytical expressions describing the delivery are derived and compared with the results from finite element simulations and experiments on delivery from a 100 nm nanopipette in bulk solution and to the surface of sensory neurons. We then developed a setup for rapid and quantitative delivery to multiple subcellular areas, delivering the molecule capsaicin to stimulate opening of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) channels, membrane receptors involved in pain sensation. Overall, precise and quantitative delivery of molecules from nanopipettes has been demonstrated, opening up many applications in biology such as locally stimulating and mapping receptors on the surface of live cells.
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39
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Thakar R, Weber AE, Morris CA, Baker LA. Multifunctional carbon nanoelectrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Analyst 2013; 138:5973-82. [PMID: 23942511 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy for fabrication of sub-micron, multifunctional carbon electrodes and application of these electrodes as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). The fabrication process utilized chemical vapor deposition of parylene, followed by thermal pyrolysis to form conductive carbon and then further deposition of parylene to form an insulation layer. To achieve well-defined electrode geometries, two methods of electrode exposure were utilized. In the first method, carbon probes were masked in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to obtain a cone-shaped electrode. In the second method, the electrode area was exposed via milling with a focused ion beam (FIB) to reveal a carbon ring electrode, carbon ring/platinum disk electrode, or carbon ring/nanopore electrode. Carbon electrodes were batch fabricated (~35/batch) through the vapor deposition process and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was utilized to examine the effects of Ga(+) ion implantation, a result of FIB milling. Constant-height, feedback mode SECM was performed with conical carbon electrodes and carbon ring electrodes. We demonstrate the utility of carbon ring/nanopore electrodes with SECM-SICM to simultaneously collect topography, ion current and electrochemical current images. In addition, carbon ring/nanopore electrodes were utilized in substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) SECM. In SG/TC SECM, localized delivery of redox molecules affords a higher resolution, than when the redox molecules are present in the bath solution. Multifunctional geometries of carbon electrode probes will find utility in electroanalytical applications, in general, and more specifically with electrochemical microscopy as discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Thakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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40
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Kaigala GV, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E. Microfluidics in the "open space" for performing localized chemistry on biological interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 51:11224-40. [PMID: 23111955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Local interactions between (bio)chemicals and biological interfaces play an important role in fields ranging from surface patterning to cell toxicology. These interactions can be studied using microfluidic systems that operate in the "open space", that is, without the need for the sealed channels and chambers commonly used in microfluidics. This emerging class of techniques localizes chemical reactions on biological interfaces or specimens without imposing significant "constraints" on samples, such as encapsulation, pre-processing steps, or the need for scaffolds. They therefore provide new opportunities for handling, analyzing, and interacting with biological samples. The motivation for performing localized chemistry is discussed, as are the requirements imposed on localization techniques. Three classes of microfluidic systems operating in the open space, based on microelectrochemistry, multiphase transport, and hydrodynamic flow confinement of liquids are presented.
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41
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A quantitative comparison of single-dye tracking analysis tools using Monte Carlo simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64287. [PMID: 23737978 PMCID: PMC3667770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-particle tracking (SPT) is widely used to study processes from membrane receptor organization to the dynamics of RNAs in living cells. While single-dye labeling strategies have the benefit of being minimally invasive, this comes at the expense of data quality; typically a data set of short trajectories is obtained and analyzed by means of the mean square displacements (MSD) or the distribution of the particles' displacements in a set time interval (jump distance, JD). To evaluate the applicability of both approaches, a quantitative comparison of both methods under typically encountered experimental conditions is necessary. Here we use Monte Carlo simulations to systematically compare the accuracy of diffusion coefficients (D-values) obtained for three cases: one population of diffusing species, two populations with different D-values, and a population switching between two D-values. For the first case we find that the MSD gives more or equally accurate results than the JD analysis (relative errors of D-values <6%). If two diffusing species are present or a particle undergoes a motion change, the JD analysis successfully distinguishes both species (relative error <5%). Finally we apply the JD analysis to investigate the motion of endogenous LPS receptors in live macrophages before and after treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin and latrunculin B.
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42
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Klenerman D, Shevchuk A, Novak P, Korchev YE, Davis SJ. Imaging the cell surface and its organization down to the level of single molecules. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 368:20120027. [PMID: 23267181 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the organization of key molecules on the surface of live cells in two dimensions and how this changes during biological processes, such as signalling, is a major challenge in cell biology and requires methods with nanoscale spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. Here, we review biophysical tools, based on scanning ion conductance microscopy and single-molecule fluorescence and the combination of both of these methods, which have recently been developed to address these issues. We then give examples of how these methods have been be applied to provide new insights into cell membrane organization and function, and discuss some of the issues that will need to be addressed to further exploit these methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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43
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a scanning probe technique that utilizes the increase in access resistance that occurs if an electrolyte filled glass micro-pipette is approached towards a poorly conducting surface. Since an increase in resistance can be monitored before the physical contact between scanning probe tip and sample, this technique is particularly useful to investigate the topography of delicate samples such as living cells. SICM has shown its potential in various applications such as high resolution and long-time imaging of living cells or the determination of local changes in cellular volume. Furthermore, SICM has been combined with various techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or patch clamping to reveal localized information about proteins or protein functions. This review details the various advantages and pitfalls of SICM and provides an overview of the recent developments and applications of SICM in biological imaging. Furthermore, we show that in principle, a combination of SICM and ion selective micro-electrodes enables one to monitor the local ion activity surrounding a living cell.
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44
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An S, Stambaugh C, Kim G, Lee M, Kim Y, Lee K, Jhe W. Low-volume liquid delivery and nanolithography using a nanopipette combined with a quartz tuning fork-atomic force microscope. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6493-6500. [PMID: 22960993 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electric-field-induced low-volume liquid ejection under ambient conditions was realized at a low bias potential of 12 V via a nanopipette (aperture diameter of 30 nm) combined with a non-contact, distance-regulated (within 10 nm) quartz tuning fork-atomic force microscope. A capillary-condensed water meniscus, spontaneously formed in the tip-substrate nanogap, reduces the ejection barrier by four orders of magnitude, facilitating nanoliquid ejection and subsequent liquid transport/dispersion onto the substrate without contact damage from the pipette. A study of nanofluidics through a free-standing liquid nanochannel and nanolithography was performed with this technique. This is an important breakthrough for various applications in controlled nanomaterial-delivery and selective deposition, such as multicolor nanopatterning and nano-inkjet devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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45
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Adam Seger R, Actis P, Penfold C, Maalouf M, Vilozny B, Pourmand N. Voltage controlled nano-injection system for single-cell surgery. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5843-6. [PMID: 22899383 PMCID: PMC4406976 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation and analysis of single cells is the next frontier in understanding processes that control the function and fate of cells. Herein we describe a single-cell injection platform based on nanopipettes. The system uses scanning microscopy techniques to detect cell surfaces, and voltage pulses to deliver molecules into individual cells. As a proof of concept, we injected adherent mammalian cells with fluorescent dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adam Seger
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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46
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The application of nanopipettes to conducting polymer fabrication, imaging and electrochemical characterization. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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47
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Bancaud A, Lavelle C, Huet S, Ellenberg J. A fractal model for nuclear organization: current evidence and biological implications. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8783-92. [PMID: 22790985 PMCID: PMC3467038 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is a multiscale structure on which transcription, replication, recombination and repair of the genome occur. To fully understand any of these processes at the molecular level under physiological conditions, a clear picture of the polymorphic and dynamic organization of chromatin in the eukaryotic nucleus is required. Recent studies indicate that a fractal model of chromatin architecture is consistent with both the reaction-diffusion properties of chromatin interacting proteins and with structural data on chromatin interminglement. In this study, we provide a critical overview of the experimental evidence that support a fractal organization of chromatin. On this basis, we discuss the functional implications of a fractal chromatin model for biological processes and propose future experiments to probe chromatin organization further that should allow to strongly support or invalidate the fractal hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bancaud
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse F-31077, France.
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48
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Chen CC, Zhou Y, Baker LA. Scanning ion conductance microscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:207-228. [PMID: 22524219 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a versatile type of scanning probe microscopy for studies in molecular biology and materials science. Recent advances in feedback and probe fabrication have greatly increased the resolution, stability, and speed of imaging. Noncontact imaging and the ability to deliver materials to localized areas have made SICM especially fruitful for studies of molecular biology, and many examples of such use have been reported. In this review, we highlight new developments in the operation of SICM and describe some of the most exciting recent studies from this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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49
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Normanno D, Dahan M, Darzacq X. Intra-nuclear mobility and target search mechanisms of transcription factors: a single-molecule perspective on gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:482-93. [PMID: 22342464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Precise expression of specific genes in time and space is at the basis of cellular viability as well as correct development of organisms. Understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation is fundamental and still one of the great challenges for biology. Gene expression is regulated also by specific transcription factors that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Transcription factors dynamics, and especially the way they sample the nucleoplasmic space during the search for their specific target in the genome, are a key aspect for regulation and it has been puzzling researchers for forty years. The scope of this review is to give a state-of-the-art perspective over the intra-nuclear mobility and the target search mechanisms of specific transcription factors at the molecular level. Going through the seminal biochemical experiments that have raised the first questions about target localization and the theoretical grounds concerning target search processes, we describe the most recent experimental achievements and current challenges in understanding transcription factors dynamics and interactions with DNA using in vitro assays as well as in live prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Normanno
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, Ecole normale supérieure, 46, Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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50
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Imaging and characterisation of the surface of live cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:696-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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