1
|
Tasma Z, Rees TA, Guo S, Tan S, O'Carroll SJ, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Christensen SL, Hay DL, Walker CS. Pharmacology of PACAP and VIP receptors in the spinal cord highlights the importance of the PAC 1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2655-2675. [PMID: 38616050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The spinal cord is a key structure involved in the transmission and modulation of pain. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are expressed in the spinal cord. These peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) that could provide targets for the development of novel pain treatments. However, it is not clear which of these receptors are expressed within the spinal cord and how these receptors signal. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dissociated rat spinal cord cultures were used to examine agonist and antagonist receptor pharmacology. Signalling profiles were determined for five signalling pathways. The expression of different PACAP and VIP receptors was then investigated in mouse, rat and human spinal cords using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS PACAP, but not VIP, potently stimulated cAMP, IP1 accumulation and ERK and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) but not Akt phosphorylation in spinal cord cultures. Signalling was antagonised by M65 and PACAP6-38. PACAP-27 was more effectively antagonised than either PACAP-38 or VIP. The patterns of PAC1 and VPAC2 receptor-like immunoreactivity appeared to be distinct in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The pharmacological profile in the spinal cord suggested that a PAC1 receptor is the major functional receptor subtype present and thus likely mediates the nociceptive effects of the PACAP family of peptides in the spinal cord. However, the potential expression of both PAC1 and VPAC2 receptors in the spinal cord highlights that these receptors may play differential roles and are both possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/agonists
- Humans
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
- Mice
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cells, Cultured
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/agonists
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Odontology, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sheryl Tan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asano S, Ono A, Sakamoto K, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Tanimoto K, Hashimoto H, Ago Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 signaling promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by enhancing the ERK pathway. Peptides 2023; 161:170940. [PMID: 36603770 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor 2 (VIPR2) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor with the neuropeptide VIP as a ligand. Increased VIPR2 mRNA expression and/or VIPR2 gene copy number has been documented in several cancers including breast carcinoma. However, the pathophysiological role of increased VIPR2 in the proliferation of breast cancer cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that VIPR2 overexpression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, human breast cancer cell lines, promoted cell proliferation. Increased VIPR2 also exacerbated intraperitoneal proliferation of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in a tumor nude mouse model in vivo. Treatment with KS-133, a VIPR2-selective antagonist peptide, significantly inhibited VIP-induced cell proliferation in VIPR2-overexpressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Overexpressed VIPR2 caused increases in the levels of cAMP and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which involves a VIPR2 signaling pathway through Gs protein. Additionally, phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ser157) and cAMP response element binding protein (Ser133) in VIPR2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells was greater than that in control cells, suggesting the increased PKA activity. Moreover, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, U0126, attenuated tumor proliferation in exogenous VIPR2-expressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at the same level as observed in EGFP-expressing cells treated with U0126. Together, these findings suggest that VIPR2 controls breast tumor growth by regulating the cAMP/PKA/ERK signaling pathway, and the excessive expression of VIPR2 may lead to an exacerbation of breast carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Ami Ono
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Research & Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Company Limited, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu, 501-0475 Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tasma Z, Siow A, Harris PWR, Brimble MA, O’Carroll SJ, Hay DL, Walker CS. PAC 1, VPAC 1, and VPAC 2 Receptor Expression in Rat and Human Trigeminal Ganglia: Characterization of PACAP-Responsive Receptor Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213797. [PMID: 36430275 PMCID: PMC9697343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The TG conducts nociceptive signals in the head and may play roles in migraine. PACAP infusion provokes headaches in healthy individuals and migraine-like attacks in patients; however, it is not clear whether targeting this system could be therapeutically efficacious. To effectively target the PACAP system, an understanding of PACAP receptor distribution is required. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize commercially available antibodies and use these to detect PACAP-responsive receptors in the TG. Antibodies were initially validated in receptor transfected cell models and then used to explore receptor expression in rat and human TG. Antibodies were identified that could detect PACAP-responsive receptors, including the first antibody to differentiate between the PAC1n and PAC1s receptor splice variants. PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptor-like immunoreactivity were observed in subpopulations of both neuronal and glial-like cells in the TG. In this study, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors were detected in the TG, suggesting they are all potential targets to treat migraine. These antibodies may be useful tools to help elucidate PACAP-responsive receptor expression in tissues. However, most antibodies exhibited limitations, requiring the use of multiple methodologies and the careful inclusion of controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Simon J. O’Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ravindranathan S, Passang T, Li JM, Wang S, Dhamsania R, Ware MB, Zaidi MY, Zhu J, Cardenas M, Liu Y, Gumber S, Robinson B, Sen-Majumdar A, Zhang H, Chandrakasan S, Kissick H, Frey AB, Thomas SN, El-Rayes BF, Lesinski GB, Waller EK. Targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated signaling enhances response to immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6418. [PMID: 36302761 PMCID: PMC9613684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A paucity of effector T cells within tumors renders pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) resistant to immune checkpoint therapies. While several under-development approaches target immune-suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, there is less focus on improving T cell function. Here we show that inhibiting vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VIP-R) signaling enhances anti-tumor immunity in murine PDAC models. In silico data mining and immunohistochemistry analysis of primary tumors indicate overexpression of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in human PDAC tumors. Elevated VIP levels are also present in PDAC patient plasma and supernatants of cultured PDAC cells. Furthermore, T cells up-regulate VIP receptors after activation, identifying the VIP signaling pathway as a potential target to enhance T cell function. In mouse PDAC models, VIP-R antagonist peptides synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in improving T cell recruitment into the tumors, activation of tumor-antigen-specific T cells, and inhibition of T cell exhaustion. In contrast to the limited single-agent activity of anti-PD1 antibodies or VIP-R antagonist peptides, combining both therapies eliminate tumors in up to 40% of animals. Furthermore, tumor-free mice resist tumor re-challenge, indicating anti-cancer immunological memory generation. VIP-R signaling thus represents a tumor-protective immune-modulatory pathway that is targetable in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ravindranathan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Tenzin Passang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rohan Dhamsania
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Brandon Ware
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad Y Zaidi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jingru Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Haydn Kissick
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Susan N Thomas
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Asano S, Yamasaka M, Ozasa K, Sakamoto K, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA, Ago Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide–VIPR2 signaling regulates tumor cell migration. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852358. [PMID: 36237322 PMCID: PMC9550923 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide metabolism is critically involved in human cancer cell migration and metastatic growth. The formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of migrating cells is regulated by metabolism of the inositol phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 into PI(3,4,5)P3. The synthesized PI(3,4,5)P3 promotes the translocation of WASP family verprolin homologous protein 2 (WAVE2) to the plasma membrane and regulates guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rac-mediated actin filament remodeling. Here, we investigated if VIPR2, a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), has a potential role in regulating cell migration via this pathway. We found that silencing of VIPR2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells inhibited VIP-induced cell migration. In contrast, stable expression of exogenous VIPR2 promoted VIP-induced tumor cell migration, an effect that was inhibited by the addition of a PI3-kinase (PI3K)γ inhibitor or a VIPR2-selective antagonist. VIPR2 stably-expressing cells exhibited increased PI3K activity. Membrane localization of PI(3,4,5)P3 was significantly attenuated by VIPR2-silencing. VIPR2-silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells suppressed lamellipodium extension; in VIPR2-overexpressing cells, VIPR2 accumulated in the cell membrane on lamellipodia and co-localized with WAVE2. Conversely, VIPR2-silencing reduced WAVE2 level on the cell membrane and inhibited the interaction between WAVE2, actin-related protein 3, and actin. These findings suggest that VIP–VIPR2 signaling controls cancer migration by regulating WAVE2-mediated actin nucleation and elongation for lamellipodium formation through the synthesis of PI(3,4,5)P3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Asano, ; Yukio Ago,
| | - Misa Yamasaka
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kairi Ozasa
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Company Limited, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Asano, ; Yukio Ago,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prognostic and Functional Analysis of NPY6R in Uveal Melanoma Using Bioinformatics. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4143447. [PMID: 35432628 PMCID: PMC9012612 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4143447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides can mediate tumor cell proliferation and differentiation through autocrine, paracrine, neurosecretory, and endocrine mechanisms. This study investigated the expression and prognostic significance of neuropeptide Y receptor Y6 (NPY6R) in uveal melanoma (UVM) and preliminarily investigated the biological function of NPY6R in UVM. NPY6R was poorly expressed in most tumors and was associated with better prognosis in UVM. Among the clinicopathological features of UVM, NPY6R expression was lower in male patients. The area under the curve (AUC) value of NPY6R for the diagnosis of UVM was 0.676 (95% CI: 0.556–0.795). A nomogram including four clinical predictors was constructed. NPY6R expression was significantly associated with features of the UVM immune microenvironment. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were used to calculate the fraction of immune cells and the percentage of infiltration in each patient, respectively. NPY6R expression-related gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analyses were performed. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that NPY6R-related genes are mainly enriched in pathways and functions related to visual light perception. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that NPY6R is associated with tumor progression in UVM. NPY6R is involved in the tumor progression of UVM and has a good predictive value as a prognostic marker of UVM.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread occurrence and diverse functions. PACAP binds to specific PAC1 and non-specific VPAC1/2 receptors. PACAP is considered as a growth factor, as it plays important roles during development and participates in reparative processes. Highest concentrations are found in the nervous system and endocrine glands, where several functions are known, including actions in tissue growth, differentiation and tumour development. Therefore, we have investigated expression of PACAP and its receptors in different tumours, including those of endocrine glands. We showed earlier that PACAP and PAC1 receptor staining intensity decreased in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In the present study we aimed to investigate alterations of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in human insulinoma and compared the immunostaining pattern with samples from chronic pancreatitis patients. We collected perioperative and histological data of patients who underwent operation because of insulinoma or chronic pancreatitis over a five-year-long period. Histology showed chronic pancreatitis with severe scar formation in pancreatitis patients, while tumour samples evidenced Grade 1 or 2 insulinoma. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression was studied using immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was very strong in the Langerhans islets of normal tissue and discernible staining was also observed in the exocrine pancreas. Immunostaining intensity for both PACAP and PAC1 receptor was markedly weaker in insulinoma samples, and disappeared from chronic pancreatitis samples except for intact islets. These findings show that PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling is altered in insulinoma and this suggests a possible involvement of this system in tumour growth or differentiation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Colorectal Cancer Early Detection in Stool Samples Tracing CpG Islands Methylation Alterations Affecting Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124494. [PMID: 32599859 PMCID: PMC7349989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer mortality. Early diagnosis is relevant for its prevention and treatment. Since DNA methylation alterations are early events in tumourigenesis and can be detected in cell-free DNA, they represent promising biomarkers for early CRC diagnosis through non-invasive methods. In our previous work, we identified 74 early altered CpG islands (CGIs) associated with genes involved in cell cross-talking and cell signalling pathways. The aim of this work was to test whether methylation-based biomarkers could be detected in non-invasive matrices. Our results confirmed methylation alterations of GRIA4 and VIPR2 in CRC tissues, using MethyLight, as well as in stool samples, using a much more sensitive technique as droplet digital PCR. Furthermore, we analysed expression levels of selected genes whose promoter CGIs were hypermethylated in CRC, detecting downregulation at mRNA and protein levels in CRC tissue for GRIA4, VIPR2, SPOCK1 and SLC6A3. Most of these genes were already lowly expressed in colon normal tissues supporting the idea that cancer DNA methylation targets genes already barely expressed in the matched normal tissues. Our study suggests GRIA4 and VIPR2 as biomarkers for early CRC diagnosis using stool samples and confirms downregulation of genes hypermethylated in CRC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian X, Richard A, El-Saadi MW, Bhandari A, Latimer B, Van Savage I, Holmes K, Klein RL, Dwyer D, Goeders NE, Yang XW, Lu XH. Dosage sensitivity intolerance of VIPR2 microduplication is disease causative to manifest schizophrenia-like phenotypes in a novel BAC transgenic mouse model. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1884-1901. [PMID: 31444475 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified copy number variations (CNVs) at chromosomal locus 7q36.3 that significantly contribute to the risk of schizophrenia, with all of the microduplications occurring within a single gene: vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2). To confirm disease causality and translate such a genetic vulnerability into mechanistic and pathophysiological insights, we have developed a series of conditional VIPR2 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse models of VIPR2 CNV. VIPR2 CNV mouse model recapitulates gene expression and signaling deficits seen in human CNV carriers. VIPR2 microduplication in mice elicits prominent dorsal striatal dopamine dysfunction, cognitive, sensorimotor gating, and social behavioral deficits preceded by an increase of striatal cAMP/PKA signaling and the disrupted early postnatal striatal development. Genetic removal of VIPR2 transgene expression via crossing with Drd1a-Cre BAC transgenic mice rescued the dopamine D2 receptor abnormality and multiple behavioral deficits, implicating a pathogenic role of VIPR2 overexpression in dopaminoceptive neurons. Thus, our results provide further evidence to support the GWAS studies that the dosage sensitivity intolerance of VIPR2 is disease causative to manifest schizophrenia-like dopamine, cognitive, and social behavioral deficits in mice. The conditional BAC transgenesis offers a novel strategy to model CNVs with a gain-of -copies and facilitate the genetic dissection of when/where/how the genetic vulnerabilities affect development, structure, and function of neural circuits. Our findings have important implications for therapeutic development, and the etiology-relevant mouse model provides a useful preclinical platform for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Adam Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Madison Wynne El-Saadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Aakriti Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Brian Latimer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Isabella Van Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Kevlyn Holmes
- California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ronald L Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Donard Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Human Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferencz S, Reglodi D, Kaszas B, Bardosi A, Toth D, Vekony Z, Vicena V, Karadi O, Kelemen D. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5725-5730. [PMID: 31788045 PMCID: PMC6865831 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most malignant diseases and is associated with a poor survival rate. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts on three different G protein-coupled receptors: the specific PAC1 and the VPAC1/2 that also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide. PACAP is widely distributed in the body and has diverse physiological effects. Among other things, it acts as a trophic factor and influences proliferation and differentiation of several different cells both under normal circumstances and tumourous transformation. Changes of PACAP and its receptors have been shown in various tumour types. However, it is not known whether PACAP and its specific receptor are altered in pancreatic cancer. Perioperative data of patients with pancreas carcinoma was investigated over a five-year period. Histological results showed Grade 2 or Grade 3 adenocarcinoma in most cases. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity of PAC1 receptor was strong in normal tissues both in the exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas, the receptor staining was markedly weaker in the adenocarcinoma. PACAP immunostaining was weak in the exocrine part and very strong in the islets and nerve elements in non-tumourous tissues. The PACAP immunostaining almost disappeared in the adenocarcinoma samples. Based on these findings a decrease or lack of the PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling might have an influence on tumour growth and/or differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Ferencz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Balint Kaszas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Attila Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, and Proteopath GmbH, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Vekony
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Oszkar Karadi
- Department of Oncology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dezso Kelemen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mosley RL, Lu Y, Olson KE, Machhi J, Yan W, Namminga KL, Smith JR, Shandler SJ, Gendelman HE. A Synthetic Agonist to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor-2 Induces Regulatory T Cell Neuroprotective Activities in Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:421. [PMID: 31619964 PMCID: PMC6759633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift has emerged in Parkinson’s disease (PD) highlighting the prominent role of CD4+ Tregs in pathogenesis and treatment. Bench to bedside research, conducted by others and our own laboratories, advanced a neuroprotective role for Tregs making pharmacologic transformation of immediate need. Herein, a vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-2 (VIPR2) peptide agonist, LBT-3627, was developed as a neuroprotectant for PD-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Employing both 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) overexpression models in rats, the sequential administration of LBT-3627 increased Treg activity without altering cell numbers both in naïve animals and during progressive nigrostriatal degeneration. LBT-3627 administration was linked to reductions of inflammatory microglia, increased survival of dopaminergic neurons, and improved striatal densities. While α-Syn overexpression resulted in reduced Treg activity, LBT-3627 rescued these functional deficits. This occurred in a dose-dependent manner closely mimicking neuroprotection. Taken together, these data provide the basis for the use of VIPR2 agonists as potent therapeutic immune modulating agents to restore Treg activity, attenuate neuroinflammation, and interdict dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD. The data underscore an important role of immunity in PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jenell R Smith
- Longevity Biotech, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reglodi D, Illes A, Opper B, Schafer E, Tamas A, Horvath G. Presence and Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions in the Stomach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29615974 PMCID: PMC5868562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide with widespread occurrence throughout the body including the gastrointestinal system. In the small and large intestine, effects of PACAP on cell proliferation, secretion, motility, gut immunology and blood flow, as well as its importance in bowel inflammatory reactions and cancer development have been shown and reviewed earlier. However, no current review is available on the actions of PACAP in the stomach in spite of numerous data published on the gastric presence and actions of the peptide. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize currently available data on the distribution and effects of PACAP in the stomach. We review data on the localization of PACAP and its receptors in the stomach wall of various mammalian and non-mammalian species, we then give an overview on PACAP's effects on secretion of gastric acid and various hormones. Effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, blood flow and gastric motility are also reviewed. Finally, we outline PACAP's involvement and changes in various human pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi,
| | - Anita Illes
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Schafer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cytoprotective effect of neuropeptides on cancer stem cells: vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced antiapoptotic signaling. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2844. [PMID: 28569785 PMCID: PMC5520887 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are increasingly considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis and drug resistance. The drug resistance mechanisms activated in CSCs have not been thoroughly investigated. Although neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can promote tumor growth and activate antiapoptotic signaling in differentiated cancer cells, it is not known whether they can activate antiapoptotic mechanisms in CSCs. The objectives of this study are to unravel the cytoprotective effects of neuropeptides and identify antiapoptotic mechanisms activated by neuropeptides in response to anticancer drug treatment in CSCs. We enriched and purified CSCs (CD44+/high/CD24-/low or CD133+ population) from breast and prostate cancer cell lines, and demonstrated their stemness phenotype. Of the several neuropeptides tested, only VIP could protect CSCs from drug-induced apoptosis. A functional correlation was found between drug-induced apoptosis and dephosphorylation of proapoptotic Bcl2 family protein BAD. Similarly, VIP-induced cytoprotection correlated with BAD phosphorylation at Ser112 in CSCs. Using pharmacological inhibitors and dominant-negative proteins, we showed that VIP-induced cytoprotection and BAD phosphorylation are mediated via both Ras/MAPK and PKA pathways in CSCs of prostate cancer LNCaP and C4-2 cells, but only PKA signaling was involved in CSCs of DUVIPR (DU145 prostate cancer cells ectopically expressing VIP receptor) and breast cancer MCF7 cells. As each of these pathways partially control BAD phosphorylation at Ser112, both have to be inhibited to block the cytoprotective effects of VIP. Furthermore, VIP is unable to protect CSCs that express phosphorylation-deficient mutant-BAD, suggesting that BAD phosphorylation is essential. Thus, antiapoptotic signaling by VIP could be one of the drug resistance mechanisms by which CSCs escape from anticancer therapies. Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of VIP receptor inhibition to eliminate CSCs, and that targeting BAD might be an attractive strategy for development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Petersen CT, Li JM, Waller EK. Administration of a vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist enhances the autologous anti-leukemia T cell response in murine models of acute leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638725 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1304336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroendocrine peptide hormone that has potent anti-inflammatory activities. VIP signaling through its receptor VPAC1 on T cells leads to reduced proliferation and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. We report here that inhibition of the VIP pathway with a peptide antagonist significantly enhances a T-cell-dependent, autologous anti-leukemia response in murine models of acute myeloid leukemia and T lymphoblastic leukemia. Subcutaneous administration of the VIP antagonist, VIPhyb, resulted in reduced tumor burden and significantly enhanced survival (30-50% survival) over vehicle-treated controls (0-20% survival). The T cells in mice treated with VIPhyb expressed lower levels of the co-inhibitory PD-1 and secreted higher levels of IFNγ. Furthermore, T cells from VIPhyb-treated survivors were protective against C1498 following adoptive transfer. These data highlight the potential for the VIP pathway as a novel target for immunomodulation in settings of hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Petersen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bardosi S, Bardosi A, Nagy Z, Reglodi D. Expression of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in Normal Human Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Jensen RT. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, and their receptors and cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:38-47. [PMID: 26702849 PMCID: PMC4844466 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1) in human tumors as well as their role in potential novel treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable progress has been made in understanding of the effects of VIP/PACAP on growth of various tumors as well as in the signaling cascades involved, especially in the role of transactivation of the epidermal growth factor family. The overexpression of VPAC1/2 and PAC1 on a number of common neoplasms (breast, lung, prostate, central nervous system and neuroblastoma) is receiving increased attention both as a means of tumor imaging the location and extent of these tumors, as well as for targeted directed treatment, by coupling cytotoxic agents to VIP/PACAP analogues. SUMMARY VIP/PACAP has prominent growth effects on a number of common neoplasms, which frequently overexpressed the three subtypes of their receptors. The increased understanding of their signaling cascades, effect on tumor growth/differentiation and the use of the overexpression of these receptors for localization/targeted cytotoxic delivery are all suggesting possible novel tumor treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- aDepartment of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director bNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|