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Nema J, Wadhwani N, Randhir K, Dangat K, Pisal H, Kadam V, Mehendale S, Wagh G, Kulkarni B, Sachdev HS, Fall C, Gupte S, Joshi S. Association of maternal vitamin D status with the risk of preeclampsia. Food Funct 2023; 14:4859-4865. [PMID: 37129568 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine serum vitamin D concentrations from early pregnancy until delivery in women who did and did not develop preeclampsia. This longitudinal study was carried out in Pune, India. A total of 1154 women with singleton pregnancies were recruited in early pregnancy from two hospitals. Blood samples were collected and stored at four time points across gestation: V1 = 11-14 weeks, V2 = 18-22 weeks, V3 = 26-28 weeks and V4 = at delivery. 108 women who developed preeclampsia (PE) and 216 who did not develop PE (Non-PE) were randomly selected from the remainder. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) were estimated in their samples using commercially available ELISA kits. Independent t-tests were used to compare 25(OH)D between PE and non-PE groups. Logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations of 25(OH)D with the risk of preeclampsia and birth outcomes, respectively, after adjusting for confounders. The mean (SD) 25(OH)D at V1 was 21.95 (19.64) in the Non-PE group and 17.76 (13.21) in the PE group. A decrease in the concentrations of vitamin D (ng ml-1) in mid-pregnancy (V2) and at delivery was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (0.31 [95% CI 0.11, 0.86], p = 0.024 and 0.24 [95% CI 0.08, 0.77], p = 0.016), respectively. Our finding of lower vitamin D concentrations in mid-pregnancy, before women developed clinical preeclampsia, suggests that vitamin D may have a role in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Nema
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Nisha Wadhwani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Karuna Randhir
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Kamini Dangat
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Hemlata Pisal
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Vrushali Kadam
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
| | - Savita Mehendale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411043, India
| | - Girija Wagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411043, India
| | - Bharati Kulkarni
- Division of Reproductive, Biology, Maternal and Child Health (RBMCH) and Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Harshpal Singh Sachdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sanjay Gupte
- Gupte Hospital and Research Centre, Pune 411004, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
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Agüero-Domenech N, Bernabeu E, García-Valentín A, Sarrión A, Jover S, Baranda J, Cortés-Castell E, Gil-Guillén V, García-Teruel MJ. Influence of Strict Lockdown on Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: A Word of Caution. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081972. [PMID: 37111192 PMCID: PMC10143695 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main source of vitamin D results from skin sunlight exposure. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is linked to several adverse events during pregnancy. While performing a cross-sectional study with 886 pregnant women in Elda (Spain) from September 2019 to July 2020 to determine the association of VDD with gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to body mass index, a strict lockdown (SL) due to the COVID-19 pandemic was declared from 15 March 2020 to 15 May 2020. To determine if VDD prevalence in the local population of pregnant women was influenced by SL, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence odds ratio (POR) for the association of VDD and SL. A crude logistic regression model was calculated, and then further adjusted by the biweekly measured vitamin D-specific UVB dose in our geographical area. The POR during SL was 4.0 (95%CI = 2.7-5.7), with a VDD prevalence of 77.8% in the quarantine period. Our results revealed that VDD prevalence in pregnant women was influenced by SL. This valuable information could guide us in future if public officials order the population to stay indoors for any given reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Agüero-Domenech
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bernabeu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- ISABIAL ("Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante"), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Valentín
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Sarrión
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain
| | - Silvia Jover
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain
| | - Javier Baranda
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain
| | - Ernesto Cortés-Castell
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan, Spain
| | - Vicente Gil-Guillén
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan, Spain
| | - María J García-Teruel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan, Spain
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Wang X, Lu K, Shen J, Xu S, Wang Q, Gong Y, Xia Y, Wang X, Chen L, Yan S, Tang Z, Li C. Correlation between meteorological factors and vitamin D status under different season. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4762. [PMID: 36959344 PMCID: PMC10036626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women with low vitamin D levels tend to have poor clinical outcomes. Meteorological factors were associated with vitamin D. Here, we aimed to study the current status of 25-Hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in pregnant women in Kunshan city and investigate the meteorological factors associated with 25(OH)D levels under different seasons. The correlation between meteorological factors and 25(OH)D levels was estimated by cross-correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A restrictive cubic spline method was used to estimate the non-linear relationship. From 2015 to 2020, a total of 22,090 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations below 50 nmol/l represent 65.85% of the total study population. There is a positive correlation between temperature and 25(OH)D. And there is a protective effect of the higher temperature on vitamin D deficiency. However, in the subgroup analysis, we found that in autumn, high temperatures above 30 °C may lead to a decrease in 25(OH)D levels. This study shows that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may widespread in eastern China. There is a potential inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and 25(OH)D levels, which has implications for understanding of vitamin D changes under different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 91 West of Qianjin Road, Suzhou, 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yaqin Gong
- Information Department, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunyu Xia
- Meteorological Bureau of Kunshan City, Suzhou, 215337, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Meteorological Bureau of Kunshan City, Suzhou, 215337, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Ecology and Environment Bureau of Kunshan City, Suzhou, 215330, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanjun Yan
- Ecology and Environment Bureau of Kunshan City, Suzhou, 215330, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zaixiang Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 91 West of Qianjin Road, Suzhou, 215300, Jiangsu, China.
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Daneels L, Martens DS, Arredouani S, Billen J, Koppen G, Devlieger R, Nawrot TS, Ghosh M, Godderis L, Pauwels S. Maternal Vitamin D and Newborn Telomere Length. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062012. [PMID: 34208129 PMCID: PMC8230815 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is important during pregnancy for offspring health. Gestational vitamin D intake may prevent several adverse outcomes and might have an influence on offspring telomere length (TL). In this study, we want to assess the association between maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and newborn TL, as reflected by cord blood TL. We studied mother–child pairs enrolled in the Maternal Nutrition and Offspring’s Epigenome (MANOE) cohort, Leuven, Belgium. To calculate the dietary vitamin D intake, 108 women were asked to keep track of their diet using the seven-day estimated diet record (EDR) method. TL was assessed in 108 cord blood using a quantitative real-time PCR method. In each trimester of pregnancy, maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration was measured. We observed a positive association (β = 0.009, p-value = 0.036) between newborn average relative TL and maternal vitamin D intake (diet + supplement) during the first trimester. In contrast, we found no association between average relative TL of the newborn and mean maternal serum 25-OHD concentrations during pregnancy. To conclude, vitamin D intake (diet + supplements), specifically during the first trimester of pregnancy, is an important factor associated with TL at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Daneels
- Centre Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.D.); (T.S.N.); (M.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Dries S. Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Soumia Arredouani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Jaak Billen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO-Health, Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium;
| | - Roland Devlieger
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.D.); (T.S.N.); (M.G.); (L.G.)
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Centre Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.D.); (T.S.N.); (M.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.D.); (T.S.N.); (M.G.); (L.G.)
- IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3000 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sara Pauwels
- Centre Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.D.); (T.S.N.); (M.G.); (L.G.)
- VITO-Health, Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Vitamin D during pregnancy and its association with birth outcomes: a Brazilian cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:489-500. [PMID: 32879447 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Evidence is lacking on how variation in vitamin D concentrations during gestation affects perinatal outcomes. Therefore, we evaluated the association between vitamin D serum concentrations during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. METHODS A prospective cohort of 180 healthy Brazilian pregnant women was followed and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D, nmol/L] was measured at 5-13 (baseline), 20-26 and 30-36 gestational weeks. Birth weight (BW), birth length (BL), BW z-scores, BL z-scores, first minute Apgar, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA) and preterm birth were the outcomes. Multiple linear and Poisson regression models were estimated. Best linear unbiased prediction of random coefficients model was used to determine the association between the mean rate of change in vitamin D during pregnancy concentrations and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS Mean (SD) BW was 3300 (600) g, BW z-score 0.34 (1.11), BL 49.3 (3.3) cm, BL z-score 0.44 (1.5), and first minute Apgar score 8.2 (1.4). Prevalence of SGA, LGA and preterm birth were 6%, 18% and 13%, respectively. 25(OH)D was directly associated with the risk of preterm birth at all trimesters. Incidence-rate ratios were 1.02, 1.05 and 1.04 for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively. Mean rate of change during pregnancy in 25(OH)D was directly associated with BW z-score (β: 0.36, 95% CI 0.07; 0.65), LGA risk (IRR: 1.97, 95% CI 1.07; 3.63) and preterm birth (IRR: 7.35, 95% CI 2.99; 18.07). CONCLUSIONS Mean 25(OH)D rate of change during pregnancy was directly associated with BW z-scores, and increased LGA and preterm birth risk.
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Woon FC, Chin YS, Ismail IH, Abdul Latiff AH, Batterham M, Chan YM. Maternal Vitamin D Levels during Late Pregnancy and Risk of Allergic Diseases and Sensitization during the First Year of Life-A Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2418. [PMID: 32806653 PMCID: PMC7468944 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are the most common chronic illness in childhood. Findings from developed countries have reported associations between Vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring allergy risk. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine the associations between maternal Vitamin D levels during late pregnancy and allergic diseases in Malaysian infants during the first year of life. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 380 pregnant women in the third trimester were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Children's allergic outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months based on parental reports. Specific IgE antibodies against food and inhalant allergens were measured in infants at 12 months of age. A total of 43.2% pregnant women were Vitamin D deficient (<30 nmol/L) and 56.8% were nondeficient (≥30 nmol/L). A total of 27.6% of the infants had eczema, 6.1% had wheeze, 27.4% had food sensitization, 10.8% had inhalant allergen sensitization, and 3.8% had IgE-mediated food allergy during the first year of life. Compared with the nondeficient group, maternal Vitamin D deficiency in late pregnancy was not associated with any allergic outcomes after adjustment for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, the present study does not support an association between maternal Vitamin D levels in late pregnancy and allergic outcomes during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Chee Woon
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.C.W.); (Y.M.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yit Siew Chin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.C.W.); (Y.M.C.)
- Research Centre of Excellence, Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Intan Hakimah Ismail
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | | | - Marijka Batterham
- National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Yoke Mun Chan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.C.W.); (Y.M.C.)
- Research Centre of Excellence, Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Francis EC, Hinkle SN, Song Y, Rawal S, Donnelly SR, Zhu Y, Chen L, Zhang C. Longitudinal Maternal Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal Anthropometric Measures. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111631. [PMID: 30400155 PMCID: PMC6265933 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Findings on maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and neonatal anthropometry are inconsistent, and may at least be partly due to variations in gestational week (GW) of 25(OH)D measurement and the lack of longitudinal 25(OH)D measurements across gestation. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations of longitudinal measures of maternal 25(OH)D and neonatal anthropometry at birth. This study included 321 mother–offspring pairs enrolled in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons. This study was a prospective cohort design without supplementation and without data on dietary supplementation. Nevertheless, measurement of plasma 25(OH)D reflects vitamin D from different sources, including supplementation. Maternal concentrations of total 25(OH)D were measured at 10–14, 15–26, 23–31, and 33–39 GW and categorized as <50 nmol/L, 50–75 nmol/L, and >75 nmol/L. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations of 25(OH)D at each time-point with neonate birthweight z-score, length, and sum of skinfolds at birth. At 10–14 GW, 16.8% and 49.2% of women had 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L and between 50–75 nmol/L, respectively. The association of maternal 25(OH)D with neonatal anthropometry differed by GW and women’s prepregnancy BMI (normal (<25.0 kg/m2), overweight/obese (25.0–44.9 kg/m2)). All analyses were stratified by prepregnancy BMI status. Among women with an overweight/obese BMI, 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L at 10–14 GW was associated with lower birthweight z-score (0.56; 95% CI: −0.99, −0.13) and length (−1.56 cm; 95% CI: −3.07, −0.06), and at 23–31 GW was associated with shorter length (−2.77 cm; 95% CI: −13.38, −4.98) and lower sum of skinfolds (−9.18 mm; 95% CI: −13.38, −4.98). Among women with a normal BMI, 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L at 10–14 GW was associated with lower sum of skinfolds (−2.64 mm; 95% CI: −5.03, −0.24), at 23–31 GW was associated with larger birthweight z-scores (0.64; 95% CI: 0.03, 1.25), and at 33-39 GW with both higher birthweight z-score (1.22; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.73) and longer length (1.94 cm; 95% CI: 0.37, 3.52). Maternal 25(OH)D status during pregnancy was associated with neonatal anthropometric measures, and the associations were specific to GW of 25(OH)D measurement and prepregnancy BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Francis
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Stefanie N Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Shristi Rawal
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Sarah R Donnelly
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA.
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612 USA.
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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