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Kim ES, Kim SY, Moon A. C-Reactive Protein Signaling Pathways in Tumor Progression. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:473-483. [PMID: 37562952 PMCID: PMC10468419 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers arise from sites of chronic inflammation, which creates an inflammatory microenvironment surrounding the tumor. Inflammatory substances secreted by cells in the inflammatory environment can induce the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, thereby promoting cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is important to identify the role of inflammatory factors in cancer progression. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and roles of C-reactive protein (CRP) in various cancer types, including breast, liver, renal, and pancreatic cancer, and the tumor microenvironment. Mounting evidence suggests the role of CRP in breast cancer, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is typically associated with a worse prognosis. Increased CRP in the inflammatory environment contributes to enhanced invasiveness and tumor formation in TNBC cells. CRP promotes endothelial cell formation and angiogenesis and contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In pancreatic and kidney cancers, CRP contributes to tumor progression. In liver cancer, CRP regulates inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. CRP modulates the activity of various signaling molecules in macrophages and monocytes present in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to tumor development, the immune response, and inflammation. In the present review, we overviewed the role of CRP signaling pathways and the association between inflammation and cancer in various types of cancer. Identifying the interactions between CRP signaling pathways and other inflammatory mediators in cancer progression is crucial for understanding the complex relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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Cancer- and cardiac-induced cachexia: same fate through different inflammatory mediators? Inflamm Res 2022; 71:771-783. [PMID: 35680678 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is widely recognized as the driving force of cachexia induced by chronic diseases; however, therapies targeting inflammation do not always reverse cachexia. Thus, whether inflammation per se plays an important role in the clinical course of cachectic patients is still a matter of debate. AIMS To give new insights into cachexia's pathogenesis and diagnosis, we performed a comprehensive literature search on the contribution of inflammatory markers to this syndrome, focusing on the noncommunicable diseases cancer and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS A systematic review was performed in PubMed using the keywords ("cancer" OR "cardiac" cachexia AND "human" OR "patient" AND "plasma" or "serum"). A total of 744 studies were retrieved and, from these, 206 were selected for full-text screening. In the end, 98 papers focusing on circulating biomarkers of cachexia were identified, which resulted in a list of 113 different mediators. RESULTS Data collected from the literature highlight the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to cachexia, independently of the underlying condition. Despite not being specific, once the diagnosis of cachexia is established, CRP might help to monitor the effectiveness of anti-cachexia therapies. In cardiac diseases, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), renin, and obestatin might be putative markers of body wasting, whereas in cancer, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C seem to be better markers of this syndrome. Independently of the circulating mediators, NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways play a key role in bridging inflammation with muscle wasting; however, therapies targeting these pathways were not proven effective for all cachectic patients. CONCLUSION The critical and integrative analysis performed herein will certainly feed future research focused on the better comprehension of cachexia pathogenesis toward the improvement of its diagnosis and the development of personalized therapies targeting specific cachexia phenotypes.
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Kgokolo MCM, Anderson K, Siwele SC, Steel HC, Kwofie LLI, Sathekge MM, Meyer PWA, Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Elevated Levels of Soluble CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 and Systemic Inflammatory Stress as Potential Contributors to Immune Suppression and Generalized Tumorigenesis in a Cohort of South African Xeroderma Pigmentosum Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819790. [PMID: 35223501 PMCID: PMC8874270 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ultraviolet radiation-induced abnormalities of DNA excision and repair pathways is associated with early development of cutaneous cancers. Intracellular oxidative stress has also been proposed as a contributor to the occurrence of skin cancers. However, little is known about the possible augmentative contributions of chronic inflammation, immune suppression and oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of malignancies associated with other subtypes of XP. This has been addressed in the current study, focused on the measurement of systemic biomarkers of inflammation, immune dysfunction and oxidative damage in XP patients, consisting of XP-C, XP-D and XP-E cases, including those XP-C cases who had already developed multiple skin malignancies. The inflammatory biomarker profile measured in XP patients and healthy control subjects included the cytokines, interleukins (ILs)-2, -4, -6, -10, interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cotinine (as an objective indicator of smoking status). Immune suppression was detected according to the levels of five soluble inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3), as well as those of vitamin D, while oxidative stress was determined according to the circulating levels of the DNA adduct, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). These various biomarkers were measured in plasma using immunofluorimetric, nephelometric and ELISA procedures. Significant elevations in IL-6 (P<0.01) and TNF-α (P<0.0001), but none of the other cytokines, as well as increased levels of all five soluble inhibitory immune checkpoints (P=0.032-P=0.0001) were detected in the plasma of the XP patients. C-reactive protein and vitamin D were increased and decreased, respectively (both P<0.0001), while only one participant had an elevated level of plasma cotinine. Surprisingly, the levels of 8-OH-dG were significantly (P=0.0001) lower in the group of XP patients relative to a group of healthy control subjects. The findings of increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and, in particular, those of the soluble immune checkpoints, in the setting of decreased vitamin D and moderately elevated levels of CRP in XP patients suggest a possible secondary role of ongoing, inflammatory stress and immune suppression in the pathogenesis of XP-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlatse C M Kgokolo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Katherine Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shalate C Siwele
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luyanda L I Kwofie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter W A Meyer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernardo L Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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He L, Boulant S, Stanifer M, Guo C, Nießen A, Chen M, Felix K, Bergmann F, Strobel O, Schimmack S. The link between menin and pleiotrophin in the tumor biology of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1575-1586. [PMID: 35179814 PMCID: PMC9128182 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MEN1, which encodes menin protein, is the most frequently mutated gene in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN). Pleiotrophin (PTN) was reported being a downstream factor of menin and to promote metastasis in different tumor entities. In this study, the effect of menin and its link to PTN were assessed on features of pNEN cells and outcome of pNEN patients. The expression of menin and PTN in pNEN patient tissues were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot and compared to their metastasis status. Functional assays, including transwell migration/invasion and scratch wound healing assays, were performed on specifically designed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MEN1-knockout (MEN1-KO) pNEN cell lines (BON1MEN1-KO and QGP1MEN1-KO ) to study the metastasis of pNEN. Among 30 menin negative pNEN patients, 21 revealed a strong protein expression of PTN. This combination was associated with metastasis and shorter disease-free survival. Accordingly, in BON1MEN1-KO and QGP1MEN1-KO cells, PTN protein expression was positively associated with enhanced cell migration and invasion, which could be reversed by PTN silencing. PTN is a predicting factor of metastatic behavior of menin-deficient-pNEN. In vitro, menin is able to both promote and suppress the metastasis of pNEN by regulating PTN expression depending on the tumoral origin of pNEN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping He
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Nießen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Klaus Felix
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schimmack
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Nießen A, Schimmack S, Sandini M, Fliegner D, Hinz U, Lewosinska M, Hackert T, Büchler MW, Strobel O. C-reactive protein independently predicts survival in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23768. [PMID: 34887479 PMCID: PMC8660904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN) are highly variable in their postresection survival. Determination of preoperative risk factors is essential for treatment strategies. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pNEN and shown to be associated with survival in different tumour entities. Patients undergoing surgery for pNEN were retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to preoperative CRP serum levels. Clinicopathological features, overall and disease-free survival were assessed. Uni- and multivariable survival analyses were performed. 517 surgically resected pNEN patients were analysed. CRP levels were significantly associated with relevant clinicopathological parameters and prognosis and were able to stratify subgroups with significant and clinically relevant differences in overall and disease-free survival. In univariable sensitivity analyses CRP was confirmed as a prognostic factor for overall survival in subgroups with G2 differentiation, T1/T2 and T3/T4 tumour stages, patients with node positive disease and with and without distant metastases. By multivariable analysis, preoperative CRP was confirmed as an independent predictor of postresection survival together with patient age and the established postoperative pathological predictors grading, T-stage and metastases. Preoperative serum CRP is a strong predictive biomarker for both overall and disease free survival of surgically resected pNEN. CRP is associated with prognosis independently of grading and tumour stage and may be of additional use for treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nießen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schimmack
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta Sandini
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Fliegner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lewosinska
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Oloketuyi S, Bernedo R, Christmann A, Borkowska J, Cazzaniga G, Schuchmann HW, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Szot-Karpińska K, Kolmar H, de Marco A. Native llama Nanobody Library Panning Performed by Phage and Yeast Display Provides Binders Suitable for C-Reactive Protein Detection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120496. [PMID: 34940253 PMCID: PMC8699515 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation biomarker that should be quantified accurately during infections and healing processes. Nanobodies are good candidates to replace conventional antibodies in immunodiagnostics due to their inexpensive production, simple engineering, and the possibility to obtain higher binder density on capture surfaces. Starting from the same pre-immune library, we compared the selection output resulting from two independent panning strategies, one exclusively exploiting the phage display and another in which a first round of phage display was followed by a second round of yeast display. There was a partial output convergence between the two methods, since two clones were identified using both panning protocols but the first provided several further different sequences, whereas the second favored the recovery of many copies of few clones. The isolated anti-CRP nanobodies had affinity in the low nanomolar range and were suitable for ELISA and immunoprecipitation. One of them was fused to SpyTag and exploited in combination with SpyCatcher as the immunocapture element to quantify CRP using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the biosensor was calculated as low as 0.21 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oloketuyi
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Robert Bernedo
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Andreas Christmann
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Justyna Borkowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Giulia Cazzaniga
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Horst Wilhelm Schuchmann
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Joanna Niedziółka-Jönsson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Szot-Karpińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (J.N.-J.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64200 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.C.); (H.W.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (S.O.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
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Egal ESA, Jacenik D, Soares HP, Beswick EJ. Translational challenges in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188640. [PMID: 34695532 PMCID: PMC10695297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare types of pancreatic cancer formed from islet cells of pancreas. Clinical presentation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors depends on both tumor progression and hormone secretion status, which generate several complications in both diagnosis and treatment. Despite numerous strategies, treatment of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors still needs improvement. It is suggested that immune response modulation may be essential in the regulation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor progression and patient's symptomology. Accumulating evidence indicates that immunotherapy seems to be a promising treatment option for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Nevertheless, several challenges in pre-clinical and clinical studies are present. This review provides knowledge about microenvironment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors including significance of cytokine and chemokine as well as specific immune cell types. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and translational challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Said Abu Egal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Damian Jacenik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, United States; Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, United States; Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Heloisa Prado Soares
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, United States.
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, United States
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C-reactive protein as a diagnostic and prognostic factor of endometrial cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 164:103419. [PMID: 34245857 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer in women and its morbidity and mortality are continuously increasing. Considering experience with different types of cancers, C-reactive protein (CRP) appears to be a promising diagnostic and prognostic factor. Aiming to investigate its potential in view of EC authors of this paper reviewed databases for metanalysis, randomized controlled trials and review articles. Studies indicate CRP > 3.33 mg/l correlates with the EC incidence with HR = 2.29 (p < 0.05). Moreover, High-sensitivity CRP assay allows to detect CRP in very low concentrations and distinguish patients with endometriosis, soft tissue sarcomas and possibly EC. Perioperational CRP, as well as its changes are independent prognostic factors for EC. However, CRP-to-albumin ratio as well as Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) have greater prognostic value that CRP alone. Additionally, CRP is possibly a mediator of carcinogenesis and cancer progression through activation of inter alia FcgRs/MAPK/ERK, FcgRs/IL-6/AKT/STAT3 and FcgRs/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways.
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Ilktac A, Kalkan S, Caliskan S. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels in prostate cancer. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13935. [PMID: 33326672 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men in the world. Prostate-specific antigen is the most used biomarker for PCa diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to measure the procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with PCa. METHODS The patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsy and transurethral prostate surgery in the last 4 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the pathology reports, group1; benign prostate hyperplasia and group2; prostate cancer. MedCalc Statistical Software version 17.6 was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS The current study includes 149 patients. There were 118 patients in group 1 and 31 patients in group 2. The mean age of the patients was 66.85 and 69.41 years in groups respectively. Serum CRP and PCT levels were 3.33 and 0.01 in group 4.07 and 0.04 in group 2. Serum PCT levels were significantly higher in patients with PCa. CONCLUSION We found that the elevated procalcitonin level was associated with prostate cancer. Further studies are needed to define the relationship between procalcitonin and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Ilktac
- Bezmialem Vakif Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senad Kalkan
- Bezmialem Vakif Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Istanbul, Turkey
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Shirono T, Niizeki T, Iwamoto H, Shimose S, Suzuki H, Kawaguchi T, Kamachi N, Noda Y, Okamura S, Nakano M, Kuromatu R, Koga H, Torimura T. Therapeutic Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Data Mining Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050987. [PMID: 33801202 PMCID: PMC7957874 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is unsatisfactory. Tumor, host, and treatment factors including hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) are intricately involved in the progression of ICC. We aimed to identify profiles associated with disease control rate (DCR) and the prognosis of patients with unresectable ICC by decision tree analysis. We analyzed 31 consecutive patients with unresectable ICC (median age, 71 years; the male ratio was 58.1%). Stage IVB occupied 51.6% of patients, and 38.7% and 58.1% of patients were treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin combination therapy and HAIC, respectively. Profiles associated with prognosis as well as DCR were investigated by decision tree analysis. The median survival time (MST) of the patients was 11.6 months, and the DCR was 70.9%. Multivariate correlation analysis showed that albumin levels and WBC levels were significantly correlated with survival time (albumin, ρ = 0.3572, p = 0.0485; WBC, ρ = -0.4008, p = 0.0280). In decision tree analysis, WBC level was selected as the initial split variable, and subjects with WBC levels of 6800/μL or less (45.1%) showed a long survival time (MST 476 days). We also demonstrated that the profile associated with the highest DCR was "less than 4.46 mg/dL of CRP levels and treatment with HAIC". We demonstrated a new prognostic profile for ICC patients, which consisted of WBC and CRP levels. Moreover, we demonstrated that HAIC was associated with better disease control in ICC patients with low CPR levels. Thus, these new profiles may be useful for the management of ICC patients.
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Akkiz H, Carr BI, Bag HG, Karaoğullarından Ü, Yalçın K, Ekin N, Özakyol A, Altıntaş E, Balaban HY, Şimşek H, Uyanıkoğlu A, Balkan A, Kuran S, Üsküdar O, Ülger Y, Güney B, Delik A. Serum levels of inflammatory markers CRP, ESR and albumin in relation to survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13593. [PMID: 32583494 PMCID: PMC7758189 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with several chronic inflammatory conditions. It is increasingly understood that the inflammation may be part of the carcinogenic process and prognostically important. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serum levels of three inflammation markers in relation to survival in HCC patients. METHODS We retrospectively examined the serum levels of CRP, albumin and ESR, both singly and in combination, in relation to patient survival. RESULTS Survival worsened with increase in CRP or ESR or decrease in albumin levels. Combinations of CRP plus albumin or CRP plus ESR were associated with an even greater range of survival (3-fold), together with significant differences in maximum tumor diameter (PVT) and percent of patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The triplet of CRP plus albumin plus ESR was associated with a sevenfold difference in survival, comparing low vs high parameter levels. These significant differences were found in patients with small or large tumors. CONCLUSIONS Combinations of CRP with albumin or ESR or all three parameters together significantly related to differences in survival and to differences in MTD and percent PVT, in patients with both small and large size HCCs.
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Zhang X, Cui L, Chen B, Xiong Q, Zhan Y, Ye J, Yin Q. Effect of chromium supplementation on hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 42:101291. [PMID: 33321447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review is to assess the relationship between chromium supplementation and inflammatory biomarkers levels (hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6) as risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies raise questions regarding the potential of chromium supplementation to decrease the blood-levels of inflammatory markers, lowering cellular oxidative stress as markers of myocardial infarction; however, the results of the researches are inconclusive. METHODS The following databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochran Library and Embase databases were systematically searched until April 2020. Analysis was performed using random-effect model. RESULTS The pooled findings for biomarkers of inflammation showed that chromium supplementation significantly reduced serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (WMD: -0.87 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.49, -0.26), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (WMD: -0.97 pg/ml; 95% CI: -1.92, -0.01) and chromium insignificantly reduced interleukin -6 (IL-6) (WMD: -0.45 pg/ml, 95% CI: -1.18, 0.29). CONCLUSION Overall, the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis imply that chromium supplementation may help to improve biomarkers of inflammation as markers of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang University Affiliated People's Hospital, 92 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liang Cui
- Ultrasound, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang University Affiliated People's Hospital, 92 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Internal Medicine, Wannian County People's Hospital, 6 Zhengda West Street, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, 335500, China
| | - Qinzhi Xiong
- Internal Medicine, Yifeng County People's Hospital, 30 Nanmen Road, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, 336300, China
| | - Yanqin Zhan
- Internal Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Linchuan District, 109 Longjin Road, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, 344100, China
| | - Jinhua Ye
- Internal Medicine, Zhangshu City People's Hospital, 13 Yaodu Road, Yichun City, Jiangxi, 331200, China
| | - Qiulin Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang University Affiliated People's Hospital, 92 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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13
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Wang MY, Zhou HH, Zhang CM, Su HX, Li SL, Ji SR, Liu E, Wu Y. A Functional Genetic Variant at the C-Reactive Protein Promoter (rs3091244) Is Not Associated With Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population. Front Immunol 2020; 11:926. [PMID: 32477370 PMCID: PMC7240006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The association of genetically elevated levels of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) with cancer risk has been extensively investigated in European populations; however, there are conflicting conclusions. The tri-allelic rs3091244 is a functionally validated genetic variant, and its allelic frequencies differ significantly between European and Asian populations. Here, we examined the association of rs3091244 with cancer risk in a Chinese population. Methods: rs3091244 was genotyped by Sanger sequencing in 4,971 cancer cases and 2,485 controls. The rs1205 and rs2794521 gene variants were also genotyped using TaqMan assays in subgroups. Results: No association was detected between the genotyped CRP variants and cancer risk, with or without distinguishing cancer types, suggesting that circulating CRP is not causally involved in tumorigenesis in Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhou
- Children's Research Institute, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Miao Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Su
- Children's Research Institute, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuo-Lei Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shang-Rong Ji
- Translational Medicine Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Primavesi F, Andreasi V, Hoogwater FJ, Partelli S, Wiese D, Heidsma C, Cardini B, Klieser E, Marsoner K, Fröschl U, Thalhammer S, Fischer I, Göbel G, Hauer A, Kiesslich T, Ellmerer P, Klug R, Neureiter D, Wundsam H, Sellner F, Kornprat P, Függer R, Öfner D, Nieveen van Dijkum EJ, Bartsch DK, de Kleine RH, Falconi M, Stättner S. A Preoperative Clinical Risk Score Including C-Reactive Protein Predicts Histological Tumor Characteristics and Patient Survival after Surgery for Sporadic Non-Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: An International Multicenter Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051235. [PMID: 32423000 PMCID: PMC7280962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oncological survival after resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNEN) is highly variable depending on various factors. Risk stratification with preoperatively available parameters could guide decision-making in multidisciplinary treatment concepts. C-reactive Protein (CRP) is linked to inferior survival in several malignancies. This study assesses CRP within a novel risk score predicting histology and outcome after surgery for sporadic non-functional panNENs. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study with national exploration and international validation. CRP and other factors associated with overall survival (OS) were evaluated by multivariable cox-regression to create a clinical risk score (CRS). Predictive values regarding OS, disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed by time-dependent receiver-operating characteristics. Results: Overall, 364 patients were included. Median CRP was significantly higher in patients >60 years, G3, and large tumors. In multivariable analysis, CRP was the strongest preoperative factor for OS in both cohorts. In the combined cohort, CRP (cut-off ≥0.2 mg/dL; hazard-ratio (HR):3.87), metastases (HR:2.80), and primary tumor size ≥3.0 cm (HR:1.83) showed a significant association with OS. A CRS incorporating these variables was associated with postoperative histological grading, T category, nodal positivity, and 90-day morbidity/mortality. Time-dependent area-under-the-curve at 60 months for OS, DSS, and RFS was 69%, 77%, and 67%, respectively (all p < 0.001), and the inclusion of grading further improved the predictive potential (75%, 84%, and 78%, respectively). Conclusions: CRP is a significant marker of unfavorable oncological characteristics in panNENs. The proposed internationally validated CRS predicts histological features and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Primavesi
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.P.); (B.C.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Valentina Andreasi
- Pancreatic Surgery, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (V.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Frederik J.H. Hoogwater
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.J.H.H.); (R.H.J.d.K.)
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Pancreatic Surgery, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (V.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Dominik Wiese
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (D.W.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Charlotte Heidsma
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.H.); (E.J.M.N.v.D.)
| | - Benno Cardini
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.P.); (B.C.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Eckhard Klieser
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Katharina Marsoner
- Department of Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Uwe Fröschl
- Department of Surgery, Ordensklinikum, 4010 Linz, Austria; (U.F.); (I.F.); (H.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Sabine Thalhammer
- Department of Surgery, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria; (S.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Ines Fischer
- Department of Surgery, Ordensklinikum, 4010 Linz, Austria; (U.F.); (I.F.); (H.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Georg Göbel
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Andreas Hauer
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital Horn, 3580 Horn, Austria; (A.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Reinhold Klug
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital Horn, 3580 Horn, Austria; (A.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Helwig Wundsam
- Department of Surgery, Ordensklinikum, 4010 Linz, Austria; (U.F.); (I.F.); (H.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Franz Sellner
- Department of Surgery, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria; (S.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Peter Kornprat
- Department of Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Reinhold Függer
- Department of Surgery, Ordensklinikum, 4010 Linz, Austria; (U.F.); (I.F.); (H.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Dietmar Öfner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.P.); (B.C.); (D.Ö.)
| | - Elisabeth J.M. Nieveen van Dijkum
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.H.); (E.J.M.N.v.D.)
| | - Detlef K. Bartsch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (D.W.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Ruben H.J. de Kleine
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.J.H.H.); (R.H.J.d.K.)
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (V.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefan Stättner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.P.); (B.C.); (D.Ö.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-504-22601
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