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Grosman-Rimon L, Vadasz B, Bondi M, Cohen M, Santos S, Katz J, Clarke H, Singh S, Rimon J, Kumbhare D, Eilat-Adar S. Potential Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:1175-1182. [PMID: 35067552 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factors have diverse functions in skeletal muscles by acting through multiple signaling pathways, including growth regulation and differentiation, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation. Insulin-like growth factors have anti-inflammatory effects and also play roles in nociceptive pathways, determining pain sensitivity, in addition to their protective role against ischemic injury in both the nervous system and skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, insulin-like growth factors maintain homeostasis, playing key roles in maintenance, accelerating muscle regeneration, and repair processes. As part of their maintenance role, increased levels of insulin-like growth factors may be required for the repair mechanisms after exercise. Although the role of insulin-like growth factors in myofascial pain syndrome is not completely understood, there is evidence from a recent study that insulin-like growth factor 2 levels in patients with myofascial pain syndrome are lower than those of healthy individuals and are associated with increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Importantly, higher insulin-like growth factor 2 levels are associated with increased pain severity in myofascial pain syndrome patients. This may suggest that too low or high insulin-like growth factor levels may contribute to musculoskeletal disorder process, whereas a midrange levels may optimize healing without contributing to pain hypersensitivity. Future studies are required to address the mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor 2 in myofascial pain syndrome and the optimal level as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Grosman-Rimon
- From the Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel (LG-R, SE-A); Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Canada (LG-R, S. Santos, HC, DK); Department of Pathology McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (BV); Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (MB); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (MB); The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (MC); Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (JK, HC); Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada (JK, JR); and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (S. Singh)
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Can IGF-1 Serum Levels Really be Changed by Acute Physical Exercise? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:575-584. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise plays an important role in metabolic health, especially in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of a single endurance and resistance exercise session on IGF-1 serum. Methods: The systematic review was performed in SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. All analyses are based on random-effect models. The study identified 249 records of which 21 were included. Results: There was an effect of endurance exercise on total IGF-1 (P = .01), but not for free IGF-1 (P = .36). Resistance exercise similarly only affected total IGF-1 (P = .003) and not free IGF-1 (P = .37). The effect size indicated that total IGF-1 is more affected (ES = 0.81) by endurance than by resistance exercise (ES = 0.46). The present study showed that IGF-1 serum concentrations are altered by exercise type, but in conditions which are not well-defined. Conclusions: The systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that there is no determinant in serum IGF-1 changes for the exercise load characteristic. Therefore, physical exercise may be an alternative treatment to control changes in IGF-1 metabolism and blood concentration.
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Nindl BC, Ahtiainen J, Gagnon SS, Taipale RS, Pierce JR, Martin BJ, Beckner ME, Lehti M, Häkkinen K, Kyröläinen H. Microdialysis-Assessed Exercised Muscle Reveals Localized and Differential IGFBP Responses to Unilateral Stretch Shortening Cycle Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:315. [PMID: 32547489 PMCID: PMC7272679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis allows for a preview into local muscle metabolism and can provide physiological insight that blood measurements cannot. Purpose: To examine the potential differential IGF-I system regulation in interstitial fluid during unilateral stretch shortening cycle exercise. Methods: 10 men (26 ± 7 year) performed unilateral jumping [stretch shortening cycle (SSC) exercise at 50% of optimal jump height] until volitional fatigue on a sled apparatus. Biological sampling took place using a catheter inserted into an antecubital vein (serum), and 100 kDa microdialysis probes inserted into the thigh muscle of each exercise/control leg (dialysate). Serum was drawn before (Pre; -3 h) and after SSC [Post I (+0 h), II (+3 h), or III (+20 h)]; dialysate was sampled for 2 h before (Pre), during/immediately after (Ex), and 3 h into recovery (Rec) following SSC. IGF-I system parameters (free/total IGF-I and IGFBPs 1-6) were measured with immunoassays. Interstitial free IGF-I was estimated from dialysate IGF-I and relative recovery (ethanol) correction. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Serum total IGF-I remained elevated +3 h (Post II: 182.8 ± 37.6 vs. Pre: 168.3 ± 35.0 ng/mL, p < 0.01), but returned to baseline by +20 h (Post III vs. Pre, p = 0.31). No changes in serum free IGF-I were noted. Serum BP-1 and -3 increased over baseline, but not until + 20 h after SSC (Post III vs. Pre: 7.6 ± 4.9 vs. 3.7 ± 2.3 and 1,048.6 ± 269.2 vs. 891.4 ± 171.2 ng/mL, respectively). We observed a decreased serum BP-6 +3 h after SSC (p < 0.01), followed by a return to baseline at +20 h (p = 0.64 vs. Pre). There were no exercise-induced changes in serum BP-2, -4, or -5. Unlike serum, there were no changes in dialysate or interstitial free IGF-I in either leg (p > 0.05). Dialysate BP-1 remained increased in both exercise and control legs through 3 h into recovery (Rec vs. Pre, p < 0.01). Dialysate BP-3 also demonstrated a prolonged elevation over Pre SSC concentrations, but in the exercise leg only (Ex and Rec vs. Pre, p < 0.04). We observed a prolonged decrease in dialysate BP-5 (Ex and Rec vs. Pre, p < 0.03) and an increase in BP-4 IP in the exercise leg only. There were no changes relative to Pre SSC in dialysate BP-2 or -6. Conclusions: Unilateral exercise drives differential regulation of the IGF-I system at both local and systemic levels. More specifically, this is the first study to demonstrate that localized exercise increases IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4 and decreases in IGFBP-5 in muscle interstitial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Bradley C. Nindl
| | - Juha Ahtiainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sheila S. Gagnon
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Ritva S. Taipale
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Joseph R. Pierce
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meaghan E. Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - M. Lehti
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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The effect of 30-m repeated sprint exercise on muscle damage indicators, serum insulin-like growth factor-Iand cortisol. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of arepeated sprint exercise protocol on muscle damage indicators, serum IGF-Iand cortisol levels.
Material and methods: Nine trained male subjects (age 23.3 ± 3.6 years) completed arepeated sprint protocol consisting of two sets of 10 × 30-m maximal sprints with 30 s of active recovery between sprints and 5 min of passive recovery between sets. The isometric strength and flexibility were measured before, immediately after and 24 hours after exercise. 30-m maximal sprint time was measured before and 24 hours after exercise. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after exercise.
Results: Isometric strength and flexibility were significantly decreased after exercise and 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.05). 30-m sprint time was significantly increased 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.05). Asignificant increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase, IGF-Iand cortisol were found after exercise (p < 0.05). Serum creatine kinase increased significantly immediately after and 24 hours after exercise compared to pre-exercise values (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our data show that due to increased serum IGF-Ilevel, repeated sprint exercise may have anabolic effects as well as traumatic effects on the muscles.
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Arazi H, Eghbali E. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and its relation to muscle strength, maximal oxygen consumption, and body mass index in young and middle adulthood women. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:57-64. [PMID: 30774450 PMCID: PMC6350636 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s188914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin D is a potent secosteroid hormone that provides many health benefits. The ubiquitous nature of vitamin D receptor (VDR) suggests widespread effect. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and muscle strength, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and body mass index (BMI) in Iranian young and middle adulthood women. Participants and methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 182 healthy Iranian women within the age range of 26–60 years. Body weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. VO2max was determined by the Rockport test. Muscle strength was determined by the chest press, leg press, and hand grip test. Also, circulating levels of 25OHD were evaluated. Results Results showed a significant relationship between 25OHD levels and BMI, VO2max, and muscle strength (chest press, leg press, hand grip dominant hand [HGDH], and hand grip nondominant hand [HGNDH]) in young and middle adulthood women (BMI in young and middle adulthood: r=−0.48, P<0.001 and r=−0.27, P=0.01, respectively; VO2max in young and middle adulthood women: r=0.69, P<0.001 and r=0.57, P<0.001, respectively; chest press, leg press, HGDH, and HGNDH in young adulthood: r=0.58, r=0.59, r=0.65, and r=0.42, respectively, P<0.001; and in middle adulthood: r=0.73, r=0.34, r=0.66, and r=0.55, respectively, P≤0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher levels of VO2max, HGDH, and chest press predicted higher 25OHD levels in the young adulthood women (R2=0.75; β=0.39, β=0.35, and β=0.30, respectively; P<0.001). Moreover, VO2max and HGDH were the strongest predictor of 25OHD levels in the middle adulthood women (R2=0.71; β=0.35, β=0.40, respectively; P<0.001). Conclusion Based on the results, it could be concluded that VO2max and strength are useful indirect marker for 25OHD levels in the young and middle adulthood women. It also seems that VO2max and HGDH strength had stronger associations with 25OHD levels in the young adulthood women, and chest press and HGDH had stronger associations with 25OHD levels in the middle adulthood women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran,
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran,
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King M, Kelly LP, Wallack EM, Hasan SMM, Kirkland MC, Curtis ME, Chatterjee T, McCarthy J, Ploughman M. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor as potential recovery biomarkers in stroke. Neurol Res 2019; 41:354-363. [PMID: 30620251 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1564451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were: 1) to determine whether maximal aerobic exercise increased serum neurotrophins in chronic stroke and 2) to determine the factors that predict resting and exercise-dependent levels. METHODS We investigated the potential predictors of resting and exercise-dependent serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among 35 chronic stroke patients. Predictors from three domains (demographic, disease burden, and cardiometabolic) were entered into 4 separate stepwise linear regression models with outcome variables: resting insulin-like growth factor, resting brain-derived neurotrophic factor, exercise-dependent change in insulin-like growth factor, and exercise-dependent change brain-derived neurotrophic factor. RESULTS Insulin-like growth factor decreased after exercise (p = 0.001) while brain-derived neurotrophic factor did not change (p = 0.38). Greater lower extremity impairment predicted higher resting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p = 0.004, r2 = 0.23). Higher fluid intelligence predicted greater brain-derived neurotrophic factor response to exercise (p = 0.01, r2 = 0.18). There were no significant predictors of resting or percent change insulin-like growth factor-1. DISCUSSION Biomarkers have the potential to characterize an individual's potential for recovery from stroke. Neurotrophins such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor are thought to be important in neurorehabilitation; however, the factors that modulate these biomarkers are not well understood. Resting brain-derived neurotrophic factor and percent change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor were related to physical and cognitive recovery in chronic stroke, albeit weakly. Insulin-like growth factor-1 was not an informative biomarker among chronic stroke patients. The novel finding that fluid intelligence positively correlated with exercise-induced change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael King
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Liam P Kelly
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Wallack
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - S M Mahmudul Hasan
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Megan C Kirkland
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Marie E Curtis
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Tanaya Chatterjee
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Jason McCarthy
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- a Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University , St. John's , Canada
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Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029793. [PMID: 28389517 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the major physiological function of myokines is to protect the functionality and to enhance the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle. Myokines control adaptive processes in skeletal muscle by acting as paracrine regulators of fuel oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix. Endocrine functions attributed to myokines are involved in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function. Muscle-derived regulatory RNAs and metabolites, as well as the design of modified myokines, are promising novel directions for treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoffmann
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Nindl BC, Alemany JA, Rarick KR, Eagle SR, Darnell ME, Allison KF, Harman EA. Differential basal and exercise-induced IGF-I system responses to resistance vs. calisthenic-based military readiness training programs. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 32:33-40. [PMID: 27979730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to: 1) evaluate differential responses of the IGF-I system to either a calisthenic- or resistance exercise-based program and 2) determine if this chronic training altered the IGF-I system during an acute resistance exercise protocol. DESIGN Thirty-two volunteers were randomly assigned into a resistance exercise-based training (RT) group (n=15, 27±5y, 174±6cm, 81±12kg) or a calisthenic-based training group (CT) (n=17, 29±5y, 179±8cm, 85±10kg) and all underwent 8weeks of exercise training (1.5h/d, 5d/wk). Basal blood was sampled pre- (Week 0), mid- (Week 4) and post-training (Week 8) and assayed for IGF-I system analytes. An acute resistance exercise protocol (AREP) was conducted preand post-training consisting of 6 sets of 10 repetitions in the squat with two minutes of rest in between sets and the IGF-I system analytes measured. A repeated measures ANOVA (p≤0.05) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS No interaction or within-subject effects were observed for basal total IGF-I, free IGF-I, or IGFBP-1. IGFBP-2 (pre; 578.6±295.7<mid; 828.6±104.2=post; 833.7±481.2ng/mL; p=0.008) and Acid Labile Subunit (ALS) changed over the exercise training (pre-; 16.2±1.3=mid-; 17.6±1.8>post-training; 14.3±1.9μg/mL; p=0.01). An interaction was observed for the RT group as IGFBP-3 increased from pre to mid (3462.4±216.4 vs. 3962.2±227.9ng/mL), but was not significant at the post-training time point (3770.3±228.7ng/mL). AREP caused all analytes except free IGF-I (40% decrease) to increase (17-27%; p=0.001) during exercise, returning to baseline concentration into recovery. CONCLUSION Post-training, bioavailable IGF-I recovered more rapidly post-exercise. 8wks of chronic physical training resulted in increased basal IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3, decreased ALS, increased pre-AREP free IGF-I and a more rapid free IGF-I recovery post-AREP. While total IGF-I was insensitive to chronic physical training, changes were observed with circulating IGFBPs and bioavailable IGF-I. To glean the most robust information on the effects of exercise training, studies must move beyond relying solely on total IGF-I measures and should consider IGFBPs and bioavailable IGF-I as these components of the circulating IGF-I system are essential determinants of IGF-I physiological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States; Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 17063, United States
| | - Joseph A Alemany
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 17063, United States; Injury Prevention Program, Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, U.S. Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Kevin R Rarick
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 17063, United States
| | - Shawn R Eagle
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
| | - Mathew E Darnell
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States
| | - Katelyn F Allison
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States
| | - Everett A Harman
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 17063, United States
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Myokines in Response to a Tournament Season among Young Tennis Players. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1460892. [PMID: 27652258 PMCID: PMC5019860 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1460892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated changes in myokines, heat shock proteins, and growth factors in highly ranked, young, male tennis players in response to physical workload during the competitive season and their potential correlations with match scores. Blood collections were carried out at the beginning, the midpoint, and the end of the tournament season. Data analysis revealed a significant increase in interleukin 6 and its inverse correlation with the number of lost games (r = -0.45; 90% CI -0.06 to 0.77). Neither the irisin nor BDNF level changed notably, yet delta changes of irisin across the season significantly correlated with the number of games won. The concentration of HSP27 recorded a small increase (31.2%; 90% CI 10.7 to 55.5, most likely). A negative correlation was noted between IGF-1 and HSP27 concentration at baseline (-0.70 very high; 90% CI -0.89 to -0.31, very likely). At the end of the season IGF-1 correlated positively with the number of games won (r = 0.37 moderate, 90% CI -0.16 to 0.73, likely) but negatively with the number of games lost (r = -0.39, 90% CI -0.14 to -0.74, likely). In conclusion our data indicated that Il-6, irisin, and growth factor IGF-1 may modify overall performance during a long lasting season, expressed in the amount of games won or lost.
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GREGORY SARAM, SPIERING BARRYA, ALEMANY JOSEPHA, TUCKOW ALEXANDERP, RARICK KEVINR, STAAB JEFFERYS, HATFIELD DISAL, KRAEMER WILLIAMJ, MARESH CARLM, NINDL BRADLEYC. Exercise-Induced Insulin-Like Growth Factor I System Concentrations after Training in Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:420-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182750bd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Espelund U, Søndergaard K, Bjerring P, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Interstitial fluid contains higher in vitro IGF bioactivity than serum: a study utilizing the suction blister technique. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:234-239. [PMID: 22939216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are bound in complexes which affect their tissue-accessibility. Interstitial fluid is in close proximity to target cells, but the IGF-system is not well-described herein. OBJECTIVE To perform a thorough comparison of the IGF-system in suction blister fluid (SBF) vs. in serum, with emphasis on bioactive IGF levels. DESIGN Eight hour study including samples collected in the fasting state (20 h) and after a meal. SETTING Clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS Six healthy males (age 37.0±8.8 years, BMI 22.5±1.4 kg/m(2)) (mean±SD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Serum and SBF concentrations of bioactive IGF (determined in vitro by specific IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) phosphorylation assay), immunoreactive IGF and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) levels, Western ligand blotting (WLB) of IGFBPs and IGFBP-3 Western immunoblotting (WiB). RESULTS The ability of SBF to phosphorylate the IGF-IR in vitro was 41±27% higher than that of serum (P=0.007 by repeated measures ANOVA). By contrast, immunoreactive IGF and IGFBP-concentrations were approximately 50% lower in SBF than in serum (all P≤0.002). A marked difference in the composition of IGFBPs between serum and SBF was observed, including 3-fold elevated amounts of IGFBP-3 fragments in SBF (P<0.001). For both IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-2, the effect of food intake differed between serum and SBF (all P≤0.03). CONCLUSION Despite lower concentrations, the in vitro IGF bioactivity was higher in SBF than in serum. This may relate to an increased enzymatic IGFBP-degradation and an altered IGFBP-composition in SBF, making more IGF-I and -II accessible to the IGF-IR. The impact of food intake on the IGF system differs between serum and interstitial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrick Espelund
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Nindl BC, Urso ML, Pierce JR, Scofield DE, Barnes BR, Kraemer WJ, Anderson JM, Maresh CM, Beasley KN, Zambraski EJ. IGF-I measurement across blood, interstitial fluid, and muscle biocompartments following explosive, high-power exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R1080-9. [PMID: 22933025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00275.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) resides across different biocompartments [blood, interstitial fluid (ISF), and muscle]. Whether circulating IGF-I responses to exercise reflect local events remains uncertain. We measured the IGF-I response to plyometric exercise across blood, ISF, and muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis. Twenty volunteers (8 men, 12 women, 22 ± 1 yr) performed 10 sets of 10 plyometric jump repetitions at a 40% 1-repetition maximum. Blood, ISF, and muscle samples were taken pre- and postexercise. Circulating IGF-I increased postexercise: total IGF-I (preexercise = 546 ± 42, midexercise = 585 ± 43, postexercise = 597 ± 45, +30 = 557 ± 42, +60 = 536 ± 40, +120 = 567 ± 42 ng/ml; midexercise, postexercise, and +120 greater than preexercise, P < 0.05); Free IGF-I (preexercise = 0.83 ± 0.09, midexercise = 0.78 ± 0.10, postexercise = 0.79 ± 0.11, +30 = 0.93 ± 0.10, +60 = 0.88 ± 0.10, + 120 = 0.91 ± 0.11 ng/ml; +30 greater than all other preceding time points, P < 0.05). No exercise-induced changes were observed for ISF IGF-I (preexercise = 2.35 ± 0.29, postexercise = 2.46 ± 0.35 ng/ml). No changes were observed for skeletal muscle IGF-I protein, although IGF-I mRNA content increased ∼40% postexercise. The increase in circulating total and free IGF-I was not correlated with increases in ISF IGF-I or muscle IGF-I protein content. Our data indicate that exercise-induced increases in circulating IGF-I are not reflective of local IGF-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Military Performance Division, The United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
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Hamilton B. Vitamin d and athletic performance: the potential role of muscle. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:211-9. [PMID: 22375241 PMCID: PMC3289217 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide epidemic, with well known impacts on calcium metabolism and bone health, but increasingly recognized associations with chronic health problems such as bowel and colonic cancer, arthritis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In recent years in the Sports Medicine literature, there has been an increased focus on the potential impact that inadequate Vitamin D levels may have on athletic performance. In the early 20th Century, athletes and coaches felt that ultraviolet rays had a positive impact on athletic performance, and while remaining limited, evidence is accumulating to support this view. Muscle structure and function is recognised to play a key role in athletic performance, and both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies allude to a functional role for Vitamin D in muscle. The identification of the Vitamin D receptor in muscle tissue provides a direct pathway for Vitamin D to impact upon Skeletal Muscle structure and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the action of Vitamin D within skeletal muscle tissue, and the potential impact on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Hamilton
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Gatti R, De Palo EF, Antonelli G, Spinella P. IGF-I/IGFBP system: metabolism outline and physical exercise. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:699-707. [PMID: 22714057 DOI: 10.3275/8456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The GH/IGF-I system plays a well-known hormonal role and its effects, mainly anabolic and insulin-sensitizing, are mediated through endocrine as well as paracrine/ autocrine mechanisms. This system includes the binding proteins, namely GH binding proteins and IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBP). As expected, this axis plays a key role in organism modification in consequence of a physical exercise. Physical activity, training, and exercise capacity chiefly involve anabolism process modifications of various tissues, in particular muscular adjustments. Numerous investigators found a correlation among the level of exercise tolerance, muscle strength or walking speed and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations. However, also inverse and absent correlations between circulating IGF-I concentrations and acute or chronic exercise responses have been reported. IGF-I is generally accepted as an important GH mediator with metabolic effects, through both endocrine and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. GH is the main regulator of the hepatic synthesis of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, which is the most abundant IGF carrier in human plasma. Recently, it has been shown that the physical exercise stimulatory impact on skeletal muscles is mediated through an increased local IGF-I synthesis with an IGFPB involvement. An absent association of exercise performance and circulating IGF-I may indicate that exercise will exert muscle strength by predominately locally derived paracrine or autocrine mediators rather than endocrine circulating IGF-I. The present review considers the general aspects of the IGF/IGFPB system and the role of the IGF/IGFPB system in relation to physical exercise (type, duration, etc.) taking into account the training aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gatti
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Frost RA, Lang CH. Multifaceted role of insulin-like growth factors and mammalian target of rapamycin in skeletal muscle. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:297-322, vi. [PMID: 22682632 PMCID: PMC3376019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the current literature on the interaction between insulin-like growth factors, endocrine hormones, and branched-chain amino acids on muscle physiology in healthy young individuals and during select pathologic conditions. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism by which physical and hormonal signals are transduced at the cellular level to either grow or atrophy skeletal muscle. The key role of the mammalian target of rapamycin and its ability to respond to hypertrophic and atrophic signals informs our understanding how a combination of physical, nutritional, and pharmacologic therapies may be used in tandem to prevent or ameliorate reductions in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Frost
- Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
- Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
| | - Charles H. Lang
- Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
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17
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Scofield DE, McClung HL, McClung JP, Kraemer WJ, Rarick KR, Pierce JR, Cloutier GJ, Fielding RA, Matheny RW, Young AJ, Nindl BC. A novel, noninvasive transdermal fluid sampling methodology: IGF-I measurement following exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1326-32. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that transdermal fluid (TDF) provides a more sensitive and accurate measure of exercise-induced increases in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) than serum, and that these increases are detectable proximal, but not distal, to the exercising muscle. A novel, noninvasive methodology was used to collect TDF, followed by sampling of total IGF-I (tIGF-I) and free IGF-I (fIGF-I) in TDF and serum following an acute bout of exercise. Experiment 1: eight men (23 ± 3 yrs, 79 ± 7 kg) underwent two conditions (resting and 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% V̇o2peak) in which serum and forearm TDF were collected for comparison. There were no significant changes in tIGF-I or fIGF-I in TDF obtained from the forearm or from serum following exercise ( P > 0.05); however, the proportion of fIGF-I to tIGF-I in TDF was approximately fourfold greater than that of serum ( P ≤ 0.05). These data suggest that changes in TDF IGF-I are not evident when TDF is sampled distal from the working tissue. To determine whether exercise-induced increases in local IGF-I could be detected when TDF was sampled directly over the active muscle group, we performed a second experiment. Experiment 2: fourteen subjects (22 ± 4 yr, 68 ± 11 kg) underwent an acute plyometric exercise condition consisting of 10 sets of 10 plyometric jumps with 2-min rest between sets. We observed a significant increase in TDF tIGF-I following exercise ( P ≤ 0.05) but no change in serum tIGF-I ( P > 0.05). Overall, these data suggest that TDF may provide a noninvasive means of monitoring acute exercise-induced changes in local IGF-I when sampled in proximity to exercising muscles. Moreover, our finding that the proportion of free to tIGF-I was greater in TDF than in serum suggests that changes in local IGF-I may be captured more readily using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. L. McClung
- Nutrition Divisions, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - J. P. McClung
- Nutrition Divisions, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - W. J. Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | | | | | - G. J. Cloutier
- Tufts University, Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, Sarcopenia Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R. A. Fielding
- Tufts University, Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, Sarcopenia Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - A. J. Young
- Nutrition Divisions, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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18
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Gregory SM, Headley SA, Germain M, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Coughlin MA, Milch CM, Sullivan S, Nindl BC. Lack of circulating bioactive and immunoreactive IGF-I changes despite improved fitness in chronic kidney disease patients following 48 weeks of physical training. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:51-56. [PMID: 21251861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As known abnormalities exist in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, the measurement of bioactive IGF-I may provide further insight into the therapeutic potential of long-term exercise training. DESIGN Patients (N=21) with stages 3 and 4 CKD were recruited from a local nephrology practice in Springfield, MA and randomized into matched treatment and control groups. The treatment group participated in 48 weeks of supervised, progressive exercise training and dietary counseling, while the control group received only usual care. Treadmill testing, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples for analysis of immunoreactive IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and -2, and bioactive IGF-I were taken at baseline, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant differences in any of the components of the IGF system (all p-values>0.05). Immunoreactive IGF-I levels correlated significantly with bioactive IGF-I at baseline (r=0.50, p=0.02) and at 48 weeks (r=0.64, p=0.01). There was a significant interaction between group and time for both VO(2peak) (p=0.03) and total treadmill time (TT) (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite improvements in physical performance, a 48-week training program did not affect any of the circulating IGF system measurements. Disparities between these findings and those of other researchers reporting a biphasic response to long-term training may be explained by differences in study groups and exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Gregory
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA.
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Saute JAM, da Silva ACF, Muller AP, Hansel G, de Mello AS, Maeda F, Vedolin L, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Souza DO, Arpa J, Torres-Aleman I, Portela LVC, Jardim LB. Serum insulin-like system alterations in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Mov Disord 2010; 26:731-5. [PMID: 21506152 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a group of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders with no current treatment. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) system (IIS) has been shown to play a role in the neurological dysfunction of SCAs and other polyglutamine disorders. We aimed to study the biomarker profile of serum IIS components in SCA3. We performed a case-control study with 46 SCA3 patients and 42 healthy individuals evaluating the peripheral IIS profile (insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP1 and 3) and the correlation with clinical, molecular, and neuroimaging findings. SCA3 patients presented lower insulin and IGFBP3 levels and higher insulin sensitivity (HOMA2), free IGF-I, and IGFBP1 levels when compared with controls. IGFBP-1 levels were directly associated with CAG expanded repeat length; IGF-1 was associated with the volumetries of specific brainstem regions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Insulin levels and sensitivity were related to age at onset of symptoms. Our findings indicate an involvement of IIS components in SCA3 neurobiology and IGFBP-1 as a potential biomarker of the disease.
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20
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Nindl BC, Alemany JA, Tuckow AP, Rarick KR, Staab JS, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Circulating bioactive and immunoreactive IGF-I remain stable in women, despite physical fitness improvements after 8 weeks of resistance, aerobic, and combined exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:112-20. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is regulated by a number of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and proteases that influence IGF-I bioactivity. A specific IGF-I kinase receptor activation assay (KIRA) has been developed that determines the ability of IGF-I to activate the IGF-I receptor by quantification of intracellular receptor autophosphorylation on IGF-I binding. KIRA-assessed IGF-I bioactivity has not been utilized within the context of chronic exercise training paradigms. This study measured total and free immunoreactive IGF-I, bioactive IGF-I, and IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 before (Pre), during (Mid), and after (Post) 8 wk of exercise training in young, healthy women, who were randomized into one of four groups: control ( n = 10), resistance ( n = 18), aerobic ( n = 13), and combined ( n = 15) exercise training. The training programs were effective in improving physical fitness specific to the exercise mode engaged in: increases were observed for lean mass (∼2%), aerobic fitness (6–7%), and upper (20–24%) and lower (15–48%) body strength (all P values < 0.05). By contrast, no time, group, or interaction effects were observed for the circulating IGF-I system, as immunoreactive total (Pre = 264 ± 16 μg/l; Mid = 268 ± 17 μg/l; Post = 271 ± 17 μg/l), free (Pre = 0.70 ± 0.1 μg/l; Mid = 0.63 ± 0.1 μg/l; Post = 0.63 ± 0.2 μg/l) and bioactive (Pre = 2.35 ± 0.3 μg/l; Mid = 2.25 ± 0.3 μg/l; Post = 2.33 ± 0.3 μg/l) IGF-I were unchanged throughout the study. All IGFBP measures were also unchanged. We conclude that increased lean mass, aerobic fitness, and upper and lower body strength resulting from an 8-wk exercise training programs can occur without concomitant increases in either circulating bioactive or immunoreactive IGF-I, as well as associated IGFBPs. In terms of reflecting positive anabolic neuromuscular outcomes, these data do not support a role for endocrine-derived IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Nindl
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph A. Alemany
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P. Tuckow
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin R. Rarick
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffery S. Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Carl M. Maresh
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Barry A. Spiering
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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NINDL BRADLEYC. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Physical Activity, and Control of Cellular Anabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:35-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b07c39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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NINDL BRADLEYC, PIERCE JOSEPHR. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I as a Biomarker of Health, Fitness, and Training Status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:39-49. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b07c4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Galluzzo P, Rastelli C, Bulzomi P, Acconcia F, Pallottini V, Marino M. 17β-Estradiol regulates the first steps of skeletal muscle cell differentiation via ER-α-mediated signals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1249-62. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) mediates a wide variety of complex biological processes determining the growth and development of reproductive tract as well as nonreproductive tissues of male and female individuals. While E2 effects on the reproductive system, bone, and cardiovascular system are quite well established, less is known about how it affects the physiology of other tissues. Skeletal muscle is a tissue that is expected to be E2 responsive since both isoforms of estrogen receptor (ER-α and ER-β) are expressed. Significant sex-related differences have been described in skeletal muscle, although the role played by E2 and the mechanisms underlying it remain to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that E2 increases the glucose transporter type 4 translocation at membranes as well as the expression of well-known differentiation markers of myogenesis (i.e., myogenin and myosin heavy chain) in rat myoblast cells (L6). These E2-induced effects require rapid extranuclear signals and the presence of ER-α, whereas no contribution of IGF-I receptor has been observed. In particular, ER-α-dependent Akt activation participates in regulating the first step of myogenic differentiation. Moreover, both receptors mediate the E2-induced activation of p38, which, in turn, affects the expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain. All together, these data indicate that E2 should be included in the list of skeletal muscle trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Marino
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is an increasingly described phenomenon worldwide, with well-known impacts on calcium metabolism and bone health. Vitamin D has also been associated with chronic health problems such as bowel and colonic cancer, arthritis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In recent decades, there has been increased awareness of the impact of vitamin D on muscle morphology and function, but this is not well recognized in the Sports Medicine literature. In the early 20th century, athletes and coaches felt that ultraviolet rays had a positive impact on athletic performance, and increasingly, evidence is accumulating to support this view. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies allude to a functional role for vitamin D in muscle and more recently the discovery of the vitamin D receptor in muscle tissue provides a mechanistic understanding of the function of vitamin D within muscle. The identification of broad genomic and non-genomic roles for vitamin D within skeletal muscle has highlighted the potential impact vitamin D deficiency may have on both under-performance and the risk of injury in athletes. This review describes the current understanding of the role vitamin D plays within skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hamilton
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
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26
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Rundqvist H, Rullman E, Sundberg CJ, Fischer H, Eisleitner K, Ståhlberg M, Sundblad P, Jansson E, Gustafsson T. Activation of the erythropoietin receptor in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 161:427-34. [PMID: 19515792 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expression in non-hematological tissues has been shown to be activated by locally produced and/or systemically delivered EPO. Improved oxygen homeostasis, a well-established consequence of EPOR activation, is very important for human skeletal muscle performance. In the present study we investigate whether human skeletal muscle fibers and satellite cells express EPOR and if it is activated by exercise. DESIGN AND METHODS Ten healthy males performed 65 min of cycle exercise. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and femoral arterio-venous differences in EPO concentrations were estimated. RESULTS The EPOR protein was localized in areas corresponding to the sarcolemma and capillaries. Laser dissection identified EPOR mRNA expression in muscle fibers. Also, EPOR mRNA and protein were both detected in human skeletal muscle satellite cells. In the initial part of the exercise bout there was a release of EPO from the exercising leg to the circulation, possibly corresponding to an increased bioavailability of EPO. After exercise, EPOR mRNA and EPOR-associated JAK2 phosphorylation were increased. CONCLUSIONS Interaction with JAK2 is required for EPOR signaling and the increase found in phosphorylation is therefore closely linked to the activation of EPOR. The receptor activation by acute exercise suggests that signaling through EPOR is involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptation, thus extending the biological role of EPO into the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Rundqvist
- Section of Molecular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Leme JACA, Silveira RF, Gomes RJ, Moura RF, Sibuya CA, Mello MAR, Luciano E. Long-term physical training increases liver IGF-I in diabetic rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:262-266. [PMID: 19201234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes reduces the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and physical training may prevent this reduction. Almost all circulating IGF-I is produced and secreted by the liver. To examine the influence of moderate physical training on liver IGF-1 levels in diabetes, male Wistar rats were given a single dose of alloxan (30 mg/kg b.w.) to induce diabetes and then randomly allocated to sedentary or trained groups. The training protocol consisted of a 1h swimming session/day, five days/week for eight weeks with a load corresponding to 5% of the body weight. These two groups were compared with sedentary or trained non-diabetic rats (controls). A subcutaneous insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed at the 6th week of experiment. At the end of the training period, the rats in all groups were sacrificed and blood was collected for the quantification of hematocrit and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, albumin, GH and IGF-1. Skeletal muscle and hepatic glycogen levels and hepatic triglyceride, protein, DNA and IGF-I concentrations were also determined. Diabetes reduced the serum insulin, GH and IGF-I concentrations, and the hepatic protein/DNA ratio and IGF-I concentrations, but increased serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Serum glucose removal during ITT was increased in the trained diabetic animals compared to sedentary control. Physical training reduced the serum glucose and triglyceride levels but increased the muscle glycogen content and restored the hepatic protein/DNA ratio and serum and hepatic IGF-I in diabetic rats. In conclusion, long-term chronic exercise improved the metabolic state and attenuated the reduction in serum and hepatic IGF-I concentrations caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A C A Leme
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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NINDL BRADLEYC, ALEMANY JOSEPHA, TUCKOW ALEXANDERP, KELLOGG MARKD, SHARP MARILYNA, PATTON JOHNF. Effects of Exercise Mode and Duration on 24-h IGF-I System Recovery Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1261-70. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318197125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nindl BC. Insulin-like growth factor-I as a candidate metabolic biomarker: military relevance and future directions for measurement. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:371-6. [PMID: 20144370 PMCID: PMC2771506 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is a ubiquitous peptide hormone involved in a host of critical physiological processes (e.g., protein synthesis and glucose homeostasis) and has been suggested to be a biomarker reflecting health and metabolic status. In most cases (muscle, bone, tendon, body composition, and cognitive function), elevated IGF-I concentrations are considered beneficial; however, cancer remains a notable exception. While the fact that both increased and decreased IGF-I can be considered reflective of favorable and beneficial health outcomes may appear as a paradox, it is important to emphasize that, in both cases, measured IGF-I concentrations do offer important insight into physiological processes. The effects of military operational field training on the circulating IGF-I system are discussed within the context of novel measurement technologies that (1) are field expedient and (2) provide more meaningful information. Prospective experimental approaches involving physical activity that sample and measure IGF-I in the body's various biocompartments will provide greater insight into the complex role that IGF-I possesses. Minimally invasive technologies that are field expedient, cost-effective, and allow for continuous and real-time feedback will have the greatest likelihood of being adapted and used in military environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
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30
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Wiik A, Hellsten Y, Berthelson P, Lundholm L, Fischer H, Jansson E. Activation of estrogen response elements is mediated both via estrogen and muscle contractions in rat skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C215-20. [PMID: 19020053 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00148.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the activation of estrogen response elements (EREs) by estrogen and muscle contractions in rat myotubes in culture and to assess whether the activation is dependent on the estrogen receptors (ERs). In addition, the effect of estrogen and contraction on the mRNA levels of ERalpha and ERbeta was studied to determine the functional consequence of the transactivation. Myoblasts were isolated from rat skeletal muscle and transfected with a vector consisting of sequences of EREs coupled to the gene for luciferase. The transfected myoblasts were then differentiated into myotubes and subjected to either estrogen or electrical stimulation. Activation of the ERE sequence was determined by measurement of luciferase activity. The results show that both ERalpha and ERbeta are expressed in myotubes from rats. Both estrogen stimulation and muscle contraction increased (P < 0.05) transactivation of the ERE sequence and enhanced ERbeta mRNA, whereas ERalpha was unaffected by estrogen and attenuated (P < 0.05) by muscle contraction. Use of ER antagonists showed that, whereas the estrogen-induced transactivation is mediated via ERs, the effect of muscle contraction is ER independent. The muscle contraction-induced transactivation of ERE and increase in ERbeta mRNA were instead found to be MAP kinase (MAPK) dependent. This study demonstrates for the first time that muscle contractions have a similar functional effect as estrogen in skeletal muscle myotubes, causing ERE activation and an enhancement in ERbeta mRNA. However, in contrast to estrogen, the effect is independent of ERs and dependent on MAPK, suggesting activation via the estrogen related receptor (ERR).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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