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Shimada H, Yamazaki Y, Sugawara A, Sasano H, Nakamura Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Functional Adrenocortical Adenoma and Carcinoma: Genetic Characterization and Intracellular Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080892. [PMID: 34440096 PMCID: PMC8389593 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones as adrenocortical hormones in the body, secreting mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, which are all considered essential for life. Adrenocortical tumors harbor divergent hormonal activity, frequently with steroid excess, and disrupt homeostasis of the body. Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) cause primary aldosteronism (PA), and cortisol-producing adenomas (CPAs) are the primary cause of Cushing’s syndrome. In addition, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a highly malignant cancer harboring poor prognosis. Various genetic abnormalities have been reported, which are associated with possible pathogenesis by the alteration of intracellular signaling and activation of transcription factors. In particular, somatic mutations in APAs have been detected in genes encoding membrane proteins, especially ion channels, resulting in hypersecretion of aldosterone due to activation of intracellular calcium signaling. In addition, somatic mutations have been detected in those encoding cAMP-PKA signaling-related factors, resulting in hypersecretion of cortisol due to its driven status in CPAs. In ACC, mutations in tumor suppressor genes and Wnt-β-catenin signaling-related factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. In this article, we review recent findings on the genetic characteristics and regulation of intracellular signaling and transcription factors in individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Shimada
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Miyagi, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-290-8731
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Yoshida GM, Yáñez JM. Increased accuracy of genomic predictions for growth under chronic thermal stress in rainbow trout by prioritizing variants from GWAS using imputed sequence data. Evol Appl 2021; 15:537-552. [PMID: 35505881 PMCID: PMC9046923 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through imputation of genotypes, genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and genomic prediction (GP) using whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) data are cost‐efficient and feasible in aquaculture breeding schemes. The objective was to dissect the genetic architecture of growth traits under chronic heat stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to assess the accuracy of GP based on imputed WGS and different preselected single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. A total of 192 and 764 fish challenged to a heat stress experiment for 62 days were genotyped using a customized 1 K and 26 K SNP panels, respectively, and then, genotype imputation was performed from a low‐density chip to WGS using 102 parents (36 males and 66 females) as the reference population. Imputed WGS data were used to perform GWAS and test GP accuracy under different preselected SNP scenarios. Heritability was estimated for body weight (BW), body length (BL) and average daily gain (ADG). Estimates using imputed WGS data ranged from 0.33 ± 0.05 to 0.55 ± 0.05 for growth traits under chronic heat stress. GWAS revealed that the top five cumulatively SNPs explained a maximum of 0.94%, 0.86% and 0.51% of genetic variance for BW, BL and ADG, respectively. Some important functional candidate genes associated with growth‐related traits were found among the most important SNPs, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B and 3 (STAT5B and STAT3, respectively) and cytokine‐inducible SH2‐containing protein (CISH). WGS data resulted in a slight increase in prediction accuracy compared with pedigree‐based method, whereas preselected SNPs based on the top GWAS hits improved prediction accuracies, with values ranging from 1.2 to 13.3%. Our results support the evidence of the polygenic nature of growth traits when measured under heat stress. The accuracies of GP can be improved using preselected variants from GWAS, and the use of WGS marginally increases prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyella M. Yoshida
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - José M. Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Núcleo Milenio INVASAL Concepción Chile
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3
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Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Vanselow JT, Bathon K, Lenz K, Herterich S, Schlosser A, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M, Calebiro D, Sbiera S. PKA Cα subunit mutation triggers caspase-dependent RIIβ subunit degradation via Ser 114 phosphorylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabd4176. [PMID: 33608270 PMCID: PMC7895437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PRKACA gene are the most frequent cause of cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas leading to Cushing's syndrome. PRKACA encodes for the catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A (PKA). We already showed that PRKACA mutations lead to impairment of regulatory (R) subunit binding. Furthermore, PRKACA mutations are associated with reduced RIIβ protein levels; however, the mechanisms leading to reduced RIIβ levels are presently unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of the most frequent PRKACA mutation, L206R, on regulatory subunit stability. We find that Ser114 phosphorylation of RIIβ is required for its degradation, mediated by caspase 16. Last, we show that the resulting reduction in RIIβ protein levels leads to increased cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells. These findings reveal the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance of the R subunit degradation caused by PRKACA mutations, adding another dimension to the deregulation of PKA signaling caused by PRKACA mutations in adrenal Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Weigand
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jens T Vanselow
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bathon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lenz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Herterich
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Xia L, Han Q, Chi C, Zhu Y, Pan J, Dong B, Huang Y, Xia W, Xue W, Sha J. Transcriptional regulation of PRKAR2B by miR-200b-3p/200c-3p and XBP1 in human prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109863. [PMID: 31986411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-activated protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is profoundly implicated in Prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Previously, we showed that PRKAR2B, the type II-beta regulatory subunit of PKA, is highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PCa cells. However, the molecular mechanism of dysregulated PRKAR2B expression pattern is still largely unknown. In this study, we found that the mutation, copy number alteration, and methylation status of PRKAR2B gene have no correlation with its expression level in PCa. Then, we identified two microRNAs (miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p) to be critical regulators of PRKAR2B expression in PCa. Notably, miR-200b-3p and miR-200c-3p expression were significantly downregulated in metastatic CRPC and negatively correlated with the expression level of PRKAR2B in PCa tissues. Moreover, we characterized X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1) as a key transcription factor responsible for PRKAR2B expression in PCa. Importantly, miR-200b-3p/200c-3p or XBP1 knockdown inhibited PCa cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis and these inhibitory roles could be largely restored by PRKAR2B, suggesting that PRKAR2B is a functional mediator of miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and XBP1 in PCa. Collectively, our study firstly identified miR-200b-3p/200c-3p and XBP1 as the critical upstream regulators of PRKAR2B in PCa and provided novel insights to PRKAR2B-driven PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jianjun Sha
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Weigand I. Pathogenesis of benign unilateral adrenocortical tumors: focus on cAMP/PKA pathway. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2018; 44:25-32. [PMID: 29963826 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.18.02874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations affecting genes in the cAMP/PKA (protein kinase A) signaling pathway have been described as causative for the pathogenesis of benign unilateral adrenocortical adenomas associated with cortisol over secretion. These include predominantly somatic mutations in the PRKACA gene which encodes the catalytic subunit α of PKA. In addition, mutations in the GNAS gene, coding for the stimulatory G protein α, have been observed in approximately 10% of cortisol producing adenomas (CPA). The mutations render PKA signaling constitutively active and are therefore involved in cortisol over secretion of these tumors. Despite the prominent role of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the pathogenesis of unilateral CPA, also mutations in the CTNNB1 gene, encoding β-catenin, were identified in CPA. However, mutations in β-catenin are not limited to CPA and are not associated with cortisol secretion since they were predominantly found in endocrine-inactive adenomas (EIA) and might hence contribute to tumorigenesis in adrenocortical tissues. In this review, recent findings in the pathogenesis of benign adrenocortical tumors with a particular focus on the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Weigand
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany -
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Sha J, Han Q, Chi C, Zhu Y, Pan J, Dong B, Huang Y, Xia W, Xue W. PRKAR2B promotes prostate cancer metastasis by activating Wnt/β-catenin and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7319-7327. [PMID: 29761841 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC) that occur after the failure of androgen-blocking therapies cause most of the deaths in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. In a previous study we identified that PRKAR2B expression is upregulated in CRPC and possesses potentials to develop CRPC. Here we further investigated the underlying mechanism of PRKAR2B in regulating prostate cancer metastasis. We established an androgen-independent LNCaPcell line (LNCaP-AI), and investigated the function of PRKAR2B on regulating cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. We found that PRKAR2B expression was markedly increased in LNCaP-AI cells and metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) tissues compared to LNCaP cells and primary PCa specimens, respectively. PRKAR2B level was significantly correlated with the Gleason score and lymph nodes metastasis in PCa. In vitro, PRKAR2B overexpression promoted cell invasion, whereas knockdown of PRKAR2B in CRPC cells inhibited cell invasion. PRKAR2B overexpression also promoted tumor metastasis in vivo. PRKAR2B resulted in a decreased expression of E-cadherin and an increased expression of Vimentin, N-cadherin, Fibronectin, indicating that PRKAR2B induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). PRKAR2B activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CRPC cells. More important, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin attenuated PRKAR2B-induced EMT and cancer cells invasion. Our results provided novel insights to PRKAR2B-driven CRPC cell invasion and indicated that PRKAR2B might be served as a potential target for CRPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sha
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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7
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Sha J, Xue W, Dong B, Pan J, Wu X, Li D, Liu D, Huang Y. PRKAR2B plays an oncogenic role in the castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6114-6129. [PMID: 28008150 PMCID: PMC5351617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an advanced form of prostate cancer. Despite some progresses have been made, the mechanism of CRPC development is still largely unknown, including the genes involved in its development have not been well defined. Here, we identifiedPRKAR2B to be a gene over-expressingin castration-resistant prostate cancer by analyzing the different online databases. Followed functional validation experiments showed that PRKAR2B promoted CRPC cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibited CRPC cell apoptosis. Whole genome transcriptome and GO enrichment analyses of the knock-down of PRKAR2B in CRPC cells showed that PRKAR2B mainly accelerated cell cycle biological process and modulated multiple cell cycle genes, such as CCNB1, MCM2, PLK1 and AURKB. Our study firstly identified PRKAR2B as a novel oncogenic gene involved in CRPC development and suggested it is a promising target for the future investigation and the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sha
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Penny MK, Finco I, Hammer GD. Cell signaling pathways in the adrenal cortex: Links to stem/progenitor biology and neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:42-54. [PMID: 27940298 PMCID: PMC5508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is a dynamic tissue responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens in humans. Advances have been made in understanding the role of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell populations in cortex homeostasis and self-renewal. Recently, large molecular profiling studies of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have given insights into proteins and signaling pathways involved in normal tissue homeostasis that become dysregulated in cancer. These data provide an impetus to examine the cellular pathways implicated in adrenocortical disease and study connections, or lack thereof, between adrenal homeostasis and tumorigenesis, with a particular focus on stem and progenitor cell pathways. In this review, we discuss evidence for stem/progenitor cells in the adrenal cortex, proteins and signaling pathways that may regulate these cells, and the role these proteins play in pathologic and neoplastic conditions. In turn, we also examine common perturbations in adrenocortical tumors (ACT) and how these proteins and pathways may be involved in adrenal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Penny
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabella Finco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Rizk-Rabin M, Dalmazi GD, Wild V, Bathon K, Rubin B, Calebiro D, Beuschlein F, Bertherat J, Fassnacht M, Sbiera S. Differential expression of the protein kinase A subunits in normal adrenal glands and adrenocortical adenomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:49. [PMID: 28250426 PMCID: PMC5427838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in protein kinase A catalytic α subunit (PRKACA) were found to be causative for 30-40% of cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) of the adrenal gland, rendering PKA signalling constitutively active. In its resting state, PKA is a stable and inactive heterotetramer, consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory subunits with the latter inhibiting PKA activity. The human genome encodes three different PKA catalytic subunits and four different regulatory subunits that are preferentially expressed in different organs. In normal adrenal glands all regulatory subunits are expressed, while CPA exhibit reduced protein levels of the regulatory subunit IIβ. In this study, we linked for the first time the loss of RIIβ protein levels to the PRKACA mutation status and found the down-regulation of RIIβ to arise post-transcriptionally. We further found the PKA subunit expression pattern of different tumours is also present in the zones of the normal adrenal cortex and demonstrate that the different PKA subunits have a differential expression pattern in each zone of the normal adrenal gland, indicating potential specific roles of these subunits in the regulation of different hormones secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR810, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpiteaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wild
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bathon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Rubin
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR810, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpiteaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Central Laboratory, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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10
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Zhang C, Min L, Liu J, Tian W, Han Y, Qu L, Shou C. Integrated analysis identified an intestinal-like and a diffuse-like gene sets that predict gastric cancer outcome. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5454-7. [PMID: 27858295 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The two major histological types of gastric cancer, intestinal and diffuse subtypes, have distinct epidemiological and pathophysiological features and were also suggested to be of diverse clinical outcomes. Although the gene expression spectrum of gastric cancer subtypes has been reported by previous studies, its linkage with gastric cancer clinical features and outcomes remains elusive. We investigated large-sample online gastric cancer datasets for seeking genes correlated with the clinical diversities between gastric cancer intestinal and diffuse subtypes. Genes differently expressed between the two subtypes were assessed by multiple statistical analysis and were testified on cellular level by quantitative RT-PCR. Related genes were combined to generate a risk signature, and their mutual linkages were also explored. Among genes overexpressed in intestinal subtype, ATPIF1, PRDX2, PRKAR2A, and SMC1A were correlated with positive prognosis. Among genes overexpressed in diffuse subtype, DTNA, GPR161, IDS, RHOQ, and TSHZ2 were correlated with negative prognosis. These nine genes were all novel independent prognostic factors. When used in combination as signatures, these two gene sets displayed strong efficacy for prediction of the prognosis and clinical variables in gastric and colorectal cancer. Hence, these two genes sets were respectively defined as the favorable intestinal-like and adverse diffuse-like gene sets. We identified nine novel genes correlated with the clinical diversity between the intestinal and diffuse subtypes of gastric cancer. The malignant changes from the intestinal to diffuse subtype might be due to the reduction of the four intestinal-like genes, as well as the elevation of the five diffuse-like genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Li Min
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiafei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Cancer Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Like Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chengchao Shou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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11
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Basso F, Rocchetti F, Rodriguez S, Nesterova M, Cormier F, Stratakis C, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J, Rizk-Rabin M. Comparison of the effects of PRKAR1A and PRKAR2B depletion on signaling pathways, cell growth, and cell cycle control of adrenocortical cells. Horm Metab Res 2014; 46:883-8. [PMID: 25268545 PMCID: PMC4727442 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A signaling cascade is one of the main pathways involved in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. The PKA R1A and R2B proteins are the most abundant regulatory subunits in endocrine tissues. Inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A are associated with Carney complex and a subset of sporadic tumors and the abundance of R2B protein is low in a subset of secreting adrenocortical adenomas. We previously showed that PRKAR1A and PRKAR2B inactivation have anti-apoptotic effects on the adrenocortical carcinoma cell line H295R. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of PRKAR1A and PRKAR2B depletion on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell signaling pathways, and cell cycle regulation. We found that PRKAR2B depletion is compensated by an upregulation of R1A protein, whereas PRKAR1A depletion has no effect on the production of R2B. The depletion of either PRKAR1A or PRKAR2B promotes the expression of Bcl-xL and resistance to apoptosis; and is associated with a high percentage of cells in S and G2 phase, activates PKA and MEK/ERK pathways, and impairs the expression of IkB leading to activate the NF-κB pathway. However, we observed differences in the regulation of cyclins. The depletion of PRKAR1A leads to the accumulation of cyclin D1 and p27kip, whereas the depletion of PRKAR2B promotes the accumulation of cyclin A, B, cdk1, cdc2, and p21Cip. In conclusion, although the depletion of PRKAR1A and PRKAR2B in adrenocortical cells has similar effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis; loss of these PKA subunits differentially affects cyclin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Basso
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - F. Rocchetti
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - S. Rodriguez
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - M. Nesterova
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - F. Cormier
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - C. Stratakis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - B. Ragazzon
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - J. Bertherat
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - M. Rizk-Rabin
- INSERM U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, France
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12
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Lerario AM, Moraitis A, Hammer GD. Genetics and epigenetics of adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:67-84. [PMID: 24220673 PMCID: PMC3943605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors are common neoplasms. Most are benign, nonfunctional and clinically irrelevant. However, adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis and no effective treatment apart from surgical resection. The molecular genetics of adrenocortical tumors remain poorly understood. For decades, molecular studies relied on a small number of samples and were directed to candidate-genes. This approach, based on the elucidation of the genetics of rare genetic syndromes in which adrenocortical tumors are a manifestation, has led to the discovery of major dysfunctional molecular pathways in adrenocortical tumors, such as the IGF pathway, the Wnt pathway and TP53. However, with the advent of high-throughput methodologies and the organization of international consortiums to obtain a larger number of samples and high-quality clinical data, this paradigm is rapidly changing. In the last decade, genome-wide expression profile studies, microRNA profiling and methylation profiling allowed the identification of subgroups of tumors with distinct genetic markers, molecular pathways activation patterns and clinical behavior. As a consequence, molecular classification of tumors has proven to be superior to traditional histological and clinical methods in prognosis prediction. In addition, this knowledge has also allowed the proposal of molecular-targeted approaches to provide better treatment options for advanced disease. This review aims to summarize the most relevant data on the rapidly evolving field of genetics of adrenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Lerario
- Adrenal Disorders Unit - LIM/42, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Moraitis
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5902, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Endocrine Oncology Program, Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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13
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Beuschlein F, Fassnacht M, Assié G, Calebiro D, Stratakis CA, Osswald A, Ronchi CL, Wieland T, Sbiera S, Faucz FR, Schaak K, Schmittfull A, Schwarzmayr T, Barreau O, Vezzosi D, Rizk-Rabin M, Zabel U, Szarek E, Salpea P, Forlino A, Vetro A, Zuffardi O, Kisker C, Diener S, Meitinger T, Lohse MJ, Reincke M, Bertherat J, Strom TM, Allolio B. Constitutive activation of PKA catalytic subunit in adrenal Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1019-28. [PMID: 24571724 PMCID: PMC4727447 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1310359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome is caused by tumors or hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. The molecular pathogenesis of cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas is not well understood. METHODS We performed exome sequencing of tumor-tissue specimens from 10 patients with cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas and evaluated recurrent mutations in candidate genes in an additional 171 patients with adrenocortical tumors. We also performed genomewide copy-number analysis in 35 patients with cortisol-secreting bilateral adrenal hyperplasias. We studied the effects of these genetic defects both clinically and in vitro. RESULTS Exome sequencing revealed somatic mutations in PRKACA, which encodes the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A [PKA]), in 8 of 10 adenomas (c.617A→C in 7 and c.595_596insCAC in 1). Overall, PRKACA somatic mutations were identified in 22 of 59 unilateral adenomas (37%) from patients with overt Cushing's syndrome; these mutations were not detectable in 40 patients with subclinical hypercortisolism or in 82 patients with other adrenal tumors. Among 35 patients with cortisol-producing hyperplasias, 5 (including 2 first-degree relatives) carried a germline copy-number gain (duplication) of the genomic region on chromosome 19 that includes PRKACA. In vitro studies showed impaired inhibition of both PKA catalytic subunit mutants by the PKA regulatory subunit, whereas cells from patients with germline chromosomal gains showed increased protein levels of the PKA catalytic subunit; in both instances, basal PKA activity was increased. CONCLUSIONS Genetic alterations of the catalytic subunit of PKA were found to be associated with human disease. Germline duplications of this gene resulted in bilateral adrenal hyperplasias, whereas somatic PRKACA mutations resulted in unilateral cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas. (Funded by the European Commission Seventh Framework Program and others.).
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14
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Girisha KM, Abdollahpour H, Shah H, Bhavani GS, Graham JM, Boggula VR, Phadke SR, Kutsche K. A syndrome of facial dysmorphism, cubital pterygium, short distal phalanges, swan neck deformity of fingers, and scoliosis. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1035-40. [PMID: 24458843 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report on an adolescent girl with sparse scalp hair, wide columella extending below alae nasi, webbing at elbows, broad finger tips, short distal phalanx of fingers, swan neck deformity of fingers, scoliosis, tall vertebrae, short fibulae, short fourth metatarsal bone, abnormal distal humeri, and unilateral clubfoot at birth. The combination of these features represents a novel phenotype. We sequenced the protein-coding regions of the FLNA and FLNB genes and did not observe any pathogenic sequence variation. Chromosomal microarray revealed a de novo copy number variation of uncertain clinical significance on 7p22.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katta M Girisha
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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15
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Bidkhori G, Narimani Z, Hosseini Ashtiani S, Moeini A, Nowzari-Dalini A, Masoudi-Nejad A. Reconstruction of an integrated genome-scale co-expression network reveals key modules involved in lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67552. [PMID: 23874428 PMCID: PMC3708931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal of this study was to reconstruct a “genome-scale co-expression network” and find important modules in lung adenocarcinoma so that we could identify the genes involved in lung adenocarcinoma. We integrated gene mutation, GWAS, CGH, array-CGH and SNP array data in order to identify important genes and loci in genome-scale. Afterwards, on the basis of the identified genes a co-expression network was reconstructed from the co-expression data. The reconstructed network was named “genome-scale co-expression network”. As the next step, 23 key modules were disclosed through clustering. In this study a number of genes have been identified for the first time to be implicated in lung adenocarcinoma by analyzing the modules. The genes EGFR, PIK3CA, TAF15, XIAP, VAPB, Appl1, Rab5a, ARF4, CLPTM1L, SP4, ZNF124, LPP, FOXP1, SOX18, MSX2, NFE2L2, SMARCC1, TRA2B, CBX3, PRPF6, ATP6V1C1, MYBBP1A, MACF1, GRM2, TBXA2R, PRKAR2A, PTK2, PGF and MYO10 are among the genes that belong to modules 1 and 22. All these genes, being implicated in at least one of the phenomena, namely cell survival, proliferation and metastasis, have an over-expression pattern similar to that of EGFR. In few modules, the genes such as CCNA2 (Cyclin A2), CCNB2 (Cyclin B2), CDK1, CDK5, CDC27, CDCA5, CDCA8, ASPM, BUB1, KIF15, KIF2C, NEK2, NUSAP1, PRC1, SMC4, SYCE2, TFDP1, CDC42 and ARHGEF9 are present that play a crucial role in cell cycle progression. In addition to the mentioned genes, there are some other genes (i.e. DLGAP5, BIRC5, PSMD2, Src, TTK, SENP2, PSMD2, DOK2, FUS and etc.) in the modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Narimani
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseini Ashtiani
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moeini
- Department of Algorithms and Computation, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Masoudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wilmot Roussel H, Vezzosi D, Rizk-Rabin M, Barreau O, Ragazzon B, René-Corail F, de Reynies A, Bertherat J, Assié G. Identification of gene expression profiles associated with cortisol secretion in adrenocortical adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1109-21. [PMID: 23539725 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The cortisol secretion of adrenocortical adenomas can be either subtle or overt. The mechanisms leading to the autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol are unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify the gene expression profile associated with the autonomous and excessive cortisol secretion of adrenocortical adenomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS The transcriptome of 22 unilateral adrenocortical adenomas (5 nonsecreting, 6 subclinical cortisol producing, 11 cortisol producing) was studied and correlated with cortisol secretion. Phosphodiesterase 8B (PDE8B) expression was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering identified 2 groups of adenomas with a difference in secretion level (P = .008). Cluster 1 included only cortisol-producing adenomas (8 of 11), whereas cluster 2 was an admixture of the nonsecreting, the subclinical cortisol-secreting, and 3 of the 11 cortisol-secreting adenomas (Fisher exact, P = .002). This cluster was driven by genes related to cortisol secretion and to extracellular matrix. More than 3000 genes correlated with cortisol secretion. Among the positively correlated were the steroidogenic enzymes, genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, and glutathione S-transferases. Among the negatively correlated genes were genes related to transcripts translation and the transcription factor GATA-6. The PDE8B, which inactivates the protein kinase A pathway, unexpectedly showed the strongest positive correlation with cortisol secretion, confirmed by Western blot. The protein kinase A-activity to cAMP ratio was increased in adenomas with high PDE8B levels, suggesting counterregulation to limit downstream activation of the pathway. CONCLUSION The transcriptome of adrenocortical adenomas reveals a major association with cortisol secretion and identifies specific groups of genes implicated in steroid secretion, suggesting that cAMP signaling alterations might be frequent in cortisol-secreting adenomas.
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Aarhus M, Bruland O, Sætran HA, Mork SJ, Lund-Johansen M, Knappskog PM. Global gene expression profiling and tissue microarray reveal novel candidate genes and down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene CAV1 in sporadic vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurgery 2011; 67:998-1019; discussion 1019. [PMID: 20881564 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3181ec7b71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vestibular nerve is the predilection site for schwannomas. Few transcriptomic studies have been performed on solely sporadic vestibular schwannomas (VSs). OBJECTIVE To detect genes with altered expression levels in sporadic VSs. METHODS We studied 25 VSs and 3 tibial nerves (controls) with the ABI 1700 microarray platform. Significance analysis of microarrays was performed to explore differential gene expression. Selected genes were validated with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A tissue microarray was constructed for immunohistochemistry. Neurofibromatosis type II cDNA was sequenced for mutations. RESULTS The VSs formed 2 clusters based on the total expression of 23,055 genes. Tumor size, previous Gamma Knife surgery, neurofibromatosis type II mutations, and cystic tumors were distributed equally in both. Significance analysis of microarrays detected 1650 differentially expressed genes. On the top 500 list, several cancer-related genes with an unrecognized role in VSs were down-regulated: CAV1, TGFB3, VCAM1, GLI1, GLI2, PRKAR2B, EPHA4, and FZD1. Immunohistochemistry showed no CAV1 expression in the VSs. The ERK pathway was the central core in the network linking the differentially expressed genes. The previously reported VS candidate genes SPARC, PLAT, and FGF1 were up-regulated. Nineteen of 25 VSs had NF2 mutations. CONCLUSION Using microarray technology, we identified novel genes and pathways with a putative role in VSs, confirmed previous candidate genes, and found cancer-related genes with no reported role in VSs. Among these, down-regulation of CAV1 at both the mRNA and protein levels is of particular interest because this tumor suppressor normally is expressed in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Aarhus
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
Increased levels of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulate cell proliferation and fluid secretion in polycystic kidney disease. Levels of this molecule are more sensitive to inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), whose activity far exceeds the rate of cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclase. Several PDEs exist, and here we measured the activity and expression of PDE families, their isoforms, and the expression of downstream effectors of cAMP signaling in the kidneys of rodents with polycystic kidney disease. We found a higher overall PDE activity in kidneys from mice as compared with rats, as well as a higher contribution of PDE1, relative to PDE4 and PDE3, to total PDE activity of kidney lysates and lower PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 activities in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type mice. There were reduced amounts of several PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 proteins, possibly due to increased protein degradation despite an upregulation of their mRNA. Increased levels of cGMP were found in the kidneys of cystic animals, suggesting in vivo downregulation of PDE1 activity. We found an additive stimulatory effect of cAMP and cGMP on cystogenesis in vitro. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunits Ialpha and IIbeta, PKare, the transcription factor CREB-1 mRNA, and CREM, ATF-1, and ICER proteins were upregulated in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type animals. Our study suggests that alterations in cyclic nucleotide catabolism may render cystic epithelium particularly susceptible to factors acting on Gs-coupled receptors. This may account, in part, for increased cyclic nucleotide signaling in polycystic kidney disease and contribute substantially to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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