1
|
Deebel NA, Bradshaw AW, Sadri-Ardekani H. Infertility considerations in klinefelter syndrome: From origin to management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101480. [PMID: 33358481 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined as the presence of one or more extra "X" chromosome in a male patient. It affects approximately 1 in 600 newborn males and the most common chromosomal abnormality, leading to male hypogonadism and infertility. There is a lack of data supporting best practices for KS patients' care. In this paper we review controversial issues in KS research ranging from mechanisms of variation in KS phenotype to abnormalities resulting in reduced sperm production to successful sperm retrieval disparities after testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Translation to live birth and offspring health is also examined. Finally, medical therapies used to optimize the hormonal status and chances of fertility in KS patients are reviewed. We will also discuss the experimental spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) treatments, which are considered the future for TESE negative patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Deebel
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aaron W Bradshaw
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wistuba J, Beumer C, Brehm R, Gromoll J. 41,XX Y * male mice: An animal model for Klinefelter syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:267-278. [PMID: 32432406 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is the most frequent male chromosomal aneuploidy resulting in a highly heterogeneous clinical phenotype associated with hormonal dysbalance, increased rate of co-morbidities, and reduced lifespan. Two hallmarks of KS-affecting testicular functions are consistently observed: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and germ cell (GC) loss resulting in infertility. Although KS is being studied for decades, the underlying mechanisms for the observed pathophysiology are still unclear. Due to ethical restrictions, studies in humans are limited, and consequently, suitable animal models are needed to address the consequences of a supernumerary X chromosome. Mouse strains with comparable aneuploidies have been generated and yielded highly relevant insights into KS. We briefly describe the establishment of the KS mouse models, summarize the knowledge gained by their use, compare findings from the mouse models to those obtained in clinical studies, and also reflect on limitations of the currently used models derived from the B6Ei.Lt-Y* mouse strain, in which the Y chromosome is altered and its centromere position changed into a more distal location provoking meiotic non-disjunction. Breeding such as XY* males to XX females, the target 41,XXY *, and 41,XXY males are generated. Here, we summarize features of both models but report in particular findings from our 41,XXY * mice including some novel data on Sertoli cell characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Wistuba
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cristin Beumer
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Functional Histology and Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laurentino S, Heckmann L, Di Persio S, Li X, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Wistuba J, Cremers JF, Gromoll J, Kliesch S, Schlatt S, Neuhaus N. High-resolution analysis of germ cells from men with sex chromosomal aneuploidies reveals normal transcriptome but impaired imprinting. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:127. [PMID: 31462300 PMCID: PMC6714305 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common sex chromosomal aneuploidy in males is Klinefelter syndrome, which is characterized by at least one supernumerary X chromosome. While these men have long been considered infertile, focal spermatogenesis can be observed in some patients, and sperm can be surgically retrieved and used for artificial reproductive techniques. Although these gametes can be used for fertility treatments, little is known about the molecular biology of the germline in Klinefelter men. Specifically, it is unclear if germ cells in Klinefelter syndrome correctly establish the androgenetic DNA methylation profile and transcriptome. This is due to the low number of germ cells in the Klinefelter testes available for analysis. Results Here, we overcame these difficulties and successfully investigated the epigenetic and transcriptional profiles of germ cells in Klinefelter patients employing deep bisulfite sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing. On the transcriptional level, the germ cells from Klinefelter men clustered together with the differentiation stages of normal spermatogenesis. Klinefelter germ cells showed a normal DNA methylation profile of selected germ cell-specific markers compared with spermatogonia and sperm from men with normal spermatogenesis. However, germ cells from Klinefelter patients showed variations in the DNA methylation of imprinted regions. Conclusions These data indicate that Klinefelter germ cells have a normal transcriptome but might present aberrant imprinting, showing impairment in germ cell development that goes beyond mere germ cell loss. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0720-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Laurentino
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Heckmann
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sara Di Persio
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Meyer Zu Hörste
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jann-Frederik Cremers
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Neuhaus
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bharath TS, Saraswathi TR, Suresh Sajjan MC, Ramchandran CR, Govindraj Kumar N. Isolation and quantification of DNA from epithelial cells obtained from acrylic removable partial denture for sex identification. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
5
|
Aberrant ocular architecture and function in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13130. [PMID: 29030589 PMCID: PMC5640645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), the most common chromosomal disorder in men (47,XXY), is associated with numerous comorbidities. Based on a number of isolated case reports, we performed the first systematic and comprehensive evaluation of eye health in KS patients with a focus on ocular structure and vascularization. Twenty-one KS patients and 26 male and 38 female controls underwent a variety of non-invasive examinations investigating ocular morphology (examination of retinal thickness, optic nerve head, and cornea) and function (visual field testing and quantification of ocular vessel density by optical coherence tomography angiography). In comparison to healthy controls, KS patients exhibited a smaller foveal avascular zone and a decreased retinal thickness due to a drastically thinner outer nuclear layer. The cornea of KS patients showed a decreased peripheral thickness and volume. In perimetry evaluation, KS patients required brighter stimuli and gave more irregular values. KS patients show an ocular phenotype including morphological and functional features, which is very likely caused by the supernumerary X chromosome. Thus, KS should not be limited to infertility, endocrine dysfunction, neurocognitive and psychosocial comorbidities. Defining an aberrant ocular morphology and function, awareness for possible eye problems should be raised.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bonomi M, Rochira V, Pasquali D, Balercia G, Jannini EA, Ferlin A. Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:123-134. [PMID: 27644703 PMCID: PMC5269463 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is characterized by an extreme heterogeneity in its clinical and genetic presentation. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genetic background has been partially disclosed; nevertheless, physicians are aware that several aspects concerning this issue are far to be fully understood. By improving our knowledge on the role of some genetic aspects as well as on the KS, patients' interindividual differences in terms of health status will result in a better management of this chromosomal disease. The aim of this review is to provide an update on both genetic and clinical phenotype and their interrelationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - V Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - D Pasquali
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma A, Jamil MA, Nuesgen N, Schreiner F, Priebe L, Hoffmann P, Herns S, Nöthen MM, Fröhlich H, Oldenburg J, Woelfle J, El-Maarri O. DNA methylation signature in peripheral blood reveals distinct characteristics of human X chromosome numerical aberrations. Clin Epigenetics 2015. [PMID: 26221191 PMCID: PMC4517491 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal sex chromosome numbers in humans are observed in Turner (45,X) and Klinefelter (47,XXY) syndromes. Both syndromes are associated with several clinical phenotypes, whose molecular mechanisms are obscure, and show a range of inter-individual penetrance. In order to understand the effect of abnormal numbers of X chromosome on the methylome and its correlation to the variable clinical phenotype, we performed a genome-wide methylation analysis using MeDIP and Illumina's Infinium assay on individuals with four karyotypes: 45,X, 46,XY, 46,XX, and 47,XXY. RESULTS DNA methylation changes were widespread on all autosomal chromosomes in 45,X and in 47,XXY individuals, with Turner individuals presenting five times more affected loci. Differentially methylated CpGs, in most cases, have intermediate methylation levels and tend to occur outside CpG islands, especially in individuals with Turner syndrome. The X inactivation process appears to be less effective in Klinefelter syndrome as methylation on the X was decreased compared to normal female samples. In a large number of individuals, we verified several loci by pyrosequencing and observed only weak inter-loci correlations between the verified regions. This suggests a certain stochastic/random contribution to the methylation changes at each locus. Interestingly, methylation patterns on some PAR2 loci differ between male and Turner syndrome individuals and between female and Klinefelter syndrome individuals, which possibly contributed to this distinguished and unique autosomal methylation patterns in Turner and Klinefelter syndrome individuals. CONCLUSIONS The presented data clearly show that gain or loss of an X chromosome results in different epigenetic effects, which are not necessary opposite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ahmer Jamil
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Nuesgen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Schreiner
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lutz Priebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herns
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Institute for Computer Science, c/o Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Algorithmic Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstr. 2, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Woelfle
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Osman El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruzzenenti P, Asperti M, Mitola S, Crescini E, Maccarinelli F, Gryzik M, Regoni M, Finazzi D, Arosio P, Poli M. The Ferritin-Heavy-Polypeptide-Like-17 (FTHL17) gene encodes a ferritin with low stability and no ferroxidase activity and with a partial nuclear localization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Nieschlag E, Werler S, Wistuba J, Zitzmann M. New approaches to the Klinefelter syndrome. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Giltay JC, Maiburg MC. Klinefelter syndrome: clinical and molecular aspects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:765-76. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
He JH, Han ZP, Li YG. Association between long non-coding RNA and human rare diseases (Review). Biomed Rep 2013; 2:19-23. [PMID: 24649062 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are untranslated transcripts with longer than 200 nucleotides (nt), which possess many of the structural characteristics of mRNAs, including a poly A tail, 5'-capping, and a promoter structure, but no conserved open reading frame. Moreover, lncRNA expression patterns change during differentiation and exhibit a variety of splicing patterns. Many lncRNAs are expressed at specific times and in specific tissues during development. It has been proposed that lncRNAs are involved in the epigenetic regulation of coding genes, and thus exert a powerful effect on a number of physiological and pathological processes, including the pathogenesis of many human rare diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua He
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Ping Han
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guang Li
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Y, Li C, Gu J, Tang F, Li C, Li P, Ping P, Yang S, Li Z, Jin Y. Aberrant gene expression profiles in pluripotent stem cells induced from fibroblasts of a Klinefelter syndrome patient. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38970-9. [PMID: 23019320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common male chromosome aneuploidy. Its pathophysiology is largely unexplained due to the lack of adequate models. Here, we report the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) lines from a KS patient with a karyotype of 47, XXY. Derived KS-iPSCs meet all criteria of normal iPSCs with the potential for germ cell differentiation. Although X chromosome inactivation occurs in all KS-iPSCs, genome-wide transcriptome analysis identifies aberrantly expressed genes associated with the clinical features of KS. Our KS-iPSCs can serve as a cellular model for KS research. Identified genes may become biomarkers for early diagnosis or potential therapeutic targets for KS and significantly accelerate the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Klinefelter syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tachibana M, Ma H, Sparman ML, Lee HS, Ramsey CM, Woodward JS, Sritanaudomchai H, Masterson KR, Wolff EE, Jia Y, Mitalipov SM. X-chromosome inactivation in monkey embryos and pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 2012; 371:146-55. [PMID: 22935618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals (XX) compensates for the reduced dosage of X-linked gene expression in males (XY). However, the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse preimplantation blastocysts and their in vitro counterparts, pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), initially maintain two active X chromosomes (XaXa). Random X chromosome inactivation (XCI) takes place in the ICM lineage after implantation or upon differentiation of ESCs, resulting in mosaic tissues composed of two cell types carrying either maternal or paternal active X chromosomes. While the status of XCI in human embryos and ICMs remains unknown, majority of human female ESCs show non-random XCI. We demonstrate here that rhesus monkey ESCs also display monoallelic expression and methylation of X-linked genes in agreement with non-random XCI. However, XIST and other X-linked genes were expressed from both chromosomes in isolated female monkey ICMs indicating that ex vivo pluripotent cells retain XaXa. Intriguingly, the trophectoderm (TE) in preimplantation monkey blastocysts also expressed X-linked genes from both alleles suggesting that, unlike the mouse, primate TE lineage does not support imprinted paternal XCI. Our results provide insights into the species-specific nature of XCI in the primate system and reveal fundamental epigenetic differences between in vitro and ex vivo primate pluripotent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Tachibana
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anguera MC, Sadreyev R, Zhang Z, Szanto A, Payer B, Sheridan SD, Kwok S, Haggarty SJ, Sur M, Alvarez J, Gimelbrant A, Mitalipova M, Kirby JE, Lee JT. Molecular signatures of human induced pluripotent stem cells highlight sex differences and cancer genes. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:75-90. [PMID: 22770242 PMCID: PMC3587778 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have enormous potential in regenerative medicine, their epigenetic variability suggests that some lines may not be suitable for human therapy. There are currently few benchmarks for assessing quality. Here we show that X-inactivation markers can be used to separate hiPSC lines into distinct epigenetic classes and that the classes are phenotypically distinct. Loss of XIST expression is strongly correlated with upregulation of X-linked oncogenes, accelerated growth rate in vitro, and poorer differentiation in vivo. Whereas differences in X-inactivation potential result in epigenetic variability of female hiPSC lines, male hiPSC lines generally resemble each other and do not overexpress the oncogenes. Neither physiological oxygen levels nor HDAC inhibitors offer advantages to culturing female hiPSC lines. We conclude that female hiPSCs may be epigenetically less stable in culture and caution that loss of XIST may result in qualitatively less desirable stem cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat C. Anguera
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Zhang
- SAB Biosciences, Qiagen, 6951 Executive Way, Suite 100, Frederick, MD 21703, USA
| | - Attila Szanto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven D. Sheridan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Showming Kwok
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jason Alvarez
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Gimelbrant
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maisam Mitalipova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James E. Kirby
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeannie T. Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Werler S, Poplinski A, Gromoll J, Wistuba J. Expression of selected genes escaping from X inactivation in the 41, XX(Y)* mouse model for Klinefelter's syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:885-91. [PMID: 21241365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We hypothesized that patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) not only undergo X inactivation, but also that genes escape from inactivation. Their transcripts would constitute a significant difference, as male metabolism is not adapted to a 'female-like' gene dosage. We evaluated the expression of selected X-linked genes in our 41, XX(Y)* male mice to determine whether these genes escape inactivation and whether tissue-specific differences occur. METHODS Correct X inactivation was identified by Xist expression. Relative expression of X-linked genes was examined in liver, kidney and brain tissue by real-time PCR in adult XX(Y)* and XY* males and XX females. RESULTS Expression of genes known to escape X inactivation was analysed. Relative mRNA levels of Pgk1 (control, X inactivated), and the genes Eif2s3x, Kdm5c, Ddx3x and Kdm6a escaping from X inactivation were quantified from liver, kidney and brain. Pgk1 mRNA expression showed no difference, confirming correct X inactivation. In kidney and liver, XX(Y)* males resembled the female expression pattern in all four candidate genes and were distinguishable from XY* males. Contrastingly, in brain tissue XX(Y)* males expressed all four genes higher than male and female controls. CONCLUSION Altered expression of genes escaping X inactivation probably contributes directly to the XX(Y)* phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Werler
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Clinics, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In the past 10 years, our knowledge about fertility chances of patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) has changed considerably, especially when regarding the possibility of IVF ICSI treatment (in vitro fertilisation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection) with single testicular spermatozoa. Thus, it is important to take this knowledge into consideration when counselling Klinefelter patients.Germ cell degeneration in the testicles of Klinefelter patients due to their additional X chromosome is an important phenomenon in this disease which is not yet fully understood. When entering puberty, the testicular volume of KS patients increases for a short time with rising testosterone and inhibin B levels at the same time. These decrease, however, and FSH increases during puberty. This seems to indicate a critical point in time when spermatogenetic function of the testicles could still be existent. Thus, in early puberty there could possibly be a time slot when spermatozoa could be detected in the ejaculate or-if not-at least in the testicular tissue. These could be extracted by testicular sperm extraction, cryopreserved and used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection therapy later on. In the literature, a total of 133 births of children from Klinefelter fathers have been reported. This early specific procedure could lead to a better acceptance of their diagnosis and also offer the option of not being incurably infertile.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wistuba J, Luetjens CM, Stukenborg JB, Poplinski A, Werler S, Dittmann M, Damm OS, Hämäläinen T, Simoni M, Gromoll J. Male 41, XXY* mice as a model for klinefelter syndrome: hyperactivation of leydig cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2898-910. [PMID: 20427480 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosome imbalance in males is linked to a supernumerary X chromosome, a condition resulting in Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47, XXY). KS patients suffer from infertility, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and cognitive impairments. Mechanisms of KS pathophysiology are poorly understood and require further exploration using animal models. Therefore, we phenotypically characterized 41, XX(Y)* mice of different ages, evaluated observed germ cell loss, studied X-inactivation, and focused on the previously postulated impaired Leydig cell maturation and function as a possible cause of the underandrogenization seen in KS. Xist methylation analysis revealed normal X-chromosome inactivation similar to that seen in females. Germ cell loss was found to be complete and to occur during the peripubertal phase. Significantly elevated FSH and LH levels were persistent in 41, XX(Y)* mice of different ages. Although Leydig cell hyperplasia was prominent, isolated XX(Y)* Leydig cells showed a mature mRNA expression profile and a significantly higher transcriptional activity compared with controls. Stimulation of XX(Y)* Leydig cells in vitro by human chorionic gonadotropin indicated a mature LH receptor whose maximal response exceeded that of control Leydig cells. The hyperactivity of Leydig cells seen in XX(Y)* mice suggests that the changes in the endocrine milieu observed in KS is not due to impaired Leydig cell function. We suggest that the embedding of Leydig cells into the changed testicular environment in 41 XX(Y)* males as such influences their endocrine function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Clinics, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tuttelmann F, Gromoll J. Novel genetic aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:386-95. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|