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Kong SK, Tsai MC, Yeh CL, Tsai YC, Chien MN, Lee CC, Tsai WH. Association between primary hyperparathyroidism and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone 2024; 185:117130. [PMID: 38795811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the correlation between primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and CVD or cardiovascular (CV) death. DATA SOURCES Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov until May 20, 2023 with the following keywords: "primary hyperparathyroidism," "cardiovascular disease," and "mortality." STUDY SELECTIONS Cohort studies and randomized controlled trials comparing PHPT patients to the general population and those who had received parathyroidectomy (PTX) to those who did not. DATA EXTRACTION Three investigators independently extracted data and assessed study quality. DATA SYNTHESIS Eleven cohort studies and one randomized controlled trial were identified, including 264,227 PHPT patients with or without PTX, and the average age reported in the studies was 62 years. PHPT was associated with a higher risk of total death (RR 1.39 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.23-1.57) and CV death (RR 1.61 [95 % CI 1.47-1.78]) than the general population. However, there was no significant difference in CVD risk between patients with PHPT and the general population (RR 1.73 [95 % CI 0.87-3.47]). When compared to patients without PTX, PTX had a lower risk of CV death (RR 0.75 [95 % CI 0.71-0.80]), total death (RR 0.64 [95 % CI 0.60-0.70]) and CVD (RR 0.92 [95 % CI 0.90-0.94]). LIMITATION High heterogeneity among the included articles, and most of them were retrospective and older studies. CONCLUSIONS PHPT was associated with higher risk of total death and CV death while PTX was associated with lower risk of total death, CV death, and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang-Ke Kong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Yeh
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chuan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
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Pepe J, Magna A, Sonato C, Sgreccia A, Colangelo L, Occhiuto M, Cilli M, Minisola S, Cipriani C. Twenty-four hour Holter ECG in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic patients with hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1499-1504. [PMID: 38141155 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the occurrence of arrhythmias in patients with normocalcemic (NC) primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) compared to both hypercalcemic PHPT patients and control subjects by means of 24-h Holter ECG. METHODS Thirteen NCPHPT postmenopausal patients were enrolled and age-matched with 13 hypercalcemic PHPT patients and 13 controls. Every subject underwent basal ECG, 24-h Holter ECG and mineral metabolism biochemical evaluation. RESULTS PHPT patients had higher mean serum calcium levels compared to both NCPHPT and controls; there was no difference in mean serum calcium levels between NCPHPT and controls. Both NCPHPT and PHPT patients had significantly higher mean PTH levels compared with controls. There were no differences in ECG parameters between the three groups, except for QTc interval. PHPT patients had normal QTc interval values, but significantly shorter mean values compared with those of controls and NCPHPT patients. During 24-h Holter ECG recording, 100% of PHPT patients had supraventricular premature beats (SVPBs), compared to 46% of NCPHPT (p = 0.005) and to 53% of controls (p = 0.01). PHPT patients experienced ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (69.2%) vs 15% of NCPHPT patients (p = 0.01) and 23% of controls (p = 0.04). There was no difference between NCPHPT and controls subjects concerning occurrence of both VPBs and SVPBs. CONCLUSIONS NCPHPT patients did not experience an increased occurrence of arrhythmias compared to controls, while PHPT patients showed an increased occurrence compared to both controls and NCPHPT. Our findings are most probably related to the short QTc interval caused by hypercalcemia observed in PHPT patients, but not in NCPHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pepe
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Magna
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Sonato
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Sgreccia
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - L Colangelo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Occhiuto
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cilli
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cipriani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Dobreva EA, Gorbacheva AM, Bibik EE, Eremkina AK, Elfimova AR, Salimkhanov RK, Kovaleva EV, Maganeva IS, Mokrysheva NG. Cardiovascular and metabolic status in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a single-center experience. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1266728. [PMID: 37842310 PMCID: PMC10570793 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1266728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic disorders (MD) have retained leading positions in the structure of morbidity and mortality for many years. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is also associated with a greater incidence of CVD and MD. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and structure of CVD and MD in hospitalized patients with PHPT and to search for possible associations between these pathologies. Methods 838 patients with a verified PHPT were included in the study. The studied cohort was divided into 2 groups according to their age at the time of admission: patients aged 18 to 49 years (group A, n = 150); patients aged 50 years and older (group B, n = 688). Results There were no significant differences between two groups in parameters of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Obesity was diagnosed in 24.2% of patients in group A and in 35.9% in group B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was more common in older patients (14.4% in group B vs. 2.6% in group A). Arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, chronic heart failure and brachiocephalic arteries atherosclerosis were more frequent in older patients, occurring in 79.1%, 10.8%, 8.4%, and 84% of cases respectively. The cutoff points that increased the risk of CVD detection turned out to be age above 56 years, eGFR below 92 ml/min/1.73m2, BMI above 28.3 kg/m2. Discussion The present study demonstrated a high incidence of some CVD, as well as disorders of lipid, carbohydrate and purine metabolism in patients with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Dobreva
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M. Gorbacheva
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Bibik
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna K. Eremkina
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina R. Elfimova
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Kh. Salimkhanov
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kovaleva
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina S. Maganeva
- Department of Parathyroid Glands Pathology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is classically characterized by hypercalcemia with elevated or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Elevated PTH levels in the presence of normal calcium levels are not infrequently found during the evaluation of metabolic bone disorders or kidney stone disease. This can be caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) or normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT). NPHPT is due to autonomous parathyroid function whereas SHPT is caused by a physiologic stimulation to PTH secretion. Many medical conditions and medications can contribute to SHPT, and differentiation between SHPT and NPHPT may be difficult. Cases are presented to illustrate examples. In this paper, we review the distinction between SHPT and NPHPT as well as end organ effects of NPHPT and outcomes of surgery in NPHPT. We suggest that the diagnosis of NPHPT be made only after careful exclusion of causes of SHPT and consideration of medications that can increase PTH secretion. Further, we advise a conservative approach to surgery in NPHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Shaker
- Correspondence: Joseph L. Shaker, MD, W129N7155 Northfield Dr, Menomonee Falls, WI 53051, USA.
| | - Robert A Wermers
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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5
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Cusano NE, Cetani F. Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:666-677. [PMID: 36382756 PMCID: PMC10118830 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a newer phenotype of PHPT defined by elevated PTH concentrations in the setting of normal serum calcium levels. It is increasingly being diagnosed in the setting of evaluation for nephrolithiasis or metabolic bone diseases. It is important to demonstrate that PTH values remain consistently elevated and to measure ionized calcium levels to make the diagnosis. A diagnosis of normocalcemic disease is one of exclusion of secondary forms of hyperparathyroidism, including vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, medications, malabsorption, and hypercalciuria. Lack of rigorous diagnostic criteria and selection bias of the studied populations may explain the different rates of bone and renal complications. The natural history still remains unknown. Caution should be used in recommending surgery, unless clearly indicated. Here we will review the diagnostic features, epidemiology, clinical presentation, natural history, medical and surgical management of normocalcemic PHPT.
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Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ, Bandeira F, Cetani F, Chandran M, Cusano NE, Ebeling PR, Formenti AM, Frost M, Gosnell J, Lewiecki EM, Singer FR, Gittoes N, Khan AA, Marcocci C, Rejnmark L, Ye Z, Guyatt G, Potts JT. Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2391-2403. [PMID: 36054638 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the last international guidelines were published in 2014 on the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), new information has become available with regard to evaluation, diagnosis, epidemiology, genetics, classical and nonclassical manifestations, surgical and nonsurgical approaches, and natural history. To provide the most current summary of these developments, an international group, consisting of over 50 experts in these various aspects of PHPT, was convened. This paper provides the results of the task force that was assigned to review the information on the management of PHPT. For this task force on the management of PHPT, two questions were the subject of systematic reviews using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology. The full report addressing surgical and nonsurgical management of PHPT, utilizing the GRADE methodology, is published separately in this series. In this report, we summarize the results of that methodological review and expand them to encompass a much larger body of new knowledge that did not specifically fit the criteria of the GRADE methodology. Together, both the systematic and narrative reviews of the literature, summarized in this paper, give the most complete information available to date. A panel of experts then considered the last set of international guidelines in light of the newer data and assessed the need for their revision. This report provides the evidentiary background to the guidelines report. In that report, evidence from all task forces is synthesized into a summary statement and revised guidelines for the evaluation and management of PHPT. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shonni J Silverberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Bandeira
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pernambuco Medical School Recife, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Manju Chandran
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie E Cusano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Morten Frost
- Bone and Calcium Unit & Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jessica Gosnell
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Michael Lewiecki
- New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Frederick R Singer
- Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Neil Gittoes
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aliya A Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Endocrine Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhikang Ye
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John T Potts
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Silverberg SJ, Fuleihan GEH, Marcocci C, Minisola S, Perrier N, Sitges-Serra A, Thakker RV, Guyatt G, Mannstadt M, Potts JT, Clarke BL, Brandi ML, Balaya Z, Hofbauer L, Insogna K, Lacroix A, Liberman UA, Palermo A, Rizzoli R, Wermers R, Hannan FM, Pepe J, Cipriani C, Eastell R, Liu J, Mithal A, Moreira CA, Peacock M, Silva B, Walker M, Chakhtoura M, Schini M, Zein OE, Almquist M, Farias LCB, Duh Q, Lang BH, LiVolsi V, Swayk M, Vriens MR, Vu T, Yeh MW, Yeh R, Shariq O, Poch LL, Bandeira F, Cetani F, Chandran M, Cusano NE, Ebeling PR, Gosnell J, Lewiecki EM, Singer FR, Frost M, Formenti AM, Karonova T, Gittoes N, Rejnmark L. Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Fifth International Workshop. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2293-2314. [PMID: 36245251 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The last international guidelines on the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) were published in 2014. Research since that time has led to new insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, measurements, genetics, outcomes, presentations, new imaging modalities, target and other organ systems, pregnancy, evaluation, and management. Advances in all these areas are demonstrated by the reference list in which the majority of listings were published after the last set of guidelines. It was thus, timely to convene an international group of over 50 experts to review these advances in our knowledge. Four Task Forces considered: 1. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics; 2. Classical and Nonclassical Features; 3. Surgical Aspects; and 4. Management. For Task Force 4 on the Management of PHPT, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology addressed surgical management of asymptomatic PHPT and non-surgical medical management of PHPT. The findings of this systematic review that applied GRADE methods to randomized trials are published as part of this series. Task Force 4 also reviewed a much larger body of new knowledge from observations studies that did not specifically fit the criteria of GRADE methodology. The full reports of these 4 Task Forces immediately follow this summary statement. Distilling the essence of all deliberations of all Task Force reports and Methodological reviews, we offer, in this summary statement, evidence-based recommendations and guidelines for the evaluation and management of PHPT. Different from the conclusions of the last workshop, these deliberations have led to revisions of renal guidelines and more evidence for the other recommendations. The accompanying papers present an in-depth discussion of topics summarized in this report. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aliya A Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shonni J Silverberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO CC for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Endocrine Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, 'Sapienza', Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nancy Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John T Potts
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bart L Clarke
- Mayo Clinic Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana sulla Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O. Foundation), Florence, Italy
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Arterial Stiffness in Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease: A Review of Clinical Studies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113146. [PMID: 35683533 PMCID: PMC9180991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that arterial stiffness measurement provides important prognostic information and improves clinical stratification of cardiovascular risk. Thyroid and parathyroid diseases are endocrine diseases with a relevant cardiovascular burden. The objective of this review was to consider the relationship between arterial stiffness and thyroid and parathyroid diseases in human clinical studies. We performed a systematic literature review of articles published in PubMed/MEDLINE from inception to December 2021, restricted to English languages and to human adults. We selected relevant articles about the relationship between arterial stiffness and thyroid and parathyroid diseases. For each selected article, data on arterial stiffness were extracted and factors that may have an impact on arterial stiffness were identified. We considered 24 papers concerning hypothyroidism, 9 hyperthyroidism and 16 primary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Most studies evidenced an increase in arterial stiffness biomarkers in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism, even in subclinical and mild forms, although heterogeneity of measurement methods and of study designs prevented a definitive conclusion, suggesting that the assessment of arterial stiffness may be considered in the clinical evaluation of cardiovascular risk in these diseases.
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Walker M, Silverberg SJ. Nontraditional Aspects of Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2021; 50:629-647. [PMID: 34774238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nontraditional aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism refer to the condition's rheumatic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neuropsychological effects. Although gastrointestinal and rheumatic symptomatology were features of classical primary hyperparathyroidism, they do not seem to be a part of the modern presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism. In contrast, neuropsychological symptoms such as altered mood and cognition, as well as cardiovascular disease, have been associated with the form of primary hyperparathyroidism seen today, but the relationship is not clearly causal. Evidence does not support reversibility after parathyroidectomy and therefore none of the nontraditional manifestations are considered sole indications for recommending surgery at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shonni J Silverberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Cusano NE. Evaluation and Management of Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Normocalcemic Patients. Med Clin North Am 2021; 105:1135-1150. [PMID: 34688419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder. It used to present as a highly symptomatic disease before the advent of the multichannel autoanalyzer, now usually presenting as mild asymptomatic hypercalcemia. A newer presentation has been increasingly identified in the past two decades, normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism, presenting with elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations and consistently normal serum calcium. These patients are usually symptomatic, with parathyroid hormone levels measured in the evaluation for kidney stones or osteoporosis. It is important to exclude causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism. This review will focus on the evaluation and management of elevated parathyroid hormone levels in normocalcemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Cusano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, 110 East 59th Street, Suite 8B, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu CT, Hsu SC, Hsieh HL, Chen CH, Chen CY, Sue YM, Lin FY, Shih CM, Shiu YT, Huang PH. Parathyroid Hormone Induces Transition of Myofibroblasts in Arteriovenous Fistula and Increases Maturation Failure. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6153466. [PMID: 33640969 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation failure remains a clinical dilemma, and its pathobiology is largely unclear. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a complication of chronic renal failure that is associated with cardiovascular disease. While parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a prosclerotic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), its role in AVF maturation failure remained unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the association between plasma PTH and AVF maturation. METHODS Patients receiving AVF creation were enrolled retrospectively. A mouse model of secondary hyperparathyroidism and aortocaval AVF was used to investigate the effect of PTH on an AVF lesion. A cell model of VSMCs treated with PTH in a pressurized culture system was used to disclose the signaling pathway underlying the effect of PTH on an AVF lesion. RESULTS In patients receiving AVF creation, higher PTH was associated with an increased risk for maturation failure. In a mouse model, vascular wall thickness and myofibroblasts of AVF significantly increased with higher PTH. When the same mice were treated with cinacalcet, AVF lesions were attenuated by suppression of PTH. A cell model showed that PTH increased the marker of myofibroblasts, integrin β6 subunit (ITGB6), via the phosphorylated protein kinase B pathway. Finally, in the same model of mice AVF, higher PTH also increased the expression of ITGB6 in the smooth muscle layer of AVF, suggesting the transition to myofibroblast. CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggest that higher PTH increased the risk of AVF maturation failure through increasing the transition of VSMCs to myofibroblasts. Lowering PTH may be a strategy to enhance AVF maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Hsu
- Emergency Department, Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chun-You Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Mou Sue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Shiu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
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12
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Gungor S, Dede F, Can B, Keskin H, Aras M, Ones T, Erdil TY, Turoglu HT. The value of parathyroid scintigraphy on lesion detection in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 41:S2253-654X(20)30196-7. [PMID: 34172427 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most frequent endocrine diseases. Most of the patients with PHPT are asymptomatic, and only 20% of them become symptomatic with increasing levels of calcium. It has been reported that normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) may be the incipient period of PHPT where calcium (Ca) levels are in normal range, and it may advance to overt PHPT. Early diagnosis of PHPT is important in order to prevent its complications. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the role of 99mTc-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy on lesion detection in patients with NPHPT. MATERIAL AND METHODS The parathyroid scintigraphy database was reviewed retrospectively in patients with PHPT. 117 patients who underwent 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy were recruited to the study. Serum calcium level above 10.5mg/dl was considered as hypercalcemia. RESULTS A total of 117 patients' (female/male:98/19) mean serum PTH levels (mean±SD) were 149±97 pg/ml in normocalcemic group (Ca:9.6±0.6mg/dL, n:38) and 189±135 pg/ml in hypercalcemic group (Ca:11.4±0.6mg/dL, n:79) (p:0.072). The sex and ages were not different between the scintigraphy positive and negative groups, but the lesion detection rates with parathyroid scintigraphy were 42% in normocalcemic group and 81% in hypercalcemic group (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Several factors including serum Ca, the imaging protocol, existence of multiglandular disease, the size and MIBI biokinetics of the adenoma may influence lesion detectability in parathyroid scintigraphy. Although high serum Ca level is an important parameter in predicting its success, parathyroid scintigraphy remains a valuable diagnostic method even in patients with NPHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gungor
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turquía.
| | - F Dede
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - B Can
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - H Keskin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - M Aras
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Okan University, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - T Ones
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - T Y Erdil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turquía
| | - H T Turoglu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turquía
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13
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Bernardi S, Giudici F, Barbato V, Zanatta L, Grillo A, Fabris B. Meta-analysis on the Effect of Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Parathyroidectomy Upon Arterial Stiffness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1832-1843. [PMID: 33693666 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current data about the cardiovascular manifestations of mild primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) are often conflicting. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold standard for assessing aortic stiffness, and it predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE Primary outcomes were to investigate if mild pHPT was associated with higher PWV and if parathyroidectomy (PTX) reduced PWV in mild pHPT. Secondary outcome was to investigate blood pressure changes after PTX. METHODS Sources were PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included reports of PWV in patients with mild pHPT and controls, or in patients with mild pHPT before and after PTX. Two investigators independently identified eligible studies and extracted data. Pooled mean difference (MD) was the summary effect measure. Data were presented in forest plots with outlier and influential case diagnostics. Nine observational studies and one randomized clinical trial were selected, including 433 patients with mild pHPT, 171 of whom underwent PTX, and 407 controls. PWV was significantly higher in mild pHPT than in controls (MD = 1.18, 0.67 to 1.68, P < .0001). Seven studies evaluated the effect of PTX on PWV. PTX significantly reduced PWV (MD = -0.48, -0.88 to -0.07, P = .022). CONCLUSION Aortic stiffness is increased in patients with mild pHPT, supporting the notion that mild pHPT is also associated with adverse cardiovascular manifestations. PTX significantly reduced arterial stiffness in mild pHPT, indicating that the benefit of PTX over cardiovascular manifestations should not be dismissed but it deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Operative Unit of Medicina Clinica, ASUGI (Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina), Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barbato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zanatta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Grillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Operative Unit of Medicina Clinica, ASUGI (Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina), Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Operative Unit of Medicina Clinica, ASUGI (Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina), Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
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14
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Tournis S, Makris K, Cavalier E, Trovas G. Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5628-5636. [PMID: 33155899 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824999201105165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcemia. Cardinal features include low trauma fractures, nephrolithiasis, and chronic kidney disease. Several experimental studies established that parathyroid hormone exerts actions on the cardiovascular (CV) system, including vasodilatation and positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. Observational studies, especially in severe cases, report a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmias, and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with PHPT, while the risk of CV events seems to be increased in severe cases. However, the effect of surgery is inconsistent on CV abnormalities and, more importantly, on CV disease (CVD) events, especially in mild cases. In the current review, we describe the available evidence linking PHPT and CVD, as well as the effect of surgical management and pharmacological treatment on CVD manifestations in patients with PHPT. Based on the current evidence, CVD is not considered an indication for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon Tournis
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liege, CHU Sart-Tilman, Domaine du Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - George Trovas
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece
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15
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Hollowoa BR, Spencer HJ, Stack BC. Normocalcemic and Normohormonal Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Laboratory Values and End-Organ Effects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 165:387-397. [PMID: 33461421 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820983728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variants of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), described as normocalcemic (NC) and normohormonal (NH), can confuse the diagnosis of classic pHPT. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search was performed for variants of pHPT using the PubMed database (last queried October 2019). REVIEW METHODS The search was restricted to articles published after 1960 that were specific to humans. Studies were included in our analysis if laboratory values and incidence of end-organ involvement were reported for NCpHPT and NHpHPT variants. The search returned 189 articles; 27 additional studies were identified and included for a total of 216. Non-English-language studies were excluded. Abstracts were screened, full-text articles were then assessed, and 82 articles were excluded. Data were pooled using a random-effects model in studies that compared NC or NH pHPT to classic pHPT. Comparative laboratory values are presented. CONCLUSION This analysis compares NCpHPT and NHpHPT to classic pHPT. Nephrolithiasis was 21.7% (NCpHPT), 15.9% (classic pHPT), and 25.4% (NHpHPT). Decreased bone mineral density was 49.7% (NCpHPT), 39.7% (classic pHPT), and 40.3% (NHpHPT). Fractures in the NCpHPT group were not significantly different from the classic pHPT. Hypertension in the NCpHPT group was significantly less than classic pHPT (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0.88). IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE This information may serve to inform clinicians of the laboratory subtleties of these variants that are being seen with greater frequency in contemporary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Hollowoa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Horace J Spencer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brendan C Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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16
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Gungor S, Dede F, Can B, Keskin H, Aras M, Ones T, Erdil TY, Turoglu HT. The value of parathyroid scintigraphy on lesion detection in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 41:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Aojula N, Khan S, Gittoes N, Hassan-Smith Z. Normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism: what is the role of parathyroid surgery? Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:2042018821995370. [PMID: 33717430 PMCID: PMC7923978 DOI: 10.1177/2042018821995370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is classically associated with both an elevated or 'inappropriately normal' parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and raised serum calcium. However, in clinical practice, increasing numbers of patients present with raised PTH but normal serum calcium, renal function and vitamin D; this is known as normocalcaemic PHPT (nPHPT). Studies investigating the clinical presentation of this condition have shown that patients may present with hypertension, nephrolithiasis, impaired glucose tolerance, osteoporosis and fragility fractures. The prevalence of such complications in nPHPT is similar to that in classical hypercalcaemic PHPT (hPHPT). Although the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have developed guidelines for the management of PHPT generally, a consensus is yet to be reached on the optimal management of nPHPT specifically. A review of the literature on parathyroidectomy in the treatment of nPHPT revealed that nPHPT patients were more likely to present with multi-glandular disease and significantly less nPHPT patients had an intra-operative PTH fall of >50% compared with those with hPHPT. These findings demonstrate that patients with nPHPT are more likely to receive bilateral neck explorations and require remedial surgery compared with hPHPT patients. Following surgery, improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) and renal stones are generally observed in those with nPHPT. Where surgery is not possible, medical management with alendronate has been shown to be effective in nPHPT patients. Given the higher incidence of multi-gland disease and greater possibility of remedial surgery in nPHPT, careful consideration of risks and benefits should be made on an individualised basis and surgery should be performed by surgeons experienced in four gland exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivaran Aojula
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shahab Khan
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Gittoes
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Oinonen L, Tikkakoski A, Koskela J, Eräranta A, Kähönen M, Niemelä O, Mustonen J, Pörsti I. Parathyroid hormone may play a role in the pathophysiology of primary hypertension. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:54-65. [PMID: 33289696 PMCID: PMC7923049 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone has been related with the risk of hypertension, but the matter remains controversial. We examined the association of parathyroid hormone with central blood pressure and its determinants in 622 normotensive or never-treated hypertensive subjects aged 19-72 years without diabetes, cardiovascular or renal disease, or cardiovascular medications. The methods were whole-body impedance cardiography and analyses of pulse wave and heart rate variability. Cardiovascular function was examined in sex-specific tertiles of plasma parathyroid hormone (mean concentrations 3.0, 4.3 and 6.5 pmol/L, respectively) during head-up tilt. Explanatory factors for haemodynamics were further investigated using linear regression analyses. Mean age was 45.0 (s.d. 11.7) years, BMI 26.8 (4.4) kg/m2, seated office blood pressure 141/90 (21/12) mmHg, and 309 subjects (49.7%) were male. Only five participants had elevated plasma parathyroid hormone and calcium concentrations. Highest tertile of parathyroid hormone presented with higher supine and upright aortic diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) and augmentation index (P < 0.01), and higher upright systemic vascular resistance (P < 0.05) than the lowest tertile. The tertiles did not present with differences in pulse wave velocity, cardiac output, or measures of heart rate variability. In linear regression analyses, parathyroid hormone was an independent explanatory factor for aortic systolic (P = 0.005) and diastolic (P = 0.002) blood pressure, augmentation index (P = 0.002), and systemic vascular resistance (P = 0.031). To conclude, parathyroid hormone was directly related to central blood pressure, wave reflection, and systemic vascular resistance in subjects without cardiovascular comorbidities and medications. Thus, parathyroid hormone may play a role in the pathophysiology of primary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Oinonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Oinonen:
| | - Antti Tikkakoski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jenni Koskela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arttu Eräranta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Pörsti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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19
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Pepe J, Colangelo L, Sonato C, Occhiuto M, Ferrara C, Del Fattore A, Santori R, Mastrantonio M, Sgreccia A, Minisola S, Cipriani C. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH NORMOCALCEMIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM COMPARED WITH FINDINGS IN HYPERCALCEMIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROID PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. Endocr Pract 2020; 27:21-26. [PMID: 33475498 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2020-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no data regarding echocardiographic parameters in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NCPHPT). We compared the echocardiographic findings in postmenopausal women with NCPHPT with those in patients with hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and controls. METHODS Seventeen consecutive Caucasian postmenopausal women with NCPHPT were compared with 20 women with hypercalcemic PHPT and 20 controls. Obesity, diabetes, kidney failure, and previous cardiovascular diseases were considered exclusion criteria. Each patient underwent biochemical evaluation, bone mineral density scan, and echocardiographic measurements. Patients with parathyroid disorders underwent kidney ultrasound evaluation. RESULTS Patients with PHPT had significantly higher mean total serum calcium, ionized calcium, 24-hour urinary calcium, and parathyroid hormone and lower mean phosphorus levels compared with those in the controls (all P < .05). The only differences between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT were significantly lower mean total serum calcium, ionized calcium, and 24-hour urinary calcium and higher phosphorus levels in patients with NCPHPT (all P < .05). The only biochemical difference between patients with NCPHPT and the controls was a higher level of mean parathyroid hormone in patients with NCPHPT. There were no differences in cardiovascular risk factors between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls. Hypertension was the most frequent cardiovascular risk factor, diagnosed in 65% of patients with PHPT. This high prevalence was not statistically significant compared with that observed in patients with NCPHPT (59%) and in the controls (30%). Echocardiography parameters were not different between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls when subdivided according to the presence of hypertension (ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION In a population with a low cardiovascular risk, we found no differences in cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic parameters between patients with NCPHPT and PHPT and the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pepe
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciano Colangelo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Sonato
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Occhiuto
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ferrara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Santori
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Mastrantonio
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgreccia
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss selected endocrine causes of hypertension and to provide practical clinical recommendations regarding the evaluation and treatment of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS More than 15 endocrine disorders with varying rates of prevalence can cause hypertension. For example, primary aldosteronism may exist in up to 20% of patients with resistant hypertension. Recognition of these important secondary causes of hypertension is essential to provide contemporary targeted therapies in order to improve long-term disease outcomes. Clinicians must have a broad understanding of the prevalence, clinical presentation, and current diagnostic modalities for endocrine causes of hypertension to facilitate prompt referral, identification, and optimal management of these disorders. Endocrine causes of hypertension are multifactorial and, in some cases, widely prevalent. It is important for clinicians considering secondary causes of hypertension to be knowledgeable about the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders and to understand when additional evaluation and treatment may be needed.
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21
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Naples R, Shin JJ, Berber E, Jin J, Krishnamurthy VD, Siperstein AE. Recognition of primary hyperparathyroidism: Delayed time course from hypercalcemia to surgery. Surgery 2020; 167:358-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Gómez-Ramírez J, Gómez-Valdazo A, Luengo P, Porrero B, Osorio I, Rivas S. Comparative prospective study on the presentation of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Is it more aggressive than the hypercalcemic form? Am J Surg 2019; 219:150-153. [PMID: 31662196 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have an elevated PTH that does not always correlate with high blood calcium levels. We aimed to compare the clinical presentation between normocalcaemic and hypercalcaemic forms using ionized calcium levels as an inclusion criterion. METHODS We included all patients referred for surgery for PHPT between January 2015 and December 2017. Patients were divided into 2 groups (hypercalcaemic (hPHTP)/normocalcaemic (nPHPT)). RESULTS 104 patients were included.64% of the patients who were initially classified as normocalcaemic had high ionized calcium levels. There were no differences between groups except in terms of bone resorption parameters:patients with hypercalcaemia had higher osteocalcin (37.4vs23.5 ng/mL,P = .02), collagen amino-terminal propeptide (73.5vs49.2 ng/mL,P = .005), and beta-CTX levels (0.68vs0.38 ng/mL,P = .001). Bone involvement as measured by densitometry was similar. CONCLUSSIONS When these patients' diagnosis and classification is accurate, their clinical presentation and symptoms are similar to those of the classical form. Since the only difference is in terms of bone resorption parameters, in most cases it seems to be an attenuated form or even similar to the classical presentation. The improvement in diagnostic sensitivity supports the use of ionized calcium levels in patients suspected to have nPHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Gómez-Ramírez
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adela Gómez-Valdazo
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Luengo
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Porrero
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Osorio
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Rivas
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Ejlsmark-Svensson H, Rolighed L, Rejnmark L. Effect of Parathyroidectomy on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3223-3232. [PMID: 30860588 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It remains unclear whether risk of cardiovascular diseases is increased in patients with mild (<1.45 mmol/L) to moderate (≥1.45 to 1.60 mmol/L) primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the short-term effect of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on arterial stiffness, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure (BP). DESIGN This study was a clinical trial randomly allocating patients to either PTX or a control group (no surgery). Follow-up was performed 3 months after surgery in the PTX group and 3 months after baseline in the control group. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS We recruited 79 patients with PHPT; 69 participants completed the study. MAIN OUTCOMES Office and ambulatory 24-hour BP, pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index, and fasting plasma cholesterol levels. RESULTS At baseline, participants had a median level of ionized calcium of 1.41 mmol/L (range, 1.33 to 1.60 mmol/L) and PTH of 10.4 pmol/L (4.5 to 30.4 pmol/L). Median age was 64 years (range, 18 to 81) and 72% were females. Following PTX, plasma total cholesterol levels decreased significantly compared with the controls (P = 0.04). Changes in PWV, augmentation index, and ambulatory 24-hour BP did not differ between groups, except for an increase in ambulatory diastolic BP following PTX. However, in patients with baseline levels of ionized calcium ≥1.45 mmol/L, PWV decreased significantly in response to PTX compared with the control group (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION PTX may decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases in PHPT by lowering total cholesterol levels, although ambulatory diastolic BP increases in response to surgery. Patients with moderate to severe hypercalcemia may benefit from PTX by a decrease in PWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ejlsmark-Svensson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Rolighed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Beysel S, Caliskan M, Kizilgul M, Apaydin M, Kan S, Ozbek M, Cakal E. Parathyroidectomy improves cardiovascular risk factors in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:106. [PMID: 31068134 PMCID: PMC6505186 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroidectomy has ameliorated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but the effect of parathyroidectomy on normocalcemic PHPT is not exactly known. This case-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of parathyroidectomy on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT. METHODS Subjects with normocalcemic PHPT (n = 35), age- and sex-matched hypercalcemic PHPT (n = 60) and age- and sex-matched control (n = 60) were included. Cardiometabolic disorders were investigated with traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and the Framingham cardiovascular risk score (CRS) before and 6 months after parathyroidectomy. RESULTS Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, osteoporosis, having fractures were similarly increased in the hypercalcemic and normocalcemic PHPT groups (p > 0.05) compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Blood pressures, glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipid profiles were similarly increased in the PHPT groups (p > 0.05) compared with the controls (p < 0.05). After parathyroidectomy, blood pressures, serum total cholesterol, and HOMA-IR were decreased in both PHPT groups (p < 0.05). CRS was lower in the controls (5.74 ± 3.24, p < 0.05). After parathyroidectomy, CRS was decreased in the normocalcemic (11.98 ± 10.11 vs. 7.37 ± 4.48) and hypercalcemic (14.62 ± 11.06 vs. 8.05 ± 7.72) PHPT groups. Increased blood pressures were independent predictors of serum iPTH. CONCLUSION The normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT groups had similarly increased cardiovascular risk factors, even independently of serum calcium. Parathyroidectomy ameliorated the increased cardiovascular risk factors in both normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvihan Beysel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Afyonkarahisar Saglik Bilimleri University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caliskan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kizilgul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Apaydin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozbek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Cakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Bannani S, Christou N, Guérin C, Hamy A, Sebag F, Mathonnet M, Guillot P, Caillard C, Blanchard C, Mirallié E. Effect of parathyroidectomy on quality of life and non-specific symptoms in normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 2018; 105:223-229. [PMID: 29405278 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NcPHPT) is a new clinical entity being diagnosed increasingly among patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of life and non-specific symptoms before and after parathyroidectomy in patients with NcPHPT compared with those with hypercalcaemic mild PHPT (Hc-m-PHPT). METHODS This was a prospective multicentre study of patients with mild PHPT from four university hospitals. Patients were evaluated before operation, and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery for quality of life using the SF-36-v2® questionnaire, as well as for 25 non-specific symptoms. RESULTS Before operation, the only statistically significant difference between the NcPHPT and Hc-m-PHPT groups was in the mean(s.d.) blood calcium level (2·54 versus 2·73 mmol; P < 0·001). At 1 year after surgery, the blood calcium level had improved significantly in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Quality of life improved significantly in each group compared with its preoperative score, with regard to the physical component summary (P = 0·040 and P = 0·016 respectively), whereas the mental component summary improved significantly in the Hc-m-PHPT group only (P = 0·043). Only two non-specific symptoms improved significantly in the NcPHPT group compared with nine in the Hc-m-PHPT group. CONCLUSION Parathyroidectomy mildly improves quality of life and some non-specific symptoms in patients with NcPHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bannani
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - N Christou
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Générale et Endocrinienne, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - C Guérin
- Service de Chirurgie Générale, Endocrinienne et Métabolique, CHU Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - A Hamy
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - F Sebag
- Service de Chirurgie Générale, Endocrinienne et Métabolique, CHU Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - M Mathonnet
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Générale et Endocrinienne, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - P Guillot
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôtel Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Caillard
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Blanchard
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Mirallié
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
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Chiodini I, Cairoli E, Palmieri S, Pepe J, Walker MD. Non classical complications of primary hyperparathyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:805-820. [PMID: 30665548 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggested that the condition of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may be associated not only with the classical bone, kidney and gastrointestinal consequences, but also with cardiovascular, neuromuscular and articular complications, impaired quality of life and increased cancer risk. However, the only cardiovascular complications associated with PHPT, which seems to improve after parathyroidectomy, is left ventricular hypertrophy, while, data regarding the reversibility of hypertension, valve calcifications and increased vascular stiffness are inconsistent. Parathyroidectomy seems to ameliorate neuropsychological, cognitive disturbances and quality of life in moderate-severe PHPT, while data in mild PHPT are less clear. At variance, the effect of parathyroidectomy on neuromuscular and articular complications is still unknown, and no studies demonstrated a reduction of cancer risk after recovery from PHPT. Overall, to date, cardiovascular and neuropsychological evaluation are not recommended solely because of PHPT, nor cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, and neuropsychological complications are indication for parathyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chiodini
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab. of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Cairoli
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab. of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Palmieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - J Pepe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - M D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Traditional hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disease. Patients with a history of nephrolithiasis or a suspected metabolic bone disease are increasingly being identified with elevated PTH concentrations in the setting of consistently normal serum and ionized calcium concentrations. In the absence of secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism, a diagnosis of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is reasonable. As most cohorts described in the literature are from referral populations, involvement of the skeleton and the kidneys is common, two traditional target organs of primary hyperparathyroidism. Data from small cohorts show patients with normocalcemic disease respond similarly to hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism with regard to medical and surgical approaches. In normocalcemic patients, multiglandular disease may be more common. In this article, we review the available literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, medical and surgical management of this newer phenotype of primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Cusano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, 110 East 59th St, Suite 8B, New York, NY, 10022, USA.
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Retinal micro-vascular and aortic macro-vascular changes in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16521. [PMID: 30410012 PMCID: PMC6224616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study was to evaluate the micro and macro-vascular changes in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) compared to controls. 30 postmenopausal PHPT women (15 hypertensive and 15 normotensive) and 30 normotensive controls underwent biochemical evaluation of mineral metabolism and measurements of arterial stiffness by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Retinal microcirculation was imaged by a Retinal Vessel Analyzer. PHPT patients also underwent bone mineral density measurements and kidney ultrasound. PHPT patients had higher mean calcium and parathyroid hormone values compared to controls. Evaluating macro-vascular compartment, we found higher values of 24 hours-systolic, diastolic blood pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) and aortic augmentation index (Aix) in hypertensive PHPT, but not in normotensive PHPT compared to controls. The eye examination showed narrowing arterial and venular diameters of retinal vessels in both hypertensive and normotensive PHPT compared to controls. In hypertensive PHPT, 24 hours systolic blood pressure was associated only with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (beta = 0.36, p = 0.04). aPWV was associated with retinal diameter (beta = -0.69, p = 0.003), but not with PTH. Retinal artery diameter was associated with PTH (beta = -0.6, p = 0.008). In the normotensive PHPT, only PTH was associated with retinal artery diameter (beta = -0.60, p = 0.01) and aortic AIx (beta = 0.65, p = 0.02). In conclusion, we found macro-vascular impairment in PHPT and that micro-vascular impairment is negatively associated with PTH, regardless of hypertension in PHPT.
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Pepe J, Cipriani C, Sonato C, Raimo O, Biamonte F, Minisola S. Cardiovascular manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism: a narrative review. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R297-R308. [PMID: 28864535 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Data on cardiovascular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are controversial; indeed, at present, cardiovascular involvement is not included among the criteria needed for parathyroidectomy. Aim of this narrative review is to analyze the available literature in an effort to better characterize cardiovascular involvement in PHPT. Due to physiological effects of both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium on cardiomyocyte, cardiac conduction system, smooth vascular, endothelial and pancreatic beta cells, a number of data have been published regarding associations between symptomatic and mild PHPT with hypertension, arrhythmias, endothelial dysfunction (an early marker of atherosclerosis), glucose metabolism impairment and metabolic syndrome. However, the results, mainly derived from observational studies, are inconsistent. Furthermore, parathyroidectomy resulted in conflicting outcomes, which may be linked to several potential biases. In particular, differences in the methods utilized for excluding confounding co-existing cardiovascular risk factors together with differences in patient characteristics, with varying degrees of hypercalcemia, may have contributed to these discrepancies. The only meta-analysis carried out in PHPT patients, revealed a positive effect of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular mass index (a predictor of cardiovascular mortality) and more importantly, that the highest pre-operative PTH levels were associated with the greatest improvements. In normocalcemic PHPT, it has been demonstrated that cardiovascular risk factors are almost similar compared to hypercalcemic PHPT, thus strengthening the role of PTH in the cardiovascular involvement. Long-term longitudinal randomized trials are needed to determine the impact of parathyroidectomy on cardiovascular diseases and mortality in PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pepe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Sonato
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Orlando Raimo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Biamonte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
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Parathyroid hormone reflects adiposity and cardiometabolic indices but not bone density in normal men. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:852. [PMID: 28018585 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperparathyroidism may be associated with skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities, but it is unclear whether these associations exist for high-normal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). We assessed relationships between PTH and anthropometric, skeletal and cardiometabolic indices in normal men. Body composition, blood pressure, biochemistry and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in 151 healthy men. BMD was reassessed at 2 years, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) was measured at 3.5 years. Relationships between PTH and other baseline characteristics, CAC scores and change in BMD were evaluated. PTH correlated positively with baseline body mass index, fat mass, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, (r=0.19-0.25, P=0.02-0.002), and with category of CAC score. Relationships between PTH and cardiometabolic indices remained significant after adjustment for age, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and estimated glomerular filteration rate. Men in the top PTH tertile (⩾4.4 pmol l-1, n=51) were more likely to have LDL cholesterol ⩾3.5 mmol l-1, diastolic blood pressure ⩾85 mm Hg, and CAC score >0 than men in lower tertiles. PTH was not associated with history of fracture, baseline BMD, or change in BMD over 2 years. In summary, in this cohort of healthy men, PTH levels are linearly related to adiposity and to cardiometabolic indices, but not to BMD or bone loss. These findings suggest that adiposity should be considered as an independent cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and they may be relevant to patients with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism, in whom high PTH levels may be a marker of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk rather than always indicating parathyroid autonomy.
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Ozkurt FE, Akdag M, Tuna MM, Yilmaz B, Sengul E, Dal MS. Hearing impairment in middle-aged patients with diabetes. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1170631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fazıl Emre Ozkurt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akdag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Muslum Tuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Yilmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Engin Sengul
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Dal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Yener Ozturk F, Erol S, Canat MM, Karatas S, Kuzu I, Dogan Cakir S, Altuntas Y. Patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism may have similar metabolic profile as hypercalcemic patients. Endocr J 2016; 63:111-8. [PMID: 26581584 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is well known to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, it is unclear whether normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NC-PHPT) and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (HC-PHPT) share the same risk factors. We aimed to determine prevalence of metabolic syndrome in NC-PHPT and compare metabolic syndrome parameters and insulin resistance in NC-PHPT subjects with those in HC-PHPT and control subjects. After excluding patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, the study enrolled 25 patients with NC-PHPT, 24 patients with HC-PHPT and 30 age-gender matched controls. All participants were evaluated using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-2006 metabolic syndrome criteria. Compared with HC-PHPT patients, NC-PHPT patients had similar prevalence of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, and previous history of hypertension/anti-hypertensive medications, but compared with controls, NC-PHPT patients had significantly higher prevalence of glucose intolerance and previous history of hypertension/anti-hypertensive medications. Not serum calcium but PTH concentration was found to be significantly higher in those with glucose intolerance. Serum fasting triglyceride concentration and waist circumference were found to be positively correlated only with serum PTH concentration. In conclusion, patients with NC-PHPT may be prone to similar metabolic disturbances linked to higher cardiovascular risk like patients with HC-PHPT. Although NC-PHPT is thought to occur early in the development of the classical disease, it should be monitored regularly because of its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Yener Ozturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) received special attention in the publication of the conference proceedings from the Fourth International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic PHPT, although much remains unknown about the disorder. RECENT FINDINGS Observational studies have found that despite maintaining normocalcemia, patients with normocalcemic PHPT have a high incidence of kidney stones and osteoporosis. Small studies focusing on the cardiovascular implications of normocalcemic PHPT have shown a possible association with hypertension and an atherogenic lipid profile, but not insulin resistance. Recent data from small cohorts show that subjects with normocalcemic PHPT respond to medical therapy and have a positive densitometric response following parathyroid surgery. SUMMARY The available evidence suggests that patients with normocalcemic PHPT develop complications of PHPT, despite having normal calcium levels. Most data come from referral populations and information regarding a mild, asymptomatic form of the disease is lacking. Future research requires a standardized approach to the diagnostic criteria of normocalcemic PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pawlowska
- aDepartment of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Tuna MM, Doğan BA, Arduç A, Imga NN, Tütüncü Y, Berker D, Güler S. Impaired endothelial function in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism improves after parathyroidectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:951-6. [PMID: 25393455 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with cardiovascular morbidity; however, data on the reversibility of cardiovascular disease in mild primary hyperparathyroidism are conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess endothelial function in patients with mild PHPT before and after parathyroidectomy (Ptx). METHODS We prospectively evaluated 53 patients with mild PHPT (Group 1; 45 women, eight men; aged 52 ± 3·1 years) and 46 healthy control subjects (Group 2; 38 women, eight men; aged 46 ± 9·5 years). Endothelial function was measured as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) using Doppler ultrasonography. Patients with diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, impaired renal function, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and a history of smoking were excluded from the study. Patients were studied at baseline and 6-12 months after the first evaluation. RESULTS There were no differences with respect to age, gender and BMI between the two groups. Hypertension prevalence was three times higher in group 1 than in controls. % FMD was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (2·6 ± 1·2 vs 14·8 ± 9·6, P < 0·001). CIMT was higher in patients with PHPT than controls (0·69 ± 0·18 vs 0·61 ± 0·12, P = 0·045). This significance remained when hypertensive patients were excluded from the analysis. While FMD and CIMT improved significantly after Ptx, there were no differences in mild PHPT patients who followed without parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSION FMD and CIMT are impaired in patients with mild PHPT compared to controls and improved significantly after a successful Ptx. Ptx improves endothelial function in patients with mild PHPT that may lead to decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar M Tuna
- Department of Metabolism, Medical Faculty of Endocrinology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Berçem A Doğan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Arduç
- Diabetes, Endocrine and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Narin Nasiroğlu Imga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Tütüncü
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Berker
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Güler
- Department of Metabolism, Medical Faculty of Endocrinology, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Diabetes and Metabolism Branch, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Branch, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chen G, Xue Y, Zhang Q, Xue T, Yao J, Huang H, Liang J, Li L, Lin W, Lin L, Shi L, Cai L, Wen J. Is Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism Harmful or Harmless? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:2420-4. [PMID: 25668199 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is reported to be associated with an increased frequency of hypertension, however, information in this regard is sparse in relation to normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the association between NPHPT and blood pressure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS We retrospectively enrolled 940 patients who visited the Fujian Provincial Hospital between September 2010 and December 2013 with a measured serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium level. Among them, 11 patients were diagnosed with NPHPT, while 296 cases with normal PTH and albumin-adjusted serum calcium. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), intact serum PTH, and serum calcium were recorded. RESULTS There were no significant differences between subjects identified with NPHPT and those with normal PTH in terms of age, sex, body mass index, serum calcium, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, serum creatinine, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein. The subjects with a diagnosis of NPHPT had higher levels of SBP (141.9 ± 20.2 vs 131.2 ± 16.5, P = .041) and DBP (85.2 ± 12.4 vs 76.8 ± 10.3, P = .026) than the subjects in the cohort with normal PTH. After adjustment for all potential confounders, risks (odds ratios and 95% confidence interval) of SBP and DBP in NPHPT patients were 1.035 (1.000, 1.071) and 1.063 (1.004, 1.125), respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The NPHPT had higher risk of high blood pressure than subjects with normal PTH. It is worth considering the necessity of more aggressive therapeutic intervention aimed to normalize PTH even if patients with NPHPT continue to be normocalcemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qiongyao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jixing Liang
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Liantao Li
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lixiang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lidan Shi
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Liangchun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Junping Wen
- Department of Endocrinology (G.C., Y.X., T.X., J.Y., H.H., J.L., L.Li., W.L., L.Lin., L.S., L.C., J.W.), Fujian Provincial Hospital Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou,350001, China; and Department of Information (Q.Z.), Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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Procopio M, Barale M, Bertaina S, Sigrist S, Mazzetti R, Loiacono M, Mengozzi G, Ghigo E, Maccario M. Cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome in primary hyperparathyroidism and their correlation to different clinical forms. Endocrine 2014; 47:581-9. [PMID: 24287796 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders have been associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), while the relationship of cardiovascular risk score (CRS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) with different clinical presentation of PHPT remains undefined. Our aim was to evaluate CRS, MS and its components in PHPT looking for their correlation to different clinical forms. In 68 consecutive PHPT patients and 68 matched controls, CRS, MS and its components were assessed to perform an observational case-control study at an ambulatory referral center for Bone Metabolism Diseases. Patients were stratified in symptomatic and asymptomatic PHPT; these latter were divided in high-risk and low-risk subgroups for end-organ damage. An increased proportion of PHPT patients had intermediate-high CRS and MS (mean, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 51.5 %, 39.6-63.3 and 20.6 %, 11.0-30.2, respectively, p < 0.02 vs. controls). Intermediate-high CRS was prevalent both in symptomatic and low-risk asymptomatic PHPT while MS resulted prevalent in low-risk asymptomatic but not in symptomatic PHPT. Type 2 DM, IFG, mixed dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, HDL-hypocholesterolemia, and LDL-hypercholesterolemia predominated in low-risk asymptomatic, while only LDL-hypercholesterolemia prevailed also in symptomatic PHPT. In patients and controls without cardiometabolic risk factors, HOMA-IR index was significantly increased in PHPT vs. controls (p < 0.03) and associated to total calcium (R = 0.73; p < 0.001). By multivariate analysis low-risk asymptomatic PHPT predicted MS after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Our data show an increased frequency of intermediate-high CRS both in symptomatic and low-risk asymptomatic PHPT while MS prevails in low-risk asymptomatic PHPT, supporting the potential for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality also in this form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Procopio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,
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Silverberg SJ, Clarke BL, Peacock M, Bandeira F, Boutroy S, Cusano NE, Dempster D, Lewiecki EM, Liu JM, Minisola S, Rejnmark L, Silva BC, Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Current issues in the presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3580-94. [PMID: 25162667 PMCID: PMC5393491 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report summarizes data on traditional and nontraditional manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) that have been published since the last International Workshop on PHPT. PARTICIPANTS This subgroup was constituted by the Steering Committee to address key questions related to the presentation of PHPT. Consensus was established at a closed meeting of the Expert Panel that followed. EVIDENCE Data from the 5-year period between 2008 and 2013 were presented and discussed to determine whether they support changes in recommendations for surgery or nonsurgical follow-up. CONSENSUS PROCESS Questions were developed by the International Task Force on PHPT. A comprehensive literature search for relevant studies was undertaken. After extensive review and discussion, the subgroup came to agreement on what changes in the recommendations for surgery or nonsurgical follow-up of asymptomatic PHPT should be made to the Expert Panel. CONCLUSIONS 1) There are limited new data available on the natural history of asymptomatic PHPT. Although recognition of normocalcemic PHPT (normal serum calcium with elevated PTH concentrations; no secondary cause for hyperparathyroidism) is increasing, data on the clinical presentation and natural history of this phenotype are limited. 2) Although there are geographic differences in the predominant phenotypes of PHPT (symptomatic, asymptomatic, normocalcemic), they do not justify geography-specific management guidelines. 3) Recent data using newer, higher resolution imaging and analytic methods have revealed that in asymptomatic PHPT, both trabecular bone and cortical bone are affected. 4) Clinically silent nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis can be detected by renal imaging and should be listed as a new criterion for surgery. 5) Current data do not support a cardiovascular evaluation or surgery for the purpose of improving cardiovascular markers, anatomical or functional abnormalities. 6) Some patients with mild PHPT have neuropsychological complaints and cognitive abnormalities, and some of these patients may benefit from surgical intervention. However, it is not possible at this time to predict which patients with neuropsychological complaints or cognitive issues will improve after successful parathyroid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonni J Silverberg
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons (S.J.S., N.E.C., D.D., M.D.W., J.P.B.) New York, New York 10032; Mayo Clinic (B.L.C.), Rochester, Minnesota 55902; Indiana University School of Medicine (M.P.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; University of Pernambuco School of Medicine (F.B.), 52050-450 Recife, Brazil; INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon (S.B.), 69437 Lyon, France; New Mexico Clinical Research and Osteoporosis Center (E.M.L.), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106; Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine (L.J.-M.), Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Sapienza University of Rome (S.M.), 00161 Rome, Italy; Aarhus University Hospital (L.R.), 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; and Federal University of Minas Gerais (B.C.S.), Belo Horizonte 30.130-100, Brazil
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Yaron M, Roach V, Izkhakov E, Ish-Shalom M, Sack J, Sofer Y, Azzam I, Ray A, Stern N, Tordjman KM. Effects of a typical acute oral calcium load on arterial properties and endothelial function in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:608-12. [PMID: 24619106 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Often recommended, calcium supplements have been incriminated as increasing the risk of cardiovascular events, whereas dietary calcium has generally been exonerated. As a first step to address the vascular safety of such dietary measures at the clinical nutritionist toolbox, we sought to determine and compare the acute effects of a typical oral calcium load, provided either as a supplement or as food, on vascular parameters assessed noninvasively in healthy subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this acute, cross-over, random-order intervention, 11 young and healthy vitamin D-sufficient volunteers (8 women/3 men, 33±6.1 years, body mass index 22.6±2.3 kg/m(2)), ingested 600 mg of calcium twice, once as calcium citrate and the other time from dairy products. Biochemical, vascular and hemodynamic parameters, before and 2 h after each challenge, were compared. Arterial stiffness was studied by measuring pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and large (C1) and small (C2) arterial compliance. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). RESULTS Despite effective calcium loading accompanied by a significant 60% parathyroid hormone level reduction on both occasions, there were no clinically significant changes in the vascular parameters neither in comparison with baseline, nor between the studies. A decrease in heart rate with no change in cardiac output was noticed after the supplement. CONCLUSIONS An effective calcium load has no clinically significant untoward effect on the vascular properties of young healthy subjects, regardless of its source. Additional studies should determine whether this holds true for chronic calcium supplementation, particularly in subjects with a priori vascular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaron
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - V Roach
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Izkhakov
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Ish-Shalom
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Sack
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Sofer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Azzam
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Ray
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Stern
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - K M Tordjman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
This review discusses recent findings on the clinical presentation, evaluation, medical and surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Medical management includes the use of cinacalcet and bisphosphonates for bone loss and correction of vitamin D deficiency. Surgical updates reviewed recent studies on the preoperative localization of the disease, specifically, sestamibi scans, 4DCT and MRI. Focused parathyroidectomy continues to be the preferred surgical approach for a select group of patients, guided by intraoperative use of PTH and new technology, such as endoscopic and robotic platforms; however, there appears to be no difference in long-term success compared to the traditional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Habib
- a Mercy Hospital and Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2525 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Adam Kabaker
- b Loyola University - Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Pauline Camacho
- c Loyola University - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Macfarlane DP, Yu N, Leese GP. Subclinical and asymptomatic parathyroid disease: implications of emerging data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:329-40. [PMID: 24622418 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism, a disorder in which there is a tendency for hypercalcaemia caused by autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone, is common, especially in postmenopausal women. Although parathyroidectomy is indicated for symptomatic patients, most individuals with the disorder are asymptomatic and without classic complications, such as renal stones and osteoporosis, at diagnosis. Consensus guidelines suggest which individuals might be suitable for medical follow-up rather than parathyroidectomy, but there are no long-term randomised controlled trials to support the safety of medical surveillance, and some patients progress with time. Data from observational studies suggest that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and might be predicted by parathyroid hormone concentrations, even in individuals with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Whether parathyroidectomy improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is unproven, but data suggest that surgery decreases fracture risk and might improve neuropsychological symptoms. Studies also show that patients with normocalcaemic (subclinical) hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism have a low risk of progression to overt disease, but their long-term risks are not defined. In this Review, we explore the increasing range of asymptomatic parathyroid disorders, focusing on current evidence about their natural history and potential complications, with a particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Macfarlane
- Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Ning Yu
- Dundee Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Graham P Leese
- Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Martínez Díaz-Guerra G, Guadalix Iglesias S, Hawkins Carranza F. [Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: a growing problem]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013. [PMID: 23199831 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is at present one of the most common reasons for consultation in bone metabolism units. It is characterized by increased levels of intact parathyroid hormone in the presence of normal serum calcium (total and ionized) in generally asymptomatic individuals. The differential diagnosis should be considered in all situations that occur with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Its natural history is not well known, and it does not always progress to hypercalcemia. As a recently recognized entity, there are still no specific recommendations for its management. In this review we discuss some aspects of this entity, emphasizing the importance of a proper laboratory diagnosis, assessing possible signs or symptoms associated such as kidney stones or osteoporosis, which can help the clinician to take a conservative or interventionist attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Martínez Díaz-Guerra
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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Friedlander AH, Aghazadehsanai N, Chang TI, Harada N, Garrett NR. Prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas on panoramic images of individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 42:20130118. [PMID: 23775925 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), affecting 1% of the population, is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The presence of calcified carotid artery plaque (CCAP) on panoramic images is a validated risk indicator of future adverse cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that military veterans aged 50 years or older diagnosed with PHPT by increased parathyroid hormone and calcium levels would frequently have CCAP on their images. METHODS We determined the prevalence rates of CCAP on the images of patients diagnosed with PHPT and evaluated their atherogenic risk profiles, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and obesity. Comparisons of atherogenic risk factors were made between subjects with and without observed CCAP on their panoramic images. RESULTS Of the 60 patients (86.7% males and 13.3% females, mean age 73.2 ± 11.3 years) with PHPT, 40% had atheromas. There were no significant differences between CCAP+ and CCAP- groups in gender or race (p > 0.05). The atherogenic profile (age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia) in the CCAP+ and CCAP- groups was not significantly different (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Calcified carotid artery atheromas are often seen on the panoramic images of patients with PHPT. Thus, dentists must be uniquely vigilant for these lesions when evaluating these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Friedlander
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Martínez Díaz-Guerra G, Jódar Gimeno E, Reyes García R, Gómez Sáez JM, Muñoz-Torres M. [Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: recommendations for management and follow-up]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:456.e1-6. [PMID: 23660008 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide practical recommendations for evaluation and follow-up of patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. PARTICIPANTS Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. METHODS A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (PubMed), using the terms normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism, for articles in English published before 22 November 2012. Literature was reviewed by 2 members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology, and after development of recommendations, the manuscript was reviewed by all other members of the Group, and their suggestions were incorporated. CONCLUSIONS The document provides practical recommendations for evaluation and follow-up of patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. There is however little evidence available about different aspects of this disease, mainly progression rate and clinical impact. More data are therefore needed before definite recommendations may be made.
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can be characterized as either symptomatic or asymptomatic, or, most recently, as normocalcemic. In the current issue of the journal, Cakir et al. report that insulin resistance and glucose intolerance is not an aspect of normocalcemic PHPT. However, both the current study as well as the literature are compromised by the lack of appropriate classification of normocalcemic PHPT subjects. Rigorously characterized cohorts are necessary to determine whether glucose intolerance is in fact present in normocalcemic PHPT.
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Ring M, Farahnak P, Gustavsson T, Nilsson IL, Eriksson MJ, Caidahl K. Arterial structure and function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism is not directly related to parathyroid hormone, calcium, or vitamin D. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39519. [PMID: 22815708 PMCID: PMC3397993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevated levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH), characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), may be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. We evaluated the possible vascular effects of these risk factors in patients with mild PHPT by using standard methods and new imaging techniques. Design A prospective case-control study. Subjects and Methods Forty-eight patients with mild PHPT without any known cardiovascular risk factors were studied at baseline and at one year after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in comparison with 48 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. We measured biochemical variables, augmentation index (AIx), aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao), radial (IMTrad) and common carotid artery (IMTcca) intima media thicknesses, and the grayscale median (IM-GSM) of the latter. Results No significant differences were observed between PHPT patients and controls at baseline for AIx (28.6±12.2 vs. 27.7±12.8%), IMTrad (0.271±0.060 vs. 0.255±0.053 mm), IMTcca (0.688±0.113 vs. 0.680±0.135 mm), or IM-GSM (82.3±17.2 vs. 86.5±15.3), while PWVao was slightly higher in patients (8.68±1.50 vs. 8.13±1.55, p<0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), calcium, and PTH were higher in patients compared with controls, and decreased after PTX, while vitamin D was lower in patients and increased after PTX. While AIx, PWVao, IMTrad, and IMTcca were related to SBP, neither correlated to vitamin D levels. Only PWVao correlated weakly to plasma PTH (r = 0.29, p<0.01) and ionized calcium (r = 0.22, p<0.05) but showed no relation when age and SBP were adjusted for. Conclusion We found normal arterial function despite high calcium, PTH, and low vitamin D levels, in patients with mild PHPT without cardiovascular risk factors. The cardiovascular risk associated with low vitamin D and/or high PTH and calcium levels may be explained by their coupling to blood pressure and other risk factors rather than direct effects on arterial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Ring
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pirro M, Manfredelli MR, Helou RS, Scarponi AM, Schillaci G, Bagaglia F, Melis F, Mannarino E. Association of parathyroid hormone and 25-OH-vitamin D levels with arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:924-31. [PMID: 22785083 DOI: 10.5551/jat.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Vitamin D insufficiency and increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels have been suggested as prognostic indices for cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffness, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease, is often increased in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. PTH levels increase in patients with low 25-OH-vitamin D levels, but the influence of such an increase on arterial stiffness has not been investigated in postmenopausal women with reduced 25-OH-vitamin D levels. We therefore investigated the association between PTH and aortic stiffness in postmenopausal women with reduced 25-OH-vitamin D levels. METHODS One hundred fifty postmenopausal women with 25-OH-vitamin D insufficiency (<30 ng/mL) were recruited. Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a measure of arterial stiffness, PTH and 25-OH-vitamin D levels were measured. Cardiovascular risk factors and markers of bone formation were evaluated. RESULTS The 25-OH-vitamin D levels were associated with aPWV (rho=-0.23, p=0.006), but the association was not significant when controlling for PTH. Significant correlates of aPWV included age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure and PTH (rho=0.39, p<0.001). Arterial stiffness was predicted by logarithmically transformed PTH levels (β=0.23, p=0.007), independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and factors involved in bone formation. Increased PTH levels (>62 pg/mL) were associated with a 3.0-5.4-fold increased probability of having a mild-severe increase in aortic stiffness, irrespective of confounders. CONCLUSION Among postmenopausal women with reduced 25-OH-vitamin D levels, elevated PTH levels were a significant predictor of aortic stiffness, irrespective of cardiovascular risk factors and of factors involved in bone formation. PTH accounted for the association between 25-OH-vitamin D levels and aortic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Luigi P, Chiara FM, Laura Z, Cristiano M, Giuseppina C, Luciano C, Giuseppe P, Sabrina C, Susanna S, Antonio C, Giuseppe C, Giorgio DT, Claudio L. Arterial Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome and Subclinical Cardiovascular Organ Damage in Patients with Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism before and after Parathyroidectomy: Preliminary Results. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:408295. [PMID: 22719761 PMCID: PMC3375164 DOI: 10.1155/2012/408295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity, and the role of calcium and parathyroid hormone is still controversial. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and some cardiovascular alterations in asymptomatic PHPT, and specific changes after successful parathyroidectomy. Material and Methods. We examined 30 newly diagnosed PHPT patients (8 males, 22 females; mean age 56 ± 6 yrs), 30 patients with essential hypertension (EH) (9 males, 21 females; mean age 55 ± 4), and 30 normal subjects (NS) (9 males, 21 females: mean age 55 ± 6). All groups underwent evaluation with ambulatory monitoring blood pressure, echocardiography, and color-Doppler artery ultrasonography and were successively revaluated after one year from parathyroidectomy. Results. PHPT patients presented a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (38%) with respect to EH (28%). Prevalence of hypertension in PHPT was 81%, and 57% presented altered circadian rhythm of blood pressure, with respect to EH (35%) and NS (15%). PHPT showed an important myocardial and vascular remodelling. During follow-up in PHPT patients, we found significant reduction of prevalence of metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, and "non-dipping phenomenon." Conclusions. Cardiovascular and metabolic alterations should be considered as added parameters in evaluation of patients with asymptomatic PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petramala Luigi
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Formicuccia Maria Chiara
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Zinnamosca Laura
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marinelli Cristiano
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Cilenti Giuseppina
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Colangelo Luciano
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Panzironi Giuseppe
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sciomer Susanna
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Morphological Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciardi Antonio
- Department of Surgery “P. Valdoni”, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Cavallaro Giuseppe
- Department of Surgery “P. Valdoni”, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - De Toma Giorgio
- Department of Surgery “P. Valdoni”, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Claudio
- Secondary Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism-characteristics and clinical significance of an emerging entity. Am J Med Sci 2012; 343:163-166. [PMID: 22173046 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e31823bbb9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology and presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is changing. Full-blown disease in its tertiary stage is rarely seen. Instead, asymptomatic hypercalcemia draws more attention because of the widespread use of screening laboratory tests. In recent years, clinicians have started ordering intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) assays for a variety of reasons (eg, during the evaluation of fractures, nephrolithiasis, osteomalacia and low bone mass), even in individuals who have no evidence of hypercalcemia. The increased levels of iPTH without an underlying etiology may represent an early phase, or a distinct subtype, of PHPT, termed as normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPH). The prevalence and clinical significance of NPH are unknown and are a matter of great debate. No guidelines regarding management of this entity exist. The authors describe a patient who had increased levels of iPTH, osteopenia and normal calcium and vitamin D. There was no discernible secondary cause for hyperparathyroidism (renal insufficiency, osteomalacia, vitamin D deficiency, lithium use, etc), and no intervention was offered aside from periodic monitoring of laboratory values and bone density. Analysis of data in patients with NPH should include elucidation of its natural history, temporal patterns in calcium level and prevalence of low bone mass, nephrolithiaisis and fragility fractures and could assist in devising evidence-based guidelines for management of the condition. Further characterization of NPH will be of benefit in defining its clinical impact and associated complications, to clarify the rationale behind the use of the iPTH assay as a screening test, and to assist in management of this entity.
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