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Emerging evidence of the relationship between fat-free mass and ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide-YY. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim HJ, Tak YJ, Lee SY, Seo JP. Effects of a 12-Week Diet versus Diet plus Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Program on Acylated and Desacylated Ghrelin, and Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase in Adolescent Girls with Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031480. [PMID: 35162507 PMCID: PMC8835200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 12-week diet versus diet plus aerobic and resistance exercise programme on acylated ghrelin (AG), desacylated ghrelin (DAG), and ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) concentrations in girls with obesity. We randomised 30 adolescents with obesity to a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise group (EG) or a control group (CG). At baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, we measured their body composition, lipid profile, glucose, AG, DAG, and GOAT concentrations. In the EG, the body fat percentage decreased by 2.37% and was significantly lower than that in the CG. The DAG concentrations significantly increased by 48.3% and 27.4% in the EG and CG, respectively. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks, DAG concentrations were significantly higher in the EG than in the CG. AG concentrations were higher at week 12 than at baseline in both groups. In both groups, the GOAT concentrations increased at weeks 8 and 12; however, no between-group differences were observed in the changes in GOAT concentrations. This study showed increased DAG concentrations and non-significant changes in AG and GOAT concentrations after a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise programme in girls with obesity. These findings suggest that an aerobic and resistance exercise programme influences appetite-regulating hormones, mainly through changes in DAG concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea;
| | - Young Jin Tak
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea;
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-3601442
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Ouerghi N, Feki M, Bragazzi NL, Knechtle B, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT, Bouassida A. Ghrelin Response to Acute and Chronic Exercise: Insights and Implications from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Sports Med 2021; 51:2389-2410. [PMID: 34374968 PMCID: PMC8514378 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach. It exerts a wide range of functions including stimulating growth hormone release and regulating appetite, food intake, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Since physical exercise affects all these aspects, a particular interest is accorded to the relationship between ghrelin and exercise. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current available data on the topic for a better understanding of the relationship. METHODS An extensive computerized search was performed in the PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases for retrieving relevant articles. The search contained the following keywords: ghrelin, appetite-related peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal hormones, exercise, acute exercise, chronic exercise, training, and physical activity. Studies investigating the effects of acute/chronic exercise on circulating forms of ghrelin were included. RESULTS The initial search identified 840 articles. After screening, 80 articles were included. Despite a heterogeneity of studies and a variability of the findings, the review suggests that acute exercise suppresses acyl ghrelin production regardless of the participants and the exercise characteristics. Long- and very long-term exercise training programs mostly resulted in increased total and des-acyl ghrelin production. The increase is more noticeable in overweight/obese individuals, and is most likely due to weight loss resulting from the training program. CONCLUSION The review suggests that exercise may impact ghrelin production. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, the effects are likely due to blood flow redistribution and weight loss for acute and chronic exercise, respectively. These changes are expected to be metabolically beneficial. Further research is needed for a better understanding of the relationship between ghrelin and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR13JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Feki
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Anissa Bouassida
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR13JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
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Lucka A, Wysokiński A. Association between adiposity and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: Leptin, neuropeptide Y, desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and agouti-related protein in nonobese participants. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:217-225. [PMID: 31670286 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between adiposity parameters and fasting serum levels of appetite-regulating peptides: leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), desacyl ghrelin, peptide YY(1-36), obestatin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and agouti-related protein in 30 healthy, non-obese subjects. Thirty European Caucasian adult participants were included in the study (17 men and 13 women). Body composition (body fat and lean body mass) was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Concentrations of peptides in serum were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women had higher level of leptin (P < 0.001), with no other differences for analyzed peptides. We have found a significant correlation between serum concentrations of CART and NPY (P < 0.001). Fasting leptin level was associated with age (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P < 0.001), and lean body mass (P < 0.001). Levels of ghrelin were lower in participants with dyslipidemia (P = 0.009). Levels of obestatin (P = 0.008) and leptin (P = 0.02) were higher in participants with insulin resistance. Associations between body fat and appetite-regulating peptides are more complex than simple feedback loops. Leptin is probably the first signal in the pathway that regulates body fat content, as of all analyzed peptides leptin was the only one that was associated with body composition or anthropometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Lai CW, Wong CSC, Lam WW, Sheridan S, Siu PM. One Year of Yoga Training Alters Ghrelin Axis in Centrally Obese Adults With Metabolic Syndrome. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 30294284 PMCID: PMC6158302 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multiplex cardiometabolic manifestation associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Yoga training has been shown to alleviate MetS. Recently, circulatory ghrelin profile was demonstrated to be associated with MetS. This study examined the effects of 1 year of yoga training on β-cell function and insulin resistance, and the involvement of metabolic peptides, including unacylated ghrelin (UnAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), obestatin, growth hormone (GH), and insulin, in the beneficial effects of yoga training in centrally obese adults with MetS. Methods: This was a follow up study, in which data of risk factors of MetS, physical performance tests [resting heart rate (HR), chair stand test (CS), chair sit and reach test (CSR), back scratch test (BS), and single leg stand tests (SLS)] and serum samples of 79 centrally obese MetS subjects aged 58 ± 8 years (39 subjects received 1-year yoga training and 40 subjects received no training) were retrieved for analyses. β-cell function and insulin resistance were examined by Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA). Circulating levels of UnAG, AG, obestatin, GH, and insulin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using fasting serum samples. Generalized estimating equation analysis and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to detect statistically significant differences between groups. Results: Waist circumference (WC) was significantly decreased after yoga intervention (control: +2%; yoga: -4%). Significant improvements in HR (control: +2%; yoga: -5%), CS (control: -1%; yoga: +24%), CSR left (control: worsen by 0.90 cm; yoga: improved by 4.21 cm), CSR right (control: worsen by 0.75 cm; yoga: improved by 4.28 cm), right side of BS (control: improved by 0.19 cm; yoga: improved by 4.31 cm), SLS left (control: -10%; yoga: +86%), and SLS right (control: -6%; yoga: +47%) were observed after 1-year yoga training. No significant difference was found between the two groups in insulin, HOMA indices, and disposition index. Yoga training significantly increased circulating GH (control: -3%; yoga: +22%), total circulating ghrelin (control: -26%; yoga: +13%), and UnAG (control: -27%; yoga: +14%), whereas decreased AG (control: -7%; yoga: -33%) and obestatin (control: +24%; yoga: -29%). Conclusion: One-year of yoga training modulated total ghrelin, UnAG, AG, obestatin, and GH while exerting beneficial effects on physical functions and central obesity in adults with MetS. The beneficial effects of yoga may be associated with the alteration of ghrelin gene product and GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus P. Yu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Felix N. Ugwu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Bjorn T. Tam
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Paul H. Lee
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W. Lai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Cesar S. C. Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Wendy W. Lam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sinead Sheridan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Parco M. Siu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Mateus KCS, Brunelli DT, Gáspari AF, Bonganha V, Bonfante ILP, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Cavaglieri CR. Effects of combined training on total ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor-α in obese middle-aged men. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Associations of serum leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY levels with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent boys with different BMI values. Biol Sport 2018; 34:345-352. [PMID: 29472737 PMCID: PMC5819470 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in associations of serum acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and leptin levels with physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CReF) in adolescent boys (mean age of 14.0 years) with overweight (OWB; n=55) and with normal weight (NWB; n=154). METHODS Total PA was measured by 7-day accelerometry (counts/min) and CReF by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak/kg). RESULTS No differences were found in serum PYY, acylated ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin levels, whereas mean leptin (11.6±10.6 vs. 2.0±2.7 ng/ml; p<0.05) and insulin (18.1±8.7 vs. 11.0±6.2 mU/l; p<0.05) levels were significantly higher in OWB compared to NWB. Mean CReF was significantly lower in OWB compared to NWB (39.7±8.7 vs. 50.5±6.8 ml/min/kg; p<0.05). Leptin was negatively correlated with CReF in both groups (r=-0.43; p<0.05), des-acylated ghrelin with CReF only in OWB (r =-0.36; p<0.05). In OWB leptin was negatively correlated with total PA (r=-0.32; p<0.05) and positively with sedentary time of PA (r=0.35; p<0.05). In NWB 28.1% of the variability of CReF was determined by leptin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), whereas in OWB 71.9% was determined by trunk FM and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Leptin concentration was inversely associated with CReF in adolescent boys independently of BMI in both groups, while des-acylated ghrelin was associated with CReF only in OWB. Low PA in OWB was associated with high serum leptin level.
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AZP-531, an unacylated ghrelin analog, improves food-related behavior in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190849. [PMID: 29320575 PMCID: PMC5761957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and objective Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by early-onset hyperphagia and increased circulating levels of the orexigenic Acylated Ghrelin (AG) hormone with a relative deficit of Unacylated Ghrelin (UAG). AZP-531, a first-in-class UAG analog, was shown to inhibit the orexigenic effect of AG in animals, to improve glycemic control and decrease body weight in humans. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of AZP-531 in patients with PWS for whom no approved treatment for hyperphagia is currently available. Methods and design Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-seven patients with genetically confirmed PWS and evidence of hyperphagia received daily subcutaneous injections of AZP-531 (3 and 4 mg for 50–70 kg and >70 kg body weight, respectively) or matching placebo for 14 days. Assessments included adverse events, vital signs, safety laboratory tests, the Hyperphagia Questionnaire (HQ), patient-reported appetite, body composition and glycemic measures. Results AZP-531 was well tolerated. There was a significant improvement with AZP-531 versus placebo in the mean total score, the 9-item score and the severity domain score of the HQ (p < .05). The highest reduction in the total and 9-item scores was observed in AZP-531 subjects with the highest hyperphagia score at baseline. Findings were supported by a reduction in appetite scores observed with AZP-531 only. Body weight did not change in both groups while a significant reduction in waist circumference and fat mass was observed only with AZP-531. AZP-531 significantly decreased post-prandial glucose levels in a baseline glucose dependent fashion. Conclusions AZP-531 may constitute a new treatment strategy to improve hyperphagia and metabolic issues in patients with PWS. These findings support further investigation in longer-term clinical trials.
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Muhammad A, Delhanty PJD, Huisman M, Visser JA, Jan van der Lelij A, Neggers SJCMM. The Acylated/Unacylated Ghrelin Ratio Is Similar in Patients With Acromegaly During Different Treatment Regimens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2425-2432. [PMID: 28402548 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on plasma acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) levels in acromegaly are limited. High AG/UAG ratios are linked with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperphagia (e.g., in Prader-Willi syndrome). OBJECTIVE To assess fasting plasma AG and UAG levels, and the AG/UAG ratio in acromegaly patients receiving combination treatment of long-acting somatostatin analogs (LA-SSAs) and pegvisomant (PEGV; n = 60). We used as controls acromegaly patients whose disease was controlled with PEGV monotherapy and medically naïve patients with active acromegaly. METHODS Fasting venous blood samples were collected and directly stabilized to inhibit deacylation of AG. Plasma AG and UAG levels were determined by double-antibody sandwich enzyme immunoassay, and the AG/UAG ratio was calculated. RESULTS Plasma AG and UAG levels were significantly lower in patients with acromegaly receiving combination treatment [median, interquartile range (IQR): AG: 8.5 pg/mL, 2.9 to 21.1 pg/mL; UAG: 26.9 pg/mL, 11.2 to 42.1 pg/mL] compared with patients using PEGV alone [AG: 60.5 pg/mL (IQR, 58.8 to 77.4 pg/mL); UAG: 153.7 pg/mL (IQR, 127.3 to 196.0 pg/mL)] and medically naïve patients with acromegaly [AG: 24.0 pg/mL (IQR, 12.6 to 49.7 pg/mL); UAG: 56.3 pg/mL (IQR, 43.4 to 61.5 pg/mL)]. However, AG/UAG ratios were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Although plasma AG and UAG are suppressed during combination treatment with LA-SSAs and PEGV, the AG/UAG ratio remained similar. This shows that SSAs decrease both AG and UAG levels, which suggests that they do not alter metabolism significantly in acromegaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Muhammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Huisman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Jan van der Lelij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Acylated Ghrelin Increases During Military Training in Lean Males. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.40912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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González-Domínguez MI, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Zaina S, Sabanero M, Daza-Benítez L, Malacara JM, Barbosa-Sabanero G. Association of cord blood des-acyl ghrelin with birth weight, and placental GHS-R1 receptor expression in SGA, AGA, and LGA newborns. Endocrine 2016; 53:182-91. [PMID: 26754660 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although ghrelin in cord blood has been associated to birth weight, its role in fetal and postnatal growth has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze total ghrelin, acyl ghrelin (AG), and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) in cord blood of newborns with idiopathic birth weight alterations, and to evaluate protein expression of placental GHS-R1, in order to investigate their correlation with birth weight and placental weight. We performed a cross-sectional comparative study in umbilical cord blood and placentas from healthy mothers of SGA, AGA, and LGA (small, adequate and large for gestational age) term newborns (n = 20 per group). Cord blood total ghrelin, AG, and DAG were measured by ELISA, and placental GHS-R1 expression was evaluated by Western blot. Cord blood DAG was higher in SGA compared to AGA newborns (902.1 ± 109.1 and 597.4 ± 58.2 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.01) while LGA and AGA showed similar values (627.2 ± 76.4 pg/ml for LGA, p = 0.80). DAG negatively correlated with birthweight (r = -0.31, p = 0.02) and placental weight (r = -0.33, p = 0.02). No differences in AG or total ghrelin were found. GHS-R1 protein in placenta was not differentially expressed among SGA, AGA, and LGA. Our results suggest a role of DAG in intrauterine growth. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which DAG participates in fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I González-Domínguez
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Myrna Sabanero
- Biology Department, Natural and Exact Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato Campus, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Malacara
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Unacylated ghrelin restores insulin and autophagic signaling in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2555-69. [PMID: 26228926 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle detrimentally affects insulin-stimulated disposal of glucose. Restoration of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle is important as muscle is one of the major sites for disposal of blood glucose. Recently, unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) has received attention in diabetic research due to its favorable actions on improving glucose tolerance, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. The investigation of UnAG has entered phase Ib clinical trial in type 2 diabetes and phase II clinical trial in hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the anti-diabetic actions of UnAG remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of UnAG on restoring the impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of db/db diabetic mice. Our results demonstrated that UnAG effectively restored the impaired insulin signaling in diabetic muscle. UnAG decreased insulin receptor substrate (IRS) phosphorylation, increased protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, and, hence, suppressed mTOR signaling. Consequently, UnAG enhanced Glut4 localization and increased PDH activity in the diabetic skeletal muscle. Intriguingly, our data indicated that UnAG normalized the suppressed autophagic signaling in diabetic muscle. In conclusion, our findings illustrated that UnAG restored the impaired insulin and autophagic signaling in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice, which are valuable to understand the underlying mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of UnAG at peripheral skeletal muscle level.
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Inverse association of des-acyl ghrelin with worksite blood pressure in overweight/obese male workers. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:224-31. [PMID: 25753602 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job strain, defined as a combination of high job demands and low job control, has been reported to elevate blood pressure (BP) during work. Meanwhile, a recent experimental study showed that ghrelin blunted the BP response to such mental stress. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that des-acyl ghrelin may have some beneficial effects on worksite BP through modulating the BP response to work-related mental stress, i.e., job strain. METHODS Subjects were 34 overweight/obese male day-shift workers (mean age 41.7 ± 6.7 years). No subjects had received any anti-hypertensive medication. A 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring was recorded every 30 min on a regular working day. The average BP was calculated for Work BP, Morning BP, and Home BP. Job strain was assessed using the short version of the Japanese Job Content Questionnaire. RESULTS Des-acyl ghrelin showed significant inverse correlations with almost all BPs except Morning SBP, Morning DBP, and Home DBP. In multiple regression analysis, des-acyl ghrelin inversely correlated with Work SBP after adjusting for confounding factors. Des-acyl ghrelin was also negatively associated with BP changes from Sleep to Morning, Sleep to Work, and Sleep to Home. CONCLUSIONS Des-acyl ghrelin was inversely associated with Worksite BP, suggesting a unique beneficial effect of des-acyl ghrelin on Worksite BP in overweight/obese male day-shift workers.
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Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, Duggan CR, Campbell KL, Kong A, Wang CY, Alfano CM, Blackburn GL, Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A. The effects of separate and combined dietary weight loss and exercise on fasting ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:369-76. [PMID: 24796864 PMCID: PMC4221575 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compensatory metabolic changes that accompany weight loss, for example, increased ghrelin, contribute to weight regain and difficulty in long-term weight loss maintenance; however, the separate effects of long-term caloric restriction and exercise on total circulating ghrelin in humans are unknown. DESIGN A 12-month randomized controlled trial comparing: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal ('diet'; n = 118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 45 min/day, 5 days/week ('exercise'; n = 117); iii) dietary weight loss and exercise ('diet + exercise'; n = 117); or iv) no-lifestyle-change control (n = 87). PARTICIPANTS 439 overweight or obese postmenopausal women (50-75 y). MEASUREMENTS Fasting total serum ghrelin was measured by radioimmunoassay at baseline and 12 months. Fasting serum leptin, adiponectin and insulin were also measured. RESULTS Fasting total ghrelin significantly increased in the diet + exercise arm (+7·4%, P = 0·008) but not in either the diet (+6·5%, P = 0·07) or exercise (+1·0%, P = 0·53) arms compared with control. Greater weight loss was associated with increased ghrelin concentrations, regardless of intervention. Neither baseline ghrelin nor body composition modified the intervention effects on changes in total ghrelin. The 12-month change in total ghrelin was inversely associated with changes in leptin, insulin and insulin resistance, and positively associated with change in adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS Greater weight loss, achieved through a reduced calorie diet or exercise, is associated with increased total ghrelin concentrations in overweight or obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Mason
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Liren Xiao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ikuyo Imayama
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine R. Duggan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kristin L. Campbell
- Department of Physiotherapy,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Angela Kong
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine M. Alfano
- Office of Cancer Survivorship, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - George L. Blackburn
- Division of Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karen E. Foster-Schubert
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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15
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Wysokiński A, Kowalski ML, Kłoszewska I. Serum levels of desacyl ghrelin in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:833-840. [PMID: 24773632 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Desacyl ghrelin is a hormone that might be a functional inhibitor of ghrelin, a potent hunger-stimulating peptide. METHODS We determined fasting serum desacyl ghrelin levels in 24 subjects with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy and 24 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were combined with body composition determined using bioelectric impedance analysis. RESULTS There were no differences in desacyl ghrelin levels between patients taking clozapine and the control group (272.09 ± 137.96 vs 259.62 ± 140.91 pg/mL, z = 0.17, P = 0.87). In the clozapine group, there were no differences between men and women for ghrelin levels (246.66 ± 123.17 vs 295.39 ± 151.77 pg/mL, z = -0.98, P = 0.32). In the clozapine group, fasting serum levels of ghrelin negatively correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r = -0.45, P = 0.03) and ionized calcium (r = -0.45, P = 0.03). Levels of ghrelin were lower in patients with WHR above World Health Organization-defined cut-off points (246.84 ± 114.34 [Q1 = 152.18, Q2 = 220.92, Q3 = 327.85] vs 400.30 ± 123.36 [Q1 = 283.73, Q2 = 414.03, Q3 = 485.8] pg/mL, z = 2.52, P = 0.01). In the clozapine group, there were no correlation with age, height, weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, uric acid, homocysteine, glucose, insulin, clozapine dose, duration of treatment with antipsychotics, duration of treatment with clozapine, total fat, target fat, basal metabolic rate, target weight, lean weight, body water, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA) 1-IR, HOMA2-IR and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. CONCLUSION Based on our results, we cannot conclude that treatment with clozapine affects levels of desacyl ghrelin. Also, in our study population we did not confirm previously described associations between desacyl ghrelin and various metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Kłoszewska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Kim HH, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Jeong DW, Lee JG, Yi YH, Cho YH, Choi EJ, Kim HJ. Interactive effects of an isocaloric high-protein diet and resistance exercise on body composition, ghrelin, and metabolic and hormonal parameters in untrained young men: A randomized clinical trial. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:242-7. [PMID: 24843767 PMCID: PMC4023590 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The interactive effects of resistance training and dietary protein on hormonal responses in adults are not clear and remain controversial. We tested the effect of an isocaloric high-protein diet on body composition, ghrelin, and metabolic and hormonal parameters during a 12-week resistance training program in untrained healthy young men. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomized 18 healthy young men to a standard diet (ST group) or an isocaloric high protein diet (HP group). Both groups participated in a 12-week resistance exercise program. We measured body composition, lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indices, total ghrelin, and exercise-related hormones at baseline and 12 weeks. RESULTS In the HP group, lean body mass (LBM), total ghrelin, growth hormone, testosterone and cortisol levels showed an increase, whereas body fat percentage and HOMA-IR showed a decrease at 12 weeks, compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.05). In the ST group, no changes in these parameters were observed during the 12-week period. During the 12-week period, significant differences in the pattern of change of LBM (P = 0.032), total ghrelin (P = 0.037), HOMA-IR (P = 0.040) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.011) over time were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that an isocaloric high-protein diet can ameliorate body composition, metabolic profiles and energy metabolism during a 12-week scheduled resistance training program in untrained healthy young men. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT01714700).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Kim
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Medical Education Unit and Medical Research InstitutePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Dong Wook Jeong
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Jeong Gyu Lee
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Yu Hyone Yi
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Young Hye Cho
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Hyun Jun Kim
- Department of Physical EducationKyungnam University College of EducationMasanKorea
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17
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Chen YC, Chiang CF, Chen LF, Liao SC, Hsieh WY, Lin WL. Polymersomes conjugated with des-octanoyl ghrelin for the delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents into brain tissues. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2051-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Blijdorp K, van der Lely AJ, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Huisman TM, Themmen APN, Delhanty PJD, Neggers SJCMM. Desacyl ghrelin is influenced by changes in insulin concentration during an insulin tolerance test. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:193-195. [PMID: 23850060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin, a gut-brain peptide, regulates energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism and is present in acylated and nonacylated form in the circulation. Although desacyl ghrelin (DAG), the predominant form of ghrelin, is associated with insulin sensitivity and improved metabolic state, not much is known about its direct regulation by insulin. We aimed to assess changes in DAG in response to the rapid increase in insulin concentration during an insulin tolerance test (ITT) in normal weight and obese subjects. DESIGN We performed an observational single center study. An ITT was assessed in eight subjects (four males), median age of 29.9 years (range 19.6-42.0). DAG concentrations were measured at 20, 40, 60 and 90 min after insulin infusion. Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were assessed. RESULTS Three subjects were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)), one subject was overweight (BMI = 25-30 kg/m(2)) and four subjects had normal weight (BMI = 18.5-25 kg/m(2)). Median DAG decreased after insulin infusion (90 pg/mL, p = 0.028), especially in normal weight subjects. Baseline DAG was lower in subjects with higher BMI (ρ = -0.76, p = 0.028) and higher fasting insulin (ρ = -0.76, p = 0.030). DAG changes correlated with fasting insulin levels (ρ = -0.85, p = 0.007), HOMA (ρ = -0.86, p = 0.007), BMI (ρ = -0.83, p = 0.010) and waist circumference (ρ = -0.93, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION DAG levels rapidly decreased in response to insulin administration in normal subjects, but not in insulin-resistant obese who are in a state of relative DAG deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blijdorp
- Department of Medicine - section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Chen CY, Tsai CY. From endocrine to rheumatism: do gut hormones play roles in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:205-12. [PMID: 23882111 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RA is characterized by chronic inflammation in the musculoskeletal system, in which TNF-α is the key cytokine trigger. TNF-α, previously known as cachectin, is implicated in the modulation of body composition and energy expenditure. Gut hormones, including acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1 and PYY, have been known to be the major regulators of appetite, nutrition, energy expenditure and body mass formation. Emerging evidence indicates that blockade of TNF-α by biologics not only ameliorates rheumatoid inflammation, but can affect the secretion and action of gut hormones on appetite, body composition, energy expenditure, muscle catabolism and bone remodelling. A link between the gastrointestinal endocrine axis and the immune system may be established through the interaction of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and these gut hormones. With the ever-increasing understanding of rheumatoid inflammation and the invention of more biologics to modulate the cytokine network, more attention should be given to the possible immunomodulatory roles of gut hormones in autoimmune inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shih-Pai Road Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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20
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Zheng F, Yin X, Lu W, Zhou J, Yuan H, Li H. Improved post-prandial ghrelin response by nateglinide or acarbose therapy contributes to glucose stability in Type 2 diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:489-96. [PMID: 23324437 DOI: 10.3275/8811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies highlight an important role of ghrelin in glucose homeostasis, while the association between ghrelin regulation and glucose fluctuation is unclear. AIM We compared the effects of two postprandial hypoglycemic agents on ghrelin response and determined the contribution of ghrelin response to glucose stability in Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty newly- diagnosed T2DM patients were randomly allocated to receive nateglinide or acarbose for 4 weeks, with twenty body mass index (BMI)-matched normoglycemic subjects as controls. Mean glucose values and daily average glucose excursion were assessed using continuous glucose monitoring system. Serum ghrelin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS T2DM patients had similar fasting ghrelin levels (p=0.546), while their postprandial ghrelin suppressions at 30 min and 120 min were reduced as compared to BMI-matched normoglycemic controls (p<0.01). Both nateglinide and acarbose increased post-prandial ghrelin suppression at 120 min and reduced ghrelin area under the curve (AUCGHRL) (p<0.05), while only nateglinide increased postprandial ghrelin suppression at 30 min (p<0.01), which was positively correlated with the increased early-phase insulin secretion by 4 weeks of nateglinide therapy (r=0.48, p=0.05). The decrease in AUCGHRL was positively correlated with the decrease in daily average glucose excursion and mean glucose values either by 4 weeks of nateglinide or acarbose therapy (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both nateglinide and acarbose increase post-prandial ghrelin suppression. Improved ghrelin regulation is most likely to play a role in glucose stability in T2DM patients with nateglinide or acarbose therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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King JA, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ, Nimmo MA. Exercise and ghrelin. A narrative overview of research. Appetite 2013; 68:83-91. [PMID: 23624293 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, ghrelin has been implicated in a multiplicity of physiological activities. Most notably, ghrelin has an important influence on energy metabolism and after the identification of its potent appetite stimulating effects ghrelin has been termed the 'hunger hormone'. Exercise is a stimulus which has a significant impact on energy homeostasis and consequently a substantial body of research has investigated the interaction between exercise and ghrelin. This narrative review provides an overview of research relating to the acute and chronic effects of exercise on circulating ghrelin (acylated, unacylated and total). To enhance study comparability, the scope of this review is limited to research undertaken in adult humans and consequently studies involving children and animals are not discussed. Although there is significant ambiguity within much of the early research, our review suggests that acute exercise transiently interferes with the production of acylated ghrelin. Furthermore, the consensus of evidence indicates that exercise training does not influence circulating ghrelin independent of weight loss. Additional research is needed to verify and extend the available literature, particularly by uncovering the mechanisms governing acute exercise-related changes and characterising responses in other populations such as females, older adults, and the obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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22
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Delhanty PJD, Neggers SJ, van der Lely AJ. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Ghrelin: the differences between acyl- and des-acyl ghrelin. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:601-8. [PMID: 22898499 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) is one of the three preproghrelin gene-encoded peptides. Compared with ghrelin and obestatin, it has not received the attention it deserves. DAG has long been considered an inert degradation product of acyl ghrelin (AG). Recent evidence, however, indicates that DAG behaves like a separate hormone. DAG can act together with AG, can antagonize AG, and seems to have AG-independent effects. Therefore, it is believed that DAG must activate its own receptor and that it may also interact with AG at this receptor. Of potential clinical importance is that an increasing number of studies suggest that DAG might be a functional inhibitor of ghrelin and that DAG can suppress ghrelin levels in humans. Therefore, DAG or DAG analogs might be good candidates for future treatment of metabolic disorders or other conditions in which antagonism of AG actions could be beneficial, such as diabetes, obesity, and Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Medicine, Erasmus University MC, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Kadoglou NPE, Vrabas IS, Kapelouzou A, Angelopoulou N. The association of physical activity with novel adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:137-42. [PMID: 22284243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-tissue derivatives, known as adipokines, have been involved in the inflammatory-mediated metabolic and cardiovascular disorders of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study examined the association between novel adipokines and self-reported physical activity, a potential anti-inflammatory mediator. METHODS We enrolled 247 men and women with T2DM, free from overt cardiovascular disease. Based on a physical activity questionnaire, patients were classified into groups: A) sedentary, who did not report any physical activity or reported light activities<2 h/week and B) active, referring to low or moderate-intensity physical activities>2 h/week. Among them, 88 patients were randomly selected to perform a cardiorespiratory ergocycle testing. Clinical parameters, glycemic and lipid profiles, HOMA-IR, and serum levels of visfatin, apelin, vaspin, ghrelin and adiponectin were assessed. RESULTS With the exception of fat-mass, our groups did not differ in anthropometric parameters and pharmaceutical regimen. Active patients showed ameliorated glucose regulation, HOMA-IR, hsCRP and exercise capacity compared to sedentary counterparts (p<0.01). Active rather than sedentary patients showed lower visfatin (10.16±5.53 ng/ml vs 14.77±8.48 ng/ml, p=0.013), higher apelin (1.39±0.65 ng/ml vs 1.04±0.35 ng/ml, p=0.018) and adiponectin (11.82±3.06 μg/ml vs 7.81±2.11 μg/ml, p=0.033) levels. There were non-significant differences in the rest of parameters between groups. After adjusting for age, sex and BMI, physical activity along with hsCRP and ghrelin remained independent determinants of visfatin levels (R(2)=0.328, p=0.032), while physical activity was independently associated with apelin (R(2)=0.221, p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS Self-controlled physical activity of, even, moderate intensity ameliorates adipokines, such as visfatin, apelin and adiponectin, in patients with T2DM. Prospective interventional studies will confirm our results. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is: NCT00306176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P E Kadoglou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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