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Hong S, Shinya Y, Trejo-Lopez JA, Gruber LM, Erickson D, Bendok BR, Chaichana KL, Atkinson JL, Marino MJ, Donaldson AM, Stokken JK, Westphal SA, Chang AY, Samson SL, Choby GW, Van Gompel JJ. The clinical presentation of PIT1 positive pituitary neuroendocrine tumor immunonegative for growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone with analysis of clinical and immunostaining dissociation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 236:108075. [PMID: 38056042 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIT1 is a pituitary transcription factor that is associated with either growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production. However, PIT1-positive pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are occasionally immunonegative for GH, PRL, and TSH. This paper describes the clinical presentation of PIT1 positive however immunonegative PitNETs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis, identifying 228 PIT1-positive PitNET patients between 2017 and 2022. Out of these, ten (4%) tested negative for GH, PRL, and TSH. Functioning PitNETs were defined as those causing hormonal excess symptoms or hormonal overproduction. RESULTS As for 10 patients immunonegative for all three hormones however PIT1-positive, the mean ( ± standard deviation) age was 46 ± 13 years with 70% women. Six patients exhibited signs of excess GH or PRL, and three had visual problems. Additionally, one patient had secondary hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency resulting from the mass effect. All tumors were macroadenoma, with a median volume of 2.1 cm3 (range, 0.8-17.5 cm3). Gross total resection was attained in six patients by trans-sphenoidal surgery. Postoperatively, eight patients experienced clinical improvement: three in vision, two in amenorrhea, two in headache, and one in acromegaly symptoms. Biochemical improvement was observed in six patients, with all experiencing remission in hormonal excess and one showing improvement in secondary hypothyroidism. Stereotactic radiosurgery was performed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with functioning PitNETs may exhibit PIT1 staining without GH, PRL, or TSH staining. Hormonally active tumors exist in this patient population; therefore, close endocrine follow-up is necessary despite the lack of staining for GH, PRL, and TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwoo Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yuki Shinya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jorge A Trejo-Lopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lucinda M Gruber
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dana Erickson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - John L Atkinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alice Y Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Susan L Samson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Garret W Choby
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jamie J Van Gompel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MNa USA.
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2
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Apps JR, Muller HL, Hankinson TC, Yock TI, Martinez-Barbera JP. Contemporary Biological Insights and Clinical Management of Craniopharyngioma. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:518-538. [PMID: 36574377 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are clinically aggressive tumors because of their invasive behavior and recalcitrant tendency to recur after therapy. There are 2 types based on their distinct histology and molecular features: the papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), which is associated with BRAF-V600E mutations and the adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), characterized by mutations in CTNNB1 (encoding β-catenin). Patients with craniopharyngioma show symptoms linked to the location of the tumor close to the optic pathways, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, such as increased intracranial pressure, endocrine deficiencies, and visual defects. Treatment is not specific and mostly noncurative, and frequently includes surgery, which may achieve gross total or partial resection, followed by radiotherapy. In cystic tumors, frequent drainage is often required and intracystic instillation of drugs has been used to help manage cyst refilling. More recently targeted therapies have been used, particularly in PCP, but also now in ACP and clinical trials are underway or in development. Although patient survival is high, the consequences of the tumor and its treatment can lead to severe comorbidities resulting in poor quality of life, in particular for those patients who bear tumors with hypothalamic involvement. Accordingly, in these patients at risk for the development of a hypothalamic syndrome, hypothalamus-sparing treatment strategies such as limited resection followed by irradiation are recommended. In this review, we provide an update on various aspects of CP, with emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of tumor pathogenesis, clinical consequences, management, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Richard Apps
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defects Research Centre, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Oncology Department, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Hermann Lothar Muller
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Todd Cameron Hankinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Torunn Ingrid Yock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defects Research Centre, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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3
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Vamvoukaki R, Chrysoulaki M, Betsi G, Xekouki P. Pituitary Tumorigenesis-Implications for Management. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040812. [PMID: 37109772 PMCID: PMC10145673 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the third most common intracranial tumor, are mostly benign. However, some of them may display a more aggressive behavior, invading into the surrounding structures. While they may rarely metastasize, they may resist different treatment modalities. Several major advances in molecular biology in the past few years led to the discovery of the possible mechanisms involved in pituitary tumorigenesis with a possible therapeutic implication. The mutations in the different proteins involved in the Gsa/protein kinase A/c AMP signaling pathway are well-known and are responsible for many PitNETS, such as somatotropinomas and, in the context of syndromes, as the McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familiar isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA), and X-linked acrogigantism (XLAG). The other pathways involved are the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and the most recently studied HIPPO pathways. Moreover, the mutations in several other tumor suppressor genes, such as menin and CDKN1B, are responsible for the MEN1 and MEN4 syndromes and succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) in the context of the 3PAs syndrome. Furthermore, the pituitary stem cells and miRNAs hold an essential role in pituitary tumorigenesis and may represent new molecular targets for their diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to summarize the different cell signaling pathways and genes involved in pituitary tumorigenesis in an attempt to clarify their implications for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Vamvoukaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chrysoulaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Grigoria Betsi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
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4
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TRH Regulates the Synthesis and Secretion of Prolactin in Rats with Adenohypophysis through the Differential Expression of miR-126a-5p. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415914. [PMID: 36555554 PMCID: PMC9781503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is an important hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland and plays an important role in the growth, development and reproduction of organisms. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a common prolactin-releasing factor that regulates the synthesis and secretion of prolactin. In recent studies, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play a key role in the regulation of pituitary hormones. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the regulatory role that TRH plays on the pituitary transcriptome, and the role of miRNAs in the regulation of PRL synthesis and secretion by TRH lacks experimental evidence. In this study, we first investigated the changes in PRL synthesis and secretion in the rat pituitary gland after TRH administration. The results of transcriptomic analysis after TRH treatment showed that 102 genes, including those that encode Nppc, Fgf1, PRL, Cd63, Npw, and Il23a, were upregulated, and 488 genes, including those that encode Lats1, Cacna2d1, Top2a, and Tfap2a, were downregulated. These genes are all involved in the regulation of prolactin expression. The gene expression of miR-126a-5p, which regulates the level of PRL in the pituitary gland, was screened by analysis prediction software and by a dual luciferase reporter system. The data presented in this study demonstrate that TRH can regulate prolactin synthesis and secretion through miR-126a-5p, thereby improving our understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRH-mediated PRL secretion and providing a theoretical basis for the role of miRNAs in regulating the secretion of pituitary hormones.
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5
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Willis TL, Lodge EJ, Andoniadou CL, Yianni V. Cellular interactions in the pituitary stem cell niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:612. [PMID: 36451046 PMCID: PMC9712314 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in the anterior pituitary gland can give rise to all resident endocrine cells and are integral components for the appropriate development and subsequent maintenance of the organ. Located in discreet niches within the gland, stem cells are involved in bi-directional signalling with their surrounding neighbours, interactions which underpin pituitary gland homeostasis and response to organ challenge or physiological demand. In this review we highlight core signalling pathways that steer pituitary progenitors towards specific endocrine fate decisions throughout development. We further elaborate on those which are conserved in the stem cell niche postnatally, including WNT, YAP/TAZ and Notch signalling. Furthermore, we have collated a directory of single cell RNA sequencing studies carried out on pituitaries across multiple organisms, which have the potential to provide a vast database to study stem cell niche components in an unbiased manner. Reviewing published data, we highlight that stem cells are one of the main signalling hubs within the anterior pituitary. In future, coupling single cell sequencing approaches with genetic manipulation tools in vivo, will enable elucidation of how previously understudied signalling pathways function within the anterior pituitary stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea L Willis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Val Yianni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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6
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Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Portocarrero-Ortiz LA, Guinto G, Moreno-Jimenez S, Gomez-Apo E, Chavez-Macias L, Peña-Martínez E, Silva-Román G, Vela-Patiño S, Ordoñez-García J, Andonegui-Elguera S, Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Ramirez-Renteria C, Espinosa-Cardenas E, Sosa E, Espinosa-de-Los-Monteros AL, Salame-Khouri L, Perez C, Lopez-Felix B, Vargas-Ortega G, Gonzalez-Virla B, Lisbona-Buzali M, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mercado M. The kinome, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases of pituitary adenomas, a look into the gene expression profile among tumors from different lineages. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 35260162 PMCID: PMC8905767 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenomas (PA) are the second most common intracranial tumors and are classified according to hormone they produce, and the transcription factors they express. The majority of PA occur sporadically, and their molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Methods Here we performed transcriptome and proteome analysis of tumors derived from POU1F1 (GH-, TSH-, and PRL-tumors, N = 16), NR5A1 (gonadotropes and null cells adenomas, n = 17) and TBX19 (ACTH-tumors, n = 6) lineages as well as from silent ACTH-tumors (n = 3) to determine expression of kinases, cyclins, CDKs and CDK inhibitors. Results The expression profiles of genes encoding kinases were distinctive for each of the three PA lineage: NR5A1-derived tumors showed upregulation of ETNK2 and PIK3C2G and alterations in MAPK, ErbB and RAS signaling, POU1F1-derived adenomas showed upregulation of PIP5K1B and NEK10 and alterations in phosphatidylinositol, insulin and phospholipase D signaling pathways and TBX19-derived adenomas showed upregulation of MERTK and STK17B and alterations in VEGFA-VEGFR, EGF-EGFR and Insulin signaling pathways. In contrast, the expression of the different genes encoding cyclins, CDK and CDK inhibitors among NR5A1-, POU1F1- and TBX19-adenomas showed only subtle differences. CDK9 and CDK18 were upregulated in NR5A1-adenomas, whereas CDK4 and CDK7 were upregulated in POUF1-adenomas. Conclusions The kinome of PA clusters these lesions into three distinct groups according to the transcription factor that drives their terminal differentiation. And these complexes could be harnessed as molecular therapy targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01206-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sergio Moreno-Jimenez
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", Mexico, Mexico.,Centro Neurológico, Centro Medico ABC, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Erick Gomez-Apo
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Laura Chavez-Macias
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Peña-Martínez
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gloria Silva-Román
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sandra Vela-Patiño
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Ordoñez-García
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sergio Andonegui-Elguera
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico.,Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ramirez-Renteria
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico.,Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Etual Espinosa-Cardenas
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Sosa
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Espinosa-de-Los-Monteros
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Latife Salame-Khouri
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carolina Perez
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Blas Lopez-Felix
- Servicio de Neurocirugia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Vargas-Ortega
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Baldomero Gonzalez-Virla
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marcos Lisbona-Buzali
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Moisés Mercado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, D.F. 06720, Mexico, Mexico.
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7
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Lalonde-Larue A, Boyer A, Dos Santos EC, Boerboom D, Bernard DJ, Zamberlam G. The Hippo Pathway Effectors YAP and TAZ Regulate LH Release by Pituitary Gonadotrope Cells in Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab238. [PMID: 34905605 PMCID: PMC8670590 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ exert critical roles in morphogenesis, organ size determination and tumorigenesis in many tissues. Although Hippo kinase cascade activity was recently reported in the anterior pituitary gland in mice, the role of the Hippo effectors in regulating gonadotropin production remains unknown. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize the roles of YAP and TAZ in gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. Using a conditional gene targeting approach (cKO), we found that gonadotrope-specific inactivation of Yap and Taz resulted in increased circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in adult male mice, along with increased testosterone levels and testis weight. Female cKO mice had increased circulating LH (but not FSH) levels, which were associated with a hyperfertility phenotype characterized by higher ovulation rates and larger litter sizes. Unexpectedly, the loss of YAP/TAZ did not appear to affect the expression of gonadotropin subunit genes, yet both basal and GnRH-induced LH secretion were increased in cultured pituitary cells from cKO mice. Likewise, pharmacologic inhibition of YAP binding to the TEAD family of transcription factors increased both basal and GnRH-induced LH secretion in LβT2 gonadotrope-like cells in vitro without affecting Lhb expression. Conversely, mRNA levels of ChgA and SgII, which encode key secretory granule cargo proteins, were decreased following pharmacologic inhibition of YAP/TAZ, suggesting a mechanism whereby YAP/TAZ regulate the LH secretion machinery in gonadotrope cells. Together, these findings represent the first evidence that Hippo signaling may play a role in regulating pituitary LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lalonde-Larue
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Faculté de médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Boyer
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Faculté de médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Esdras Corrêa Dos Santos
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Faculté de médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Faculté de médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gustavo Zamberlam
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Faculté de médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
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8
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Strepkos D, Markouli M, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG, Piperi C. Emerging roles for the YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulators in brain tumour pathology and targeting options. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12762. [PMID: 34409639 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activators Yes-associated protein 1/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) have emerged as significant regulators of a wide variety of cellular and organ functions with impact in early embryonic development, especially during the expansion of the neural progenitor cell pool. YAP/TAZ signalling regulates organ size development, tissue homeostasis, wound healing and angiogenesis by participating in a complex network of various pathways. However, recent evidence suggests an association of these physiologic regulatory effects of YAP/TAZ with pro-oncogenic activities. Herein, we discuss the physiological functions of YAP/TAZ as well as the extensive network of signalling pathways that control their expression and activity, leading to brain tumour development and progression. Furthermore, we describe current targeting approaches and drug options including direct YAP/TAZ and YAP-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) interaction inhibitors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) signalling modulators and kinase inhibitors, which may be used to successfully attack YAP/TAZ-dependent tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Strepkos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mariam Markouli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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9
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Peng J, Yang L, Pan J, Wang C, Nie J, Liu Y, Fan J, Zhou J, Qi S. Clinical features and prognosis of pediatric infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngioma relative to the tumor inflammatory response. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1119-1125. [PMID: 32559758 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-1013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between clinical responses in pediatric infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngioma (Q-CP) and inflammatory response is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of tumor inflammatory response in pediatric Q-CPs. METHODS The inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the number of inflammatory cells in the tumor near adenohypophysis junction. The specimens were classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of inflammatory cells. In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the specimens were measured using a cytokine antibody array. Clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared to the markers of inflammatory response. RESULTS IL-6 and IL-8 were highly expressed in pediatric Q-CPs, and the transcription level of IL-6 was the highest in the severe group. Most patients (87.3%) had hypopituitarism; the severe inflammation group had an increased incidence of hypopituitarism, which correlated with significantly lower probability of recurrence-free survival and worsened functional status. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory response is common in craniopharyngiomas and is closely related to their biological behavior and the patients' clinical prognosis. Further studies of the relationship between craniopharyngiomas and the inflammatory response will enable the discovery of potential therapeutic targets, which will reduce morbidity and result in better outcomes for pediatric Q-CP patients. IMPACT Pediatric infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas are histologically benign brain tumors that often follow an aggressive clinical course. The inflammatory response in craniopharyngioma is common, which is closely related to the biological behavior and clinical prognosis. Several inflammatory and immune markers have been identified in CP; inflammation is an important role in the pathogenesis of hypopituitarism. The aim was to study the relationship between craniopharyngioma and inflammatory response and find potential therapeutic targets can reduce morbidity and result in better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaohu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Russell JP, Lim X, Santambrogio A, Yianni V, Kemkem Y, Wang B, Fish M, Haston S, Grabek A, Hallang S, Lodge EJ, Patist AL, Schedl A, Mollard P, Nusse R, Andoniadou CL. Pituitary stem cells produce paracrine WNT signals to control the expansion of their descendant progenitor cells. eLife 2021; 10:59142. [PMID: 33399538 PMCID: PMC7803373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to physiological demand, the pituitary gland generates new hormone-secreting cells from committed progenitor cells throughout life. It remains unclear to what extent pituitary stem cells (PSCs), which uniquely express SOX2, contribute to pituitary growth and renewal. Moreover, neither the signals that drive proliferation nor their sources have been elucidated. We have used genetic approaches in the mouse, showing that the WNT pathway is essential for proliferation of all lineages in the gland. We reveal that SOX2+ stem cells are a key source of WNT ligands. By blocking secretion of WNTs from SOX2+ PSCs in vivo, we demonstrate that proliferation of neighbouring committed progenitor cells declines, demonstrating that progenitor multiplication depends on the paracrine WNT secretion from SOX2+ PSCs. Our results indicate that stem cells can hold additional roles in tissue expansion and homeostasis, acting as paracrine signalling centres to coordinate the proliferation of neighbouring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Russell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Val Yianni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Kemkem
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruce Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Matthew Fish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shirleen Hallang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L Patist
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of pituitary adenomas reveals the impacts of copy number variations on gene expression and clinical prognosis among prolactin-secreting subtype. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:1276-1293. [PMID: 33472173 PMCID: PMC7834992 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are slow growing and benign primary intracranial tumors that often cause occupying effects or endocrine symptoms. PAs can be classified into various subtypes according to hormone secretion. Although widespread transcriptional alterations that cause aberrant hormone secretion have been characterized, the impact of genomic variations on transcriptional alterations is unclear due to the rare occurrence of single-nucleotide variations in PA. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 76 PA samples across three clinical subtypes (PRL-PAs; GH-PAs, and NFPAs); transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of 54 samples across these subtypes was also conducted. Nine normal pituitary tissues were used as controls. Common and subtype-specific transcriptional alterations in PAs were identified. Strikingly, widespread genomic copy number amplifications were discovered for PRL-PAs, which are causally involved in transcriptomic changes in this subtype. Moreover, we found that the high copy number variations (CNVs) in PRL-PA cause increased prolactin production, drug resistance and proliferative capacity, potentially through key genes with copy number amplification and transcriptional activation, such as BCAT1. This study provides insight into how genomic CNVs affect the transcriptome and clinical outcomes of PRL-PA and sheds light on the development of potential therapeutics for aberrantly activated targets.
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12
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Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications of Pituitary Adenoma Stem Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32153500 PMCID: PMC7044184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, accounting for 15% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms, are usually benign and pharmacologically and surgically treatable; however, the critical location, mass effects and hormone hypersecretion sustain their significant morbidity. Approximately 35% of pituitary tumors show a less benign course since they are highly proliferative and invasive, poorly resectable, and likely recurring. The latest WHO classification of pituitary tumors includes pituitary transcription factor assessment to determine adenohypophysis cell lineages and accurate designation of adenomas, nevertheless little is known about molecular and cellular pathways which contribute to pituitary tumorigenesis. In malignant tumors the identification of cancer stem cells radically changed the concepts of both tumorigenesis and pharmacological approaches. Cancer stem cells are defined as a subset of undifferentiated transformed cells from which the bulk of cancer cells populating a tumor mass is generated. These cells are able to self-renew, promoting tumor progression and recurrence of malignant tumors, also conferring cytotoxic drug resistance. On the other hand, the existence of stem cells within benign tumors is still debated. The presence of adult stem cells in human and murine pituitaries where they sustain the high plasticity of hormone-producing cells, allowed the hypothesis that putative tumor stem cells might exist in pituitary adenomas, reinforcing the concept that the cancer stem cell model could also be applied to pituitary tumorigenesis. In the last few years, the isolation and phenotypic characterization of putative pituitary adenoma stem-like cells was performed using a wide and heterogeneous variety of experimental models and techniques, although the role of these cells in adenoma initiation and progression is still not completely definite. The assessment of possible pituitary adenoma-initiating cell population would be of extreme relevance to better understand pituitary tumor biology and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers and pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the most updated studies focused on the definition of pituitary adenoma stem cell phenotype and functional features, highlighting the biological processes and intracellular pathways potentially involved in driving tumor growth, relapse, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Lodge EJ, Santambrogio A, Russell JP, Xekouki P, Jacques TS, Johnson RL, Thavaraj S, Bornstein SR, Andoniadou CL. Homeostatic and tumourigenic activity of SOX2+ pituitary stem cells is controlled by the LATS/YAP/TAZ cascade. eLife 2019; 8:43996. [PMID: 30912742 PMCID: PMC6461440 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 positive pituitary stem cells (PSCs) are specified embryonically and persist throughout life, giving rise to all pituitary endocrine lineages. We have previously shown the activation of the STK/LATS/YAP/TAZ signalling cascade in the developing and postnatal mammalian pituitary. Here, we investigate the function of this pathway during pituitary development and in the regulation of the SOX2 cell compartment. Through loss- and gain-of-function genetic approaches, we reveal that restricting YAP/TAZ activation during development is essential for normal organ size and specification from SOX2+ PSCs. Postnatal deletion of LATS kinases and subsequent upregulation of YAP/TAZ leads to uncontrolled clonal expansion of the SOX2+ PSCs and disruption of their differentiation, causing the formation of non-secreting, aggressive pituitary tumours. In contrast, sustained expression of YAP alone results in expansion of SOX2+ PSCs capable of differentiation and devoid of tumourigenic potential. Our findings identify the LATS/YAP/TAZ signalling cascade as an essential component of PSC regulation in normal pituitary physiology and tumourigenesis. The pituitary is a gland inside the head that releases hormones that control major processes in the body including growth, fertility and stress. Diseases of the pituitary gland can prevent the body from producing the appropriate amounts of hormones, and also include tumours. A population of stem cells in the pituitary known as SOX2 cells divide to make the specialist cells that produce the hormones. This population forms as the pituitary develops in the embryo and continues to contribute new hormone-producing cells throughout life. Signals from inside and outside the gland control how the pituitary develops and maintain the correct balance of different types of cells in the gland in adults. In 2016, Lodge et al. reported that a cascade of signals known as the Hippo pathway is active in mouse and human pituitary glands, but its role remained unclear. Here, Lodge et al. use genetic approaches to study this signalling pathway in the pituitary of mice. The results of the experiments show that the Hippo pathway is essential for the pituitary gland to develop normally in mouse embryos. Furthermore, in adult mice the Hippo pathway is required to maintain the population of SOX2 cells in the pituitary and to regulate their cell numbers. Increasing the level of Hippo signalling in mouse embryos and adult mice led to an expansion of SOX2 stem cells that could generate new specialist cell types, but a further increase generated aggressive tumours that originated from the uncontrolled growth of SOX2 cells. These findings are the first step to understanding how the Hippo pathway works in the pituitary, which may eventually lead to new treatments for tumours and other diseases that affect this gland. The next step towards such treatments will be to carry out further experiments that use drugs to control this pathway and alter the fate of pituitary cells in mice and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John P Russell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia Lilian Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Hu J, Yin H, Li B, Yang H. Identification of Transcriptional Metabolic Dysregulation in Subtypes of Pituitary Adenoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2441-2451. [PMID: 31819570 PMCID: PMC6885545 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s226056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a prevalent intracranial tumor. Metabolites differ between pituitary tumor and healthy tissues or among different tumor subtypes. However, the transcriptional changes in metabolic enzymes, which are usually seemed as targets for metabolic therapy, remain unidentified. METHODS Using microarray data for 160 samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, across the four most common tumor subtypes, we present the integrated identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumors and controls. RESULTS Subtype-specific DEGs revealed 1081 prolactin tumor-specific DEGs, 437 nonfunctioning tumor-specific DEGs, and 217 common DEGs among the four subtypes. Functional enrichment showed that a lot of biological functions related to metabolism had changed. Twenty-one prolactin and twenty-three nonfunctioning tumor-specific metabolic-related DEGs are mainly involved in fatty acid and nucleotide metabolism, redox reaction, and gluconeogenesis. Eighteen metabolic-related DEGs enriched in the metabolism of xenobiotics by the cytochrome P450 pathway, sulfur metabolism, retinoid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis were abnormal in all subtypes of PA. CONCLUSION Based on a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the available PA-related transcriptomics data, we identified specific DEGs related to metabolism, and some of them might be new attractive therapeutic targets. Especially, PDK4 and PCK1 might be new attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bo Li; Hui Yang Email ;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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