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Dowker-Key PD, Jadi PK, Gill NB, Hubbard KN, Elshaarrawi A, Alfatlawy ND, Bettaieb A. A Closer Look into White Adipose Tissue Biology and the Molecular Regulation of Stem Cell Commitment and Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1017. [PMID: 39202377 PMCID: PMC11353785 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) makes up about 20-25% of total body mass in healthy individuals and is crucial for regulating various metabolic processes, including energy metabolism, endocrine function, immunity, and reproduction. In adipose tissue research, "adipogenesis" is commonly used to refer to the process of adipocyte formation, spanning from stem cell commitment to the development of mature, functional adipocytes. Although, this term should encompass a wide range of processes beyond commitment and differentiation, to also include other stages of adipose tissue development such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration, polarization, etc.… collectively, referred to herein as the adipogenic cycle. The term "differentiation", conversely, should only be used to refer to the process by which committed stem cells progress through distinct phases of subsequent differentiation. Recognizing this distinction is essential for accurately interpreting research findings on the mechanisms and stages of adipose tissue development and function. In this review, we focus on the molecular regulation of white adipose tissue development, from commitment to terminal differentiation, and examine key functional aspects of WAT that are crucial for normal physiology and systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Presley D. Dowker-Key
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Jadi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Gill
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Katelin N. Hubbard
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Elshaarrawi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Naba D. Alfatlawy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
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Vitamin A: A Key Inhibitor of Adipocyte Differentiation. PPAR Res 2023; 2023:7405954. [PMID: 36776154 PMCID: PMC9908342 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7405954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, the conversion of preadipocytes to mature functional adipocytes, might represent a new approach to treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α are two master coregulators controlling adipogenesis both in culture and in vivo. Many recent studies have confirmed the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and the conversion of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes; however, these studies have shown that RA potently blocks the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Nevertheless, the functional role of RA in early tissue development and stem cell differentiation, including in adipose tissue, remains unclear. This study highlights transcription factors that block adipocyte differentiation and maintain preadipocyte status, focusing on those controlled by RA. However, some of these novel adipogenesis inhibitors have not been validated in vivo, and their mechanisms of action require further clarification.
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Li J, Li J, Zhao WG, Sun HD, Guo ZG, Liu XY, Tang XY, She ZF, Yuan T, Liu SN, Liu Q, Fu Y, Sun W. Comprehensive proteomics and functional annotation of mouse brown adipose tissue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232084. [PMID: 32374735 PMCID: PMC7202602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) proteome can provide a deeper understanding of the function of mammalian BAT. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of interscapular BAT from C57BL/6J female mice was conducted by 2DLC and high-resolution mass spectrometry to construct a comprehensive proteome dataset of mouse BAT proteins. A total of 4949 nonredundant proteins were identified, and 4495 were quantified using the iBAQ method. According to the iBAQ values, the BAT proteome was divided into high-, middle- and low-abundance proteins. The functions of the high-abundance proteins were mainly related to glucose and fatty acid oxidation to produce heat for thermoregulation, while the functions of the middle- and low-abundance proteins were mainly related to protein synthesis and apoptosis, respectively. Additionally, 497 proteins were predicted to have signal peptides using SignalP4 software, and 75 were confirmed in previous studies. This study, for the first time, comprehensively profiled and functionally annotated the BAT proteome. This study will be helpful for future studies focused on biomarker identification and BAT molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (W-GZ)
| | - Hai-Dan Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Guang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Tang
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Fang She
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (W-GZ)
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Paolella LM, Mukherjee S, Tran CM, Bellaver B, Hugo M, Luongo TS, Shewale SV, Lu W, Chellappa K, Baur JA. mTORC1 restrains adipocyte lipolysis to prevent systemic hyperlipidemia. Mol Metab 2019; 32:136-147. [PMID: 32029223 PMCID: PMC6961719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pharmacological agents targeting the mTOR complexes are used clinically as immunosuppressants and anticancer agents and can extend the lifespan of model organisms. An undesirable side effect of these drugs is hyperlipidemia. Although multiple roles have been described for mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in lipid metabolism, the etiology of hyperlipidemia remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of adipocyte mTORC1 signaling in systemic lipid homeostasis in vivo. Methods We characterized systemic lipid metabolism in mice lacking the mTORC1 subunit Raptor (RaptoraKO), the key lipolytic enzyme ATGL (ATGLaKO), or both (ATGL-RaptoraKO) in their adipocytes. Results Mice lacking mTORC1 activity in their adipocytes failed to completely suppress lipolysis in the fed state and displayed prominent hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Blocking lipolysis in their adipose tissue restored normal levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the fed state as well as the ability to clear triglycerides in an oral fat tolerance test. Conclusions Unsuppressed adipose lipolysis in the fed state interferes with triglyceride clearance and contributes to hyperlipidemia. Adipose tissue mTORC1 activity is necessary for appropriate suppression of lipolysis and for the maintenance of systemic lipid homeostasis. Inhibition of adipose mTORC1 causes hypertriglyceridemia prior to lipodystrophy. Genetically inhibiting lipolysis reverses the increase in plasma TG. Acute pharmacological inhibition of lipolysis reverses the increase in plasma TG caused by rapamycin treatment. Unrestrained lipolysis impairs LPL activity and decreases TG clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Paolella
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cassie M Tran
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mindy Hugo
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Timothy S Luongo
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Swapnil V Shewale
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Lee S, Park K, Kim J, Min H, Seong RH. Foxp3 expression in induced regulatory T cells is stabilized by C/EBP in inflammatory environments. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201845995. [PMID: 30348891 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper control of immune responses by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells at inflamed sites is crucial for the prevention of immunopathology. TGF-β-induced Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are generated in inflammatory environments as well as in steady-state conditions. Inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 have an antagonistic effect on Treg cell conversion. However, it is not known how naive CD4+ T cells overcome the inhibitory environment in inflamed sites to differentiate into Treg cells. Here, we show that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) functions as a safeguard that enhances Treg cell generation by dampening the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ and IL-4 on Foxp3 expression. We find that C/EBPβ is induced by retinoic acid and binds to the methyl-CRE sequence in the Foxp3 TSDR to sustain its expression. C/EBPβ-transduced iTreg cells show more potent suppressive activity in mouse disease models. We also reveal that C/EBPβ-transduced human iTreg cells exhibit more enhanced suppressor function. These results establish C/EBP as a new molecular target for enhancing the formation and stability of Treg cells in inflammatory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungyu Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rho H Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Bégay V, Baumeier C, Zimmermann K, Heuser A, Leutz A. The C/EBPβ LIP isoform rescues loss of C/EBPβ function in the mouse. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8417. [PMID: 29849099 PMCID: PMC5976626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor C/EBPβ regulates hematopoiesis, bone, liver, fat, and skin homeostasis, and female reproduction. C/EBPβ protein expression from its single transcript occurs by alternative in-frame translation initiation at consecutive start sites to generate three isoforms, two long (LAP*, LAP) and one truncated (LIP), with the same C-terminal bZip dimerization domain. The long C/EBPβ isoforms are considered gene activators, whereas the LIP isoform reportedly acts as a dominant-negative repressor. Here, we tested the putative repressor functions of the C/EBPβ LIP isoform in mice by comparing monoallelic WT or LIP knockin mice with Cebpb knockout mice, in combination with monoallelic Cebpa mice. The C/EBPβ LIP isoform was sufficient to function in coordination with C/EBPα in murine development, adipose tissue and sebocyte differentiation, and female fertility. Thus, the C/EBPβ LIP isoform likely has more physiological functions than its currently known role as a dominant-negative inhibitor, which are more complex than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bégay
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Baumeier
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of experimental Diabetology (DIAB), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DifE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karin Zimmermann
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Pathophysiology Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Leutz
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Humboldt-University, Berlin, Institute of Biology, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Optogenetic Inhibitor of the Transcription Factor CREB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:1531-1539. [PMID: 26590638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches for optogenetic control of transcription do not mimic the activity of endogenous transcription factors, which act at numerous sites in the genome in a complex interplay with other factors. Optogenetic control of dominant negative versions of endogenous transcription factors provides a mechanism for mimicking the natural regulation of gene expression. Here we describe opto-DN-CREB, a blue-light-controlled inhibitor of the transcription factor CREB created by fusing the dominant negative inhibitor A-CREB to photoactive yellow protein (PYP). A light-driven conformational change in PYP prevents coiled-coil formation between A-CREB and CREB, thereby activating CREB. Optogenetic control of CREB function was characterized in vitro, in HEK293T cells, and in neurons where blue light enabled control of expression of the CREB targets NR4A2 and c-Fos. Dominant negative inhibitors exist for numerous transcription factors; linking these to optogenetic domains offers a general approach for spatiotemporal control of native transcriptional events.
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Distinct regulatory mechanisms governing embryonic versus adult adipocyte maturation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1099-111. [PMID: 26280538 PMCID: PMC4553131 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathological expansion of adipose tissue contributes to the metabolic syndrome. Distinct depots develop at various times under different physiological conditions. The transcriptional cascade mediating adipogenesis is established in vitro, and centers around a core program involving PPARγ and C/EBPα. We developed an inducible, adipocyte-specific knockout system to probe the requirement of key adipogenic transcription factors at various stages of adipogenesis in vivo. C/EBPα is essential for all white adipogenic conditions in the adult stage, such as adipose tissue regeneration, adipogenesis in muscle and unhealthy expansion of white adipose tissue during high fat feeding or due to leptin deficiency. Surprisingly, terminal embryonic adipogenesis is fully C/EBPα independent, does depend however on PPARγ; cold-induced beige adipogenesis is also C/EBPα independent. Moreover, C/EBPα is not vital for adipocyte survival in the adult stage. We reveal a surprising diversity of transcriptional signals required at different stages of adipogenesis in vivo.
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Tsekouras K, Siegel AP, Day RN, Pressé S. Inferring diffusion dynamics from FCS in heterogeneous nuclear environments. Biophys J 2015; 109:7-17. [PMID: 26153697 PMCID: PMC4572512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a noninvasive technique that probes the diffusion dynamics of proteins down to single-molecule sensitivity in living cells. Critical mechanistic insight is often drawn from FCS experiments by fitting the resulting time-intensity correlation function, G(t), to known diffusion models. When simple models fail, the complex diffusion dynamics of proteins within heterogeneous cellular environments can be fit to anomalous diffusion models with adjustable anomalous exponents. Here, we take a different approach. We use the maximum entropy method to show-first using synthetic data-that a model for proteins diffusing while stochastically binding/unbinding to various affinity sites in living cells gives rise to a G(t) that could otherwise be equally well fit using anomalous diffusion models. We explain the mechanistic insight derived from our method. In particular, using real FCS data, we describe how the effects of cell crowding and binding to affinity sites manifest themselves in the behavior of G(t). Our focus is on the diffusive behavior of an engineered protein in 1) the heterochromatin region of the cell's nucleus as well as 2) in the cell's cytoplasm and 3) in solution. The protein consists of the basic region-leucine zipper (BZip) domain of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) fused to fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda P Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, IUPUI, Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Richard N Day
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Steve Pressé
- Department of Physics, IUPUI, Indianapolis Indiana; Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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10
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Ali AM, Forbes MW, Woolley GA. Optimizing the Photocontrol of bZIP Coiled Coils with Azobenzene Crosslinkers: Role of the Crosslinking Site. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1757-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bociąga-Jasik M, Polus A, Góralska J, Czech U, Gruca A, Śliwa A, Garlicki A, Mach T, Dembińska-Kieć A. Metabolic effects of the HIV protease inhibitor--saquinavir in differentiating human preadipocytes. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:937-50. [PMID: 24145088 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iatrogenic, HIV-related lipodystrophy is associated with development of the significant metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The underlying mechanisms of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are not completely explored. METHODS The aim of the study was to characterize effects of the protease inhibitor (PI)--saquinavir (SQV) on metabolic functions, and gene expression during differentiation in cells (Chub-S7) culture. RESULTS SQV in concentrations observed during antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), oxygen consumption and ATP generation. The effects were greater in already differentiated cells. This was accompanied by characteristic changes in the expression of the genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and differentiation (lipid droplet formation) process such as: WNT10a, C/EBPa, AFT4, CIDEC, ADIPOQ, LPIN1. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that SQV affects not only metabolic (mitochondrial) activity of adipocytes, but affects the expression of genes related to differentiation and to a lesser extent to cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bociąga-Jasik
- Chair of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Sniadeckich 5, PL 31-501 Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Fu RQ, Liu RR, Zhao GP, Zheng MQ, Chen JL, Wen J. Expression profiles of key transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism in Beijing-You chickens. Gene 2013; 537:120-5. [PMID: 24100085 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a crucial factor for the meat quality of chickens. With the aim of studying the molecular mechanisms underlying IMF deposition in chickens, the expression profiles of five candidate transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism in several tissues were examined in Beijing-You (BJY) chickens at five ages (0, 4, 8, 14 and 20 wk). Results showed that accumulation of IMF in breast (IMFbr), thigh (IMFth) and abdominal fat weight increased significantly (P<0.01) after 8 wk. Accumulation of both IMFbr and IMFth from 8 to 14 wk exceeded that from 14 to 20 wk; IMFth was 4-7 times of IMFbr. As for the expression profiles of key transcription factors: 1) expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ in abdominal fat was significantly higher than that in breast and thigh muscles at all ages. The expression of C/EBPα was positively correlated with PPARγ in both breast and thigh muscles, which indicated that both C/EBPα and PPARγ promoted fat deposition and might act through a unified pathway; 2) the expression of SREBP-1 in 0, 4, and 8 wk in thigh muscle was significantly higher than that in breast; 3) expression of C/EBPβ at 4 and 8 wk was significantly higher than that at 14 and 20 wk; and it was positively correlated with IMFth and IMFbr from 0 to 8 wk; 4) expression of PPARα in breast and thigh muscles was significantly higher than that in abdominal fat. Taken together, all five transcription factors studied play roles in lipid metabolism in chickens with C/EBPα and PPARγ being important effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Q Fu
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - R R Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - G P Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - M Q Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J L Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Wen
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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Abstract
Visceral and s.c. fat exhibit different intrinsic properties, including rates of lipolysis, and are associated with differential risk for the development of type 2 diabetes. These effects are in part related to cell autonomous differences in gene expression. In the present study, we show that expression of Shox2 (Short stature homeobox 2) is higher in s.c. than visceral fat in both rodents and humans and that levels are further increased in humans with visceral obesity. Fat-specific disruption of Shox2 in male mice results in protection from high fat diet-induced obesity, with a preferential loss of s.c. fat. The reduced adipocyte size is secondary to a twofold increase in the expression of β3 adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) at both the mRNA and protein level and a parallel increase in lipolytic rate. These effects are mimicked by knockdown of Shox2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. Conversely, overexpression of Shox2 leads to a repression of Adrb3 expression and decrease lipolytic rate. Shox2 does not affect differentiation but directly interacts with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha and attenuates its transcriptional activity of the Adrb3 promoter. Thus, Shox2 can regulate the expression of Adrb3 and control the rate of lipolysis and, in this way, exerts control of the phenotypic differences between visceral and s.c. adipocytes.
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013. [PMID: 23843680 DOI: 10.1115/2013/136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic alterations that include the presence of arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by abnormal adipokine production, and the activation of proinflammatory signalling pathways resulting in the induction of several biological markers of inflammation. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Adiponectin can either act directly on macrophages to shift polarization and/or prime human monocytes into alternative M2-macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is regulated by a series of transcription factors, mainly PPARs and C/EBPs, that in conjunction regulate the expression of hundreds of proteins that participate in the metabolism and storage of lipids and, as such, the secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, the management of the metabolic syndrome requires the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to alter the main genetic pathways involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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15
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:136584. [PMID: 23843680 PMCID: PMC3697419 DOI: 10.1155/2013/136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic alterations that include the presence of arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by abnormal adipokine production, and the activation of proinflammatory signalling pathways resulting in the induction of several biological markers of inflammation. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Adiponectin can either act directly on macrophages to shift polarization and/or prime human monocytes into alternative M2-macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is regulated by a series of transcription factors, mainly PPARs and C/EBPs, that in conjunction regulate the expression of hundreds of proteins that participate in the metabolism and storage of lipids and, as such, the secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, the management of the metabolic syndrome requires the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to alter the main genetic pathways involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Conicyt-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Interno Sexto Año, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, ICCC-CSIC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberOBN, Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, ICCC-CSIC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberOBN, Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Palomo
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Conicyt-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile
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16
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Xue P, Hou Y, Chen Y, Yang B, Fu J, Zheng H, Yarborough K, Woods CG, Liu D, Yamamoto M, Zhang Q, Andersen ME, Pi J. Adipose deficiency of Nrf2 in ob/ob mice results in severe metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2013; 62:845-54. [PMID: 23238296 PMCID: PMC3581189 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of the cellular adaptive response to oxidative stress. Our previous studies showed that Nrf2 plays a critical role in adipogenesis by regulating expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. To determine the role of Nrf2 in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, the incidence of metabolic syndrome was assessed in whole-body or adipocyte-specific Nrf2-knockout mice on a leptin-deficient ob/ob background, a model with an extremely positive energy balance. On the ob/ob background, ablation of Nrf2, globally or specifically in adipocytes, led to reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, but resulted in an even more severe metabolic syndrome with aggravated insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Compared with wild-type mice, WAT of ob/ob mice expressed substantially higher levels of many genes related to antioxidant response, inflammation, adipogenesis, lipogenesis, glucose uptake, and lipid transport. Absence of Nrf2 in WAT resulted in reduced expression of most of these factors at mRNA or protein levels. Our findings support a novel role for Nrf2 in regulating adipose development and function, by which Nrf2 controls the capacity of WAT expansion and insulin sensitivity and maintains glucose and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- School of First Clinical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Hongzhi Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- School of First Clinical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kathy Yarborough
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Jingbo Pi,
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Rios-Doria E, Chatterjee R, Zhao J, Rishi V, Vinson C. Ubiquitin tagged dominant negative induces degradation of B-ZIP proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:624-8. [PMID: 22789849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
B-ZIP transcription factors heterodimerize with dominant negative designs, termed A-ZIPs, in a dimerization specific manner and inhibit its ability to bind DNA. Different A-ZIPs produce unique phenotypes in vivo suggesting that they have distinct B-ZIP heterodimerization partners. However, the identification of the in vivo heterodimerization partners of different A-ZIPs remains problematic. To identify the in vivo heterodimerization partners, a chimeric protein containing two ubiquitin motifs at the N-terminal of the A-ZIP domain was designed. The presence of ubiquitin reduced the concentration of specific co-transfected B-ZIP proteins. The ubiquitin enhanced degradation of the B-ZIP heterodimeric partner is inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. These ubiquitin tagged A-ZIP dominant negatives may be more active in vivo because their endogenous heterodimerization partners are degraded more efficiently. This may be a general strategy to identify protein interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rios-Doria
- Building 37, Room 3128, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Varlamov O, White AE, Carroll JM, Bethea CL, Reddy A, Slayden O, O'Rourke RW, Roberts CT. Androgen effects on adipose tissue architecture and function in nonhuman primates. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3100-10. [PMID: 22547568 PMCID: PMC3380299 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The differential association of hypoandrogenism in men and hyperandrogenism in women with insulin resistance and obesity suggests that androgens may exert sex-specific effects on adipose and other tissues, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, recent studies also suggest that rodents and humans may respond differently to androgen imbalance. To achieve better insight into clinically relevant sex-specific mechanisms of androgen action, we used nonhuman primates to investigate the direct effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on white adipose tissue. We also employed a novel ex vivo approach that provides a convenient framework for understanding of adipose tissue physiology under a controlled tissue culture environment. In vivo androgen deprivation of males did not result in overt obesity or insulin resistance but did induce the appearance of very small, multilocular white adipocytes. Testosterone replacement restored normal cell size and a unilocular phenotype and stimulated adipogenic gene transcription and improved insulin sensitivity of male adipose tissue. Ex vivo studies demonstrated sex-specific effects of androgens on adipocyte function. Female adipose tissue treated with androgens displayed elevated basal but reduced insulin-dependent fatty acid uptake. Androgen-stimulated basal uptake was greater in adipose tissue of ovariectomized females than in adipose tissue of intact females and ovariectomized females replaced with estrogen and progesterone in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that androgens are essential for normal adipogenesis in males and can impair essential adipocyte functions in females, thus strengthening the experimental basis for sex-specific effects of androgens in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Peinado JR, Pardo M, de la Rosa O, Malagón MM. Proteomic characterization of adipose tissue constituents, a necessary step for understanding adipose tissue complexity. Proteomics 2012; 12:607-20. [PMID: 22246603 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The original concept of adipose tissue as an inert storage depot for the excess of energy has evolved over the last years and it is now considered as one of the most important organs regulating body homeostasis. This conceptual change has been supported by the demonstration that adipose tissue serves as a major endocrine organ, producing a wide variety of bioactive molecules, collectively termed adipokines, with endocrine, paracrine and autocrine activities. Adipose tissue is indeed a complex organ wherein mature adipocytes coexist with the various cell types comprising the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF), including preadipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, perivascular cells, and blood cells. It is known that not only mature adipocytes but also the components of SVF produce adipokines. Furthermore, adipokine production, proliferative and metabolic activities and response to regulatory signals (i.e. insulin, catecholamines) differ between the different fat depots, which have been proposed to underlie their distinct association to specific diseases. Herein, we discuss the recent proteomic studies on adipose tissue focused on the analysis of the separate cellular components and their secretory products, with the aim of identifying the basic features and the contribution of each component to different adipose tissue-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Peinado
- Faculty of Medicine, Departament of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Nora CCV, Camassola M, Bellagamba B, Ikuta N, Christoff AP, Meirelles LDS, Ayres R, Margis R, Nardi NB. Molecular analysis of the differentiation potential of murine mesenchymal stem cells from tissues of endodermal or mesodermal origin. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1761-8. [PMID: 21970410 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received great attention due to their remarkable regenerative, angiogenic, antiapoptotic, and immunosuppressive properties. Although conventionally isolated from the bone marrow, they are known to exist in all tissues and organs, raising the question on whether they are identical cell populations or have important differences at the molecular level. To better understand the relationship between MSCs residing in different tissues, we analyzed the expression of genes related to pluripotency (SOX2 and OCT-4) and to adipogenic (C/EBP and ADIPOR1), osteogenic (OMD and ALP), and chondrogenic (COL10A1 and TRPV4) differentiation in cultures derived from murine endodermal (lung) and mesodermal (adipose) tissue maintained in different conditions. MSCs were isolated from lungs (L-MSCs) and inguinal adipose tissue (A-MSCs) and cultured in normal conditions, in overconfluence or in inductive medium for osteogenic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic differentiation. Cultures were characterized for morphology, immunophenotype, and by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for expression of pluripotency genes or markers of differentiation. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were also analyzed for comparison of these parameters. L-MSCs and A-MSCs exhibited the typical morphology, immunophenotype, and proliferation and differentiation pattern of MSCs. The analysis of gene expression showed a higher potential of adipose tissue-derived MSCs toward the osteogenic pathway and of lung-derived MSCs to chondrogenic differentiation, representing an important contribution for the definition of the type of cell to be used in clinical trials of cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Concer Viero Nora
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Therapy, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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