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Szukiewicz D. Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1976. [PMID: 38396659 PMCID: PMC10889014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone released from lactotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary gland that also originates from extrapituitary sources and plays an important role in regulating lactation in mammals, as well as other actions. Acting in an endocrine and paracrine/autocrine manner, PRL regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, thus influencing the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation. This review provides a detailed discussion of the current knowledge on the role of PRL in the context of ovulation and ovulatory disorders, particularly with regard to hyperprolactinemia, which is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Much attention has been given to the PRL structure and the PRL receptor (PRLR), as well as the diverse functions of PRLR signaling under normal and pathological conditions. The hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle in connection with folliculogenesis and ovulation, as well as the current classifications of ovulation disorders, are also described. Finally, the state of knowledge regarding the importance of TIDA (tuberoinfundibular dopamine), KNDγ (kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin), and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neurons in PRL- and kisspeptin (KP)-dependent regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in women is reviewed. Based on this review, a rationale for influencing PRL signaling pathways in therapeutic activities accompanying ovulation disorders is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Toyomura T, Watanabe M, Wake H, Nishinaka T, Hatipoglu OF, Takahashi H, Nishibori M, Mori S. Glycolaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products promote macrophage proliferation via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08509-y. [PMID: 37227674 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are heterogeneous proinflammatory molecules produced by a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between reducing sugars (and their metabolites) and biomolecules with amino groups, such as proteins. Although increases in and the accumulation of AGEs have been implicated in the onset and exacerbation of lifestyle- or age-related diseases, including diabetes, their physiological functions have not yet been elucidated in detail. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study investigated the cellular responses of the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 stimulated by glycolaldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycol-AGEs) known as representative toxic AGEs. The results obtained showed that Glycol-AGEs significantly promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells at a low concentration range (1-10 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, neither TNF-α production nor cytotoxicity were induced by the same concentrations of Glycol-AGEs. The increases observed in cell proliferation by low concentrations of Glycol-AGEs were also detected in receptor triple knockout (RAGE-TLR4-TLR2 KO) cells as well as in wild-type cells. Increases in cell proliferation were not affected by various kinase inhibitors, including MAP kinase inhibitors, but were significantly suppressed by JAK2 and STAT5 inhibitors. In addition, the expression of some cell cycle-related genes was up-regulated by the stimulation with Glycol-AGEs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a novel physiological role for AGEs in the promotion of cell proliferation via the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Toyomura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishinaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Omer Faruk Hatipoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shuji Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan.
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