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Majelantle TL, Ganswindt A, Ganswindt SB, Hagenah N, Hart DW, Bennett NC. Non-Invasive Quantification of Faecal and Urine Reproductive Hormone Metabolites in the Naked Mole-Rat ( Heterocephalus glaber). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3039. [PMID: 37835644 PMCID: PMC10571929 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) occurs in colonies with a distinct dominance hierarchy, including one dominant, breeding female (the queen), 1-3 breeding males, and non-reproductive subordinates of both sexes that are reproductively suppressed while in the colony. To non-invasively evaluate reproductive capacity in the species, we first had to examine the suitability of enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for determining progestogen and androgen metabolite concentrations in the naked mole-rat, using urine and faeces. A saline control and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were administered to twelve (six males and six females) naked mole-rats which were previously identified as dispersers and housed singly. The results revealed that urine is possibly not an ideal matrix for progestogen and androgen metabolite quantification in naked mole-rats as no signal was detected in the matrix post GnRH administration. A 5α-Progesterone EIA and an Epiandrosterone EIA were identified as suitable for quantifying faecal progesterone metabolites (fPMs) and faecal androgen metabolites (fAMs) in males and females, respectively. The results suggest that there are individual variations in baseline fPM and fAM concentrations, and only two out of six females and no males exhibited an increase in fPM concentrations greater than 100% (-20% SD) post GnRH administration. Conversely, only four out of six females and three out of six males had an increase in fAM concentrations greater than 100% (-20% SD) following GnRH administration. These results imply that some naked mole-rat individuals have a reduced reproductive capacity even when they are separated from the queen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Lesedi Majelantle
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (A.G.); (S.B.G.); (N.H.); (D.W.H.); (N.C.B.)
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Schwarzenberger F, Hermes R. Comparative analysis of gestation in three rhinoceros species (Diceros bicornis; Ceratotherium simum; Rhinoceros unicornis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 334:114214. [PMID: 36646327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This comparative analysis evaluated endocrine profiles and gestation length data of captive pregnant black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), and greater one-horned (GOH) rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Hormone profiles were collected over three decades as part of pregnancy diagnoses. After the third month of gestation, the luteo-placental shift in progesterone production in pregnant rhinoceroses causes a significant increase in the concentration of faecal progesterone metabolites. We defined a laboratory-specific value of 1000 ng/g faeces as a threshold for incipient feto-placental progesterone production. Using this value allowed a comparison between species and revealed significant individual differences within a species. The mean ± SEM gestation days for reaching the 1000 ng/g faeces threshold were 89.5 ± 2.9 (range 56-138 days; n = 39) in black, 96.0 ± 2.6 (58-138; n = 39) in white, and 117.8 ± 5.3 (74-173; n = 19) in GOH rhinoceroses. For the calculations of gestation length, we complemented our results from three decades of reproductive monitoring with data from the literature, resulting in about 70 values for each species. Gestation length in the black, the white and the GOH rhinoceros was 460.6 ± 1.5 (range: 436 - 486), 503.8 ± 1.3 (range: 480 - 525) and 480.5 ± 1.1 (range: 453 - 505) days, respectively. Daylight length significantly affected gestation length, while the sex of offspring had no effect. On average, pregnancies with parturitions in spring and summer were one week shorter than those in autumn and winter. Although rhinoceroses are non-seasonal breeders, most parturitions in captivity occur in autumn and winter. We also analysed preconception endocrine profiles in the white rhinoceros. Conceptions in this species occurred after oestrous cycles of approximately 35 days (n = 18), 70 days (n = 3), 15 days (n = 1), after periods of ovarian inactivity (n = 5), and during a foal heat within one month after stillbirth parturition (n = 1). In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of gestational parameters in three rhinoceros species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Schwarzenberger
- Dept. of Biomed. Sci. - Physiology, Pathophysiology & Experimental Endocrinology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Hermes
- Dept. Reproduction Management, Leibnitz Institute for Zoo & Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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Jenikejew J, Wauters J, Dehnhard M, Scheumann M. Linking socio-sexual and vocal behaviour with faecal progesterone and oestrogen metabolite levels in Southern white rhinoceros females. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab098. [PMID: 34987828 PMCID: PMC8715736 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone and oestrogen are the main gonadal steroid hormones that regulate the ovarian activity and induce the fertile oestrus period in females. The monitoring of this receptive phase is particularly decisive for captive breeding and is commonly based on the observation of female behavioural patterns that coincide with their hormonal oestrus. However, in the white rhinoceros (WR), a species that is well known for its impaired reproductive rate in captivity, the female behavioural and vocal indicators of receptivity have not been systematically investigated or linked to their hormonal states so far. In order to close this gap, we combined behavioural and acoustic recordings, conducted over an average period of 32 days, with the analysis of faecal progesterone and oestrogen metabolite concentrations (fPM and fEM) in 27 adult Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum; SWR) females from 10 European zoos. For eight of the study females, we were able to detect a receptive period indicated by their acceptance of sexual behaviour from the bulls. The comparison of behaviour and vocalization between receptive and non-receptive periods in these females demonstrated that particularly presenting and marking behaviour distinctly peaked during the receptive period, indicating the significance of olfactory signalling for female reproductive behaviour. Based on the analysis of fPM profiles, we were able to identify different reproductive states (cycling, non-cycling, pregnant) in 21 of 27 study females. In contrast, fEM profiles proved to be unsuitable for the detection of ovarian activity. For the majority (five of six females for which behavioural receptivity and endocrine cyclicity were determined), a coincidence of their receptive period and the hormonal oestrus, indicated by a nadir in fPM levels, could be detected. Conclusively, this study revealed a comprehensive behavioural repertoire that reflects the hormonal oestrus in SWR females and can therefore be reliably used for non-invasive ex situ reproduction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jenikejew
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jella Wauters
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Meunier M, Schwarzenberger F, Mulot B. Use of a simplified non-invasive technic to monitor fecal progesterone metabolites and reproduction function in several zoo species: Efficacy of mini VIDAS® automate (bioMérieux). Theriogenology 2021; 179:69-77. [PMID: 34839231 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing the zoos' ability to assess the reproductive status of the individuals they house is essential to improve the husbandry and management of these species. The use of non-invasive techniques such as fecal hormone analysis has been proven to be a simple and effective way to achieve this. Designed by bioMérieux, mini VIDAS® instrument is used in human and veterinary medicine to evaluate different endocrinological parameters, including serum or plasma progesterone. This study evaluates VIDAS® Progesterone (PRG) assay's efficacy to monitor fecal progestagens using a simple sample extraction protocol adapted to the zoo environment. We compared (1) VIDAS® PRG fecal profiles with established assays specifically designed for fecal progestagens analysis at the VetmedUni (Vienna, Austria) for okapis (Okapia johnstoni), greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) (2) VIDAS® PRG fecal profiles with VIDAS® PRG serum profiles for African elephants (Loxodonta Africana), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Spearman mean correlations were: 0.6748 for African elephants (n = 2 animals), 0.7969 for giant anteater (n = 1 animal), 0.7926 for okapis (n = 2 animals), 0.6072 for greater one-horned rhinoceros (n = 4 animals), 0.6062 for giraffes (n = 4 animals) and 0.5740 for hippopotamus (n = 2 animals). Fecal progestagens analysis revealed estrous cycles in several species: 12.5 ± 0.5 weeks for African elephants (n = 2 cycles), 15.3 ± 1.1 days for okapis (n = 6 cycles), 44 ± 2.1 days for greater one-horned rhinoceros (n = 4 cycles) and 15.5 ± 0.5 days for giraffes (n = 4 cycles). We observed pregnancies in a giant anteater, an okapi and a hippopotamus. We observed a strong positive Spearman correlation (r > 0.60) for individuals exhibiting estrous cycles. These first results indicate that the mini VIDAS® can be used for monitoring of the reproductive status of non-domesticated species and can be a useful tool for the reproductive management through fecal progesterone analysis. A simple extraction protocol was suitable for sample preparation of fecal progesterone metabolite analysis. Further studies using a larger number of individuals per species at different reproductive stages could confirm the relevance of mini VIDAS® in the zoo community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Meunier
- Zooparc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110, Saint-Aignan, France; UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology - Endocrinology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Baptiste Mulot
- Zooparc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110, Saint-Aignan, France
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Hermes R, Balfanz F, Haderthauer S, Dungl E, Hildebrandt TB, Schwarzenberger F. Case Report: Ovulation Induction in Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:657284. [PMID: 34277752 PMCID: PMC8279775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.657284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a profound knowledge on reproduction biology in greater one-horned (GOH) rhinoceros, many individuals cope with sub or infertility or an-ovulatory estrous. At the same time, early and regular captive breeding is of high importance in female GOH rhinoceros due to their high prevalence to develop genital tract tumors with consequent cessation of reproduction. Thus, mature, an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros represent a challenge for captive breeding programs and warrant for means of reliable ovulation induction. Here, we used hCG and GnRH analog histrelin to induce ovulation in an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros. Upon ultrasound diagnosis of a preovulatory follicle hCG or GnRH were injected to induce ovulation (n = 11). As a result, 75% of the hCG (n = 6/8) and 33% of GnRH (n = 1/3) inductions resulted in ovulation. Ovulation occurred when fecal estrogen concentration increased before and pregnane concentration after induction. Thirty-six percent of all treatments (n = 4/11) failed to induce ovulation. When ovulation induction by hCG/GnRH injection failed, estrogen and pregnane concentrations were significantly lower compared to ovulatory estrous (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that hCG and GnRH analog facilitate an easily applicable treatment to induce ovulation in females with behavioral but at times an-ovulatory estrous. Frequent use of hCG as an ovulation inducer might help to achieve pregnancies in genetically important but an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Folko Balfanz
- Tierärztliche Ordination Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna Zoo, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Chatterjee A, Bhattacharyya S. Assessing the threats facing wetland mammals in India using an evidence‐based conservation approach. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chatterjee
- Department of Zoology University of Calcutta 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata700019India
| | - Sabuj Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka560012India
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7
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Pollock KE, O'Brien JK, Roth TL, Proudfoot J, Niederlander J, Micheas L, Robeck TR, Stoops MA. Anti-Müllerian hormone in managed African and Asian rhino species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113487. [PMID: 32278883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum collected across the lifespan of four managed rhino species: black (Diceros bicornis, n = 16), white (Ceratotherium simum simum, n = 19), greater one-horned (GOH, Rhinoceros unicornis, n = 11) and Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, n = 6) were validated and analyzed in an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) enzyme- linked immunoassay. Concentrations of AMH were examined over time, between sexes and throughout different reproductive states which included n = 3 female white rhinos immunocontracepted with porcine zona pellucida (pZP). Across species, males produced higher AMH concentrations compared to females. Among males, AMH concentrations varied by species aside from comparable values secreted between black and white rhinos. The GOH and Sumatran rhino secreted the highest and lowest male AMH concentrations, respectively. However, within each species, AMH concentrations were similar across male age categories. Preliminary insight into male AMH changes from birth to sexual maturity suggest its potential as a marker for onset of testicular maturation. Female black, GOH and Sumatran rhinos secreted comparable AMH concentrations which were higher than those in white rhino. Within each species, inter-individual variation in AMH secretion occurred among females of similar age. While AMH secretion did not differ across the ages sampled for female white (4->26 yr) and GOH (4-26 yr) rhinos, black and Sumatran rhinos >26 and <4 yr, respectively secreted lower AMH compared to conspecific females 7-26 yr of age. Two idiopathic infertility cases corresponded to low (outside species range) AMH values. The establishment of normative AMH concentrations in managed African and Asian rhinos provides an additional metric beyond traditional sex steroids to assess gonadal function. Further work is needed to determine if AMH can predict fertility potential in rhinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Pollock
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - J K O'Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham St, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - T L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - J Proudfoot
- Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 W Washington St, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | | | - L Micheas
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - T R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham St, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - M A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Herrick JR. Assisted reproductive technologies for endangered species conservation: developing sophisticated protocols with limited access to animals with unique reproductive mechanisms. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1158-1170. [PMID: 30770538 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been proposed as a means of overcoming the significant challenges of managing small, isolated populations of endangered species in zoos. However, efficient protocols for ARTs do not exist for most endangered species. This review will focus on research efforts to characterize unique reproductive mechanisms and develop species-specific ARTs. Central to these studies are assays to measure steroid metabolites in urine or feces and/or training programs to allow unrestrained blood collections and ultrasound evaluations. The resulting information about estrous cycle dynamics, combined with studies of semen collection and processing, provides the foundation for the development of artificial insemination (AI). In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer are also discussed in relation to the advantages these techniques could provide relative to AI, as well as the significant challenges involved with technologies that require oocytes and embryos. Finally, an argument is made for additional research of nontraditional model species (e.g., domestic cats and dogs) and the development of novel models representing unique taxa. Whether these species are studied by zoo-based researchers with the expressed intent of developing ARTs for conservation or academic scientists interested in basic biology, the resulting information will provide a unique, evolutionary perspective on reproduction that could have wide-reaching benefits. The more information we have available, the better our chances will be of developing effective ARTs and making a difference in conservation efforts for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Herrick
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 3701 S. 10th St., Omaha, NE 68107, USA
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Edwards KL, Pilgrim M, Brown JL, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian cyclicity is associated with adrenal activity in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 289:113376. [PMID: 31881202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To achieve self-sustaining and genetically diverse populations ex situ, captive breeding programmes must ensure good overall rates of reproduction, and equal contribution across individuals. Previous research in the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) revealed a high incidence of irregular oestrous cyclicity; in particular extended cycle duration among nulliparous females and acyclic periods in parous females that have not bred for several years. Irregular ovarian activity could play a role in reduced reproductive output; however, the mechanisms underlying these anomalies are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations and variability prior to and during periods of regular and irregular ovarian activity, and determine if adrenal activity influences the occurrence of different cycle types in this species. Faecal samples were collected every other day from parous (N = 6) and nulliparous (N = 12) females at eight European institutions for periods of 9-15 months. Concentration and variability in fGCM were compared between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity and between different cycle types (<20 days, 20-40 days, >40 days, acyclic) using generalized linear mixed models. Concentrations of fGCM were influenced by season and higher during the luteal than the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Taking this into account, fGCMs were increased during periods of irregular cyclicity (all types combined and during cycles >40 days in length) compared to 20-40 day cycles. This was predominantly driven by nulliparous females. The variation in fGCM concentration also differed between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity; higher standard deviation in fGCM preceded irregular cycles and >40 day cycles compared to 20-40 day cycles. These results suggest that although fGCM concentrations fluctuate across the oestrous cycle in this species, changes in adrenal activity at specific times could be one factor associated with irregular ovarian activity in the black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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Torii Y, Matsumoto N, Sakamoto H, Nagano M, Katagiri S, Yanagawa Y. Monitoring follicular dynamics using ultrasonography in captive brown bears (Ursus arctos) during the breeding season. Theriogenology 2019; 140:164-170. [PMID: 31476686 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) may be a useful tool in the reproductive management of endangered animals, including bears. To establish an AI program for bears, we investigated follicular dynamics using weekly transrectal ultrasonography in six captive brown bears. Along with ultrasonography, we monitored plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2) concentrations. Furthermore, two bears were administered a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce ovulation on the first day on which the largest follicle reached more than 10.0 mm in diameter. Brown bears showed two patterns of follicular development in the early and late periods of the breeding season. In the early period (May to mid-June), multiple follicular waves were observed; namely, many follicles developed, and the largest follicles grew to less than 6.0 mm in diameter then regressed. In the late period (mid-June to July), one or two follicles grew to greater than 6.0 mm in diameter and developed as dominant follicles. Moreover, the growth rate of the largest follicle in the late period was faster than that in the early period of the breeding season. One bear with a follicle of 13.1 mm ovulated spontaneously, and one bear ovulated when the follicle was 10.2 mm in diameter after GnRH agonist treatment. Plasma E2 concentrations increased and showed peaks five to seven days before the largest follicles reached their maximum size. Plasma P4 concentrations increased on the day the corpus luteum could be detected using ultrasonography. This is the first study that showed there are two patterns of follicular development in brown bears. Furthermore, the largest follicle reaching greater than 10.0 mm in diameter could be an indicator of the appearance of ovulatory follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Torii
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Noboribetsu Bear Park, Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, 059-0515, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Seiji Katagiri
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yojiro Yanagawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Pennington PM, Marshall KL, Capiro JM, Felton RG, Durrant BS. Ovulation induction in anovulatory southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum) without altrenogest. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz033. [PMID: 31249689 PMCID: PMC6589769 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All species in the extant Rhinocerotidae family are experiencing increased threats in the wild, making captive populations essential genetic reservoirs for species survival. However, managed species face distinct challenges in captivity, resulting in populations that are not self-sustaining. Captive southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) have low reproductive rates and presumed acyclicity is common among females. Although many females fail to ovulate, follicle growth may occur and ovulation can be hormonally induced. Female southern white rhino (n = 6), housed as a bachelorette group, were determined to be ovulatory (n = 1) or anovulatory (n = 5) by serial ultrasound and fecal progestagen analysis. When follicles reached pre-ovulatory size (~35 mm), females (n = 4) were induced to ovulate in 11 trials with a GnRH analog (4.5 mg, SucroMate™) via single intramuscular injection. Nine trials resulted in ovulation (81.8%), all between 36 and 48 hours post-treatment. Ovulations were confirmed by progestagen elevation above baseline coincident with visualization of a corpus luteum (CL). Luteal phases were characterized as short (<50 days) or long (≥50 days). Between short and long cycles, only the number of days of progestagen above baseline was significantly different (P < 0.05), while days with visible luteal structures was not significant (P = 0.11). Both cycle types were observed following both spontaneous and induced ovulations. Furthermore, we showed that longer cycle lengths do not necessarily indicate early pregnancy loss as none of the females were bred or inseminated during the study. While anovulation is common in the southern white rhino captive population, ovulation induction can be achieved efficiently and predictably for use in conjunction with artificial insemination or to facilitate natural breeding. This information will lead to more efficient use of assisted reproductive technologies to overcome reproductive challenges in this species and to generate genetically healthy captive populations as a hedge against extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker M Pennington
- Reproductive Sciences, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido CA, USA
| | - Kira L Marshall
- Reproductive Sciences, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido CA, USA
| | - Jonnie M Capiro
- Lead Keeper, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Rhino Rescue Center, Escondido CA, USA
| | - Rachel G Felton
- Reproductive Sciences, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido CA, USA
| | - Barbara S Durrant
- Reproductive Sciences, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido CA, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker M. Pennington
- San Diego Zoo Global; Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido CA 92027 USA
| | - Barbara S. Durrant
- San Diego Zoo Global; Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido CA 92027 USA
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13
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Swinbourne AM, Johnston SD, Janssen T, Lisle A, Keeley T. Reproductive biology of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Part 1: oestrous cycle characterisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1412-1423. [PMID: 29742383 DOI: 10.1071/rd17497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern hairy-nosed wombats (SHNWs: Lasiorhinus latifrons) do not breed well in captivity. To better understand their reproduction, daily urine samples were collected from nine captive females and analysed for volume (mL), specific gravity and a qualitative index of the number of epithelial cells, then stored at -20°C until samples could be analysed for progesterone metabolites (P4M). The mean oestrous cycle length was 35.1±2.4 days; however, individual cycle length ranged from 23 to 47 days. The mean luteal phase length was 20.8±1.3 days (range: 12 to 33 days). Urinary P4M was divided into four oestrous cycle stages: (1) early follicular phase, (2) late follicular phase, (3) early luteal phase, (4) late luteal phase, and analysed against urinary characteristics. During the late follicular phase, urine volume decreased (P=0.002) while urine specific gravity (P=0.001) and concentration of epithelial cells (P=0.004) both increased. The level of variability in oestrous cycle length suggests that some captive females may exhibit abnormal cycles; however, the changes in the urinary characteristics associated with the different stages of the oestrous cycle appear to offer a possible non-invasive means of monitoring the reproductive status of captive SHNWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Swinbourne
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Stephen D Johnston
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Tina Janssen
- Australian Animals Care and Education, PO Box 138, Mount Larcom, Qld 4695, Australia
| | - Alan Lisle
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Tamara Keeley
- Wildlife Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Ground Floor, Building 8117A, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
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Follicle growth and endocrine dynamics in women with spontaneous luteinized unruptured follicles versus ovulation. Hum Reprod 2018; 33:1130-1140. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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15
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Sontakke SD. Monitoring and controlling ovarian activities in wild ungulates. Theriogenology 2018; 109:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Ververs C, van Zijll Langhout M, Hostens M, Otto M, Govaere J, Durrant B, Van Soom A. Reproductive performance parameters in a large population of game-ranched white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187751. [PMID: 29236723 PMCID: PMC5728479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of free-roaming white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) is under serious threat. Captive breeding of this species is therefore becoming more important, but this is challenging and often not successful. Obtaining reproductive reference values is a crucial aspect of improving these breeding results. In this study performed between 2008 and 2016, reproductive performance was analysed in 1,354 animals kept in a 8000 hectares game-ranched environment. Descriptive statistics of this captive population showed an average annual herd growth (%) of 7 .0±0.1 (min -9 –max 15). Average calving rates were calculated as an annual calving rate of 20% and biennial calving rate of 37% adult females calving per year. Females had a median age of 83.2 months at first calving (IQR 72.9–110.7) and inter-calving intervals of 29.2 (IQR 24.6–34.8) months. Furthermore, translocations of animals did not interfere with reproductive success in terms of inter-calving periods or age at first calving. Multivariate models showed a clear seasonal calving pattern with a significant increase of the number of calvings during December–April when compared to April–December. Our results did not show any significant skewed progeny sex ratios. Weather observations showed no significant influence of rain or season on sex ratios of the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrillus Ververs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Michelle Otto
- Wildlife Vet, Buffalo Dream Ranch, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | - Jan Govaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Barbara Durrant
- Institute for conservation research, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Roth TL, Schook MW, Stoops MA. Monitoring and controlling ovarian function in the rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2017; 109:48-57. [PMID: 29249327 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their size and potentially dangerous demeanor, the rhinoceros has been a preferred subject of wildlife reproductive scientists. Several factors contribute to this taxon's popularity including the ability to utilize insightful tools like non-invasive hormone metabolite monitoring and transrectal ultrasonography, the necessity for mate introductions to coincide with the female's estrus when breeding certain species or individuals, and the desire to develop assisted reproductive technologies to facilitate the genetic management and ultimate sustainability of small, managed populations in human care. The resulting profusion of rhinoceros reproductive studies has revealed significant species-specific characteristics and exposed the prevalence of aberrant reproductive activity within this taxon. Of equal importance, it has guided necessary intervention and enhanced our success in overcoming challenges associated with breeding rhinoceroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - M W Schook
- Disney's Animal Kingdom, 1200 North Savannah Circle East Bay Lake, FL 32830, USA.
| | - M A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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18
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Swinbourne AM, Johnston SD, Janssen TM, Lisle A, Keeley T. Validation of techniques to measure reproductive hormones in the urine of female southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:130-141. [PMID: 28826813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Swinbourne
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - S D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - T M Janssen
- Australian Animals Care and Education, Mount Larcom, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Lisle
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Keeley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Du Z, Keeley T, Janssen T, Nicolson V, Johnston SD. Measurement of testosterone and cortisol metabolites and luteinising hormone in captive southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) urine. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:70-79. [PMID: 28599837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the validation and use of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to measure changes in plasma and urinary luteinizing hormone, testosterone metabolites (UTM) and cortisol metabolites (UCM) in captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). GnRH agonist and ACTH agonist challenges were conducted to validate urinary testosterone (male wombat only) and cortisol (male and female wombats) EIAs. Following intra-muscular injection of 8-12μg buserelin (n=4 males), there was a significant increase in both plasma (P<0.001) and urinary testosterone concentrations (P<0.001) 60min and 21h after administration, respectively. Plasma LH levels were elevated (p<0.05) at 20min but there was no significant increase found in urinary LH concentrations after injection. Intra-muscular injection of Synacthen® Depot (250μg) (n=3 males, 3 females) resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma cortisol secretion 15min and in urinary cortisol concentrations 3h post injection, respectively. Sex-related differences in cortisol secretion were also reported in this study. These findings indicate that (1) urinary LH might not be an appropriate index for describing the reproductive status in captive male L. latifrons, and (2) the UTM and UCM assays appear to be suitable for the assessment of the testicular steroidogenic capacity and the adrenocortical activity in captive southern hairy-nosed wombats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Du
- Wildlife Biology Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
| | - T Keeley
- Wildlife Biology Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Janssen
- Australian Animal Care and Education, Mount Larcom 4695, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Nicolson
- Dreamworld, Coomera, 4209 Qld, Australia
| | - S D Johnston
- Wildlife Biology Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Bateman HL, Vansandt LM, Newsom J, Swanson WF. Temporal changes in serum luteinizing hormone following ovariohysterectomy and gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccination in domestic cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:332-335. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HL Bateman
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - LM Vansandt
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - J Newsom
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - WF Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden; Cincinnati OH USA
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21
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Stoops MA, Campbell MK, DeChant CJ, Hauser J, Kottwitz J, Pairan RD, Shaffstall W, Volle K, Roth TL. Enhancing captive Indian rhinoceros genetics via artificial insemination of cryopreserved sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:60-75. [PMID: 27449405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design an artificial insemination (AI) protocol using cryopreserved spermatozoa to obtain pregnancies in captive Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis). Four methods developed varied by timing and approach, as follows; Method 1: females (n=2) were inseminated pre- and post-ovulation under general anesthesia, Method 2: females (n=2) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via endoscopy, Method 3: females (n=1) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via manual insertion of an insemination catheter, Method 4: females (n=2) were inseminated same as Method 3 with the addition of standing sedation. Semen deposition site varied as a result of changes in AI technology and experience. All females conceived following intrauterine AI using three methods. Four pregnancies (n=3 females) produced via Method 3 and 4 resulted in term births (n=2 male calves, n=2 female calves) at 481.8±12.8days post-AI. Unfortunately, two early pregnancy losses were documented in a fourth female conceiving via Method 2. Pregnancy rates were 0%, 22%, 17%, and 50% for Method 1-4, respectively. Method 3 and 4 rates improved to 29% and 67%, respectively when accounting for AI's conducted only on ovulatory estrous cycles. Spermatozoa (n=5 males) were cryopreserved 0.3-9.3 y prior to successful AI procedures. The lowest dose of frozen-thawed sperm resulting in conception was 500×10(6) motile sperm. Mean time from AI to ovulation in conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was 26±11.8h and 66±80.7h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Mark K Campbell
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Joe Hauser
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Randal D Pairan
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Wendy Shaffstall
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kurt Volle
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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22
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Hermes R, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F, Oh S, Fernandes T, Bernardino R, Leclerc A, Greunz E, Mathew A, Forsyth S, Saragusty J, Hildebrandt TB. Ovarian down Regulation by GnRF Vaccination Decreases Reproductive Tract Tumour Size in Female White and Greater One-Horned Rhinoceroses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157963. [PMID: 27403662 PMCID: PMC4942122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive tract tumours, specifically leiomyoma, are commonly found in female rhinoceroses. Similar to humans, tumour growth in rhinoceroses is thought to be sex hormone dependent. Tumours can form and expand from the onset of ovarian activity at puberty until the cessation of sex-steroid influences at senescence. Extensive tumour growth results in infertility. The aim of this study was to down regulate reproductive function of tumour-diseased and infertile females to stop further tumour growth using a Gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine. Four infertile southern white (Ceratotherium simum simum) and three Greater one-horned rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis) with active ovaries and 2.7 ± 0.9 and 14.0 ± 1.5 reproductive tract tumours respectively were vaccinated against GnRF (Improvac®, Zoetis, Germany) at 0, 4 and 16 weeks and re-boostered every 6-8 months thereafter. After GnRF vaccination ovarian and luteal activity was suppressed in all treated females. Three months after vaccination the size of the ovaries, the number of follicles and the size of the largest follicle were significantly reduced (P<0.03). Reproductive tract tumours decreased significantly in diameter (Greater-one horned rhino: P<0.0001; white rhino: P<0.01), presumably as a result of reduced sex-steroid influence. The calculated tumour volumes were reduced by 50.8 ± 10.9% in Greater one-horned and 48.6 ± 12.9% in white rhinoceroses. In conclusion, GnRF vaccine effectively down regulated reproductive function and decreased the size of reproductive tract tumours in female rhinoceros. Our work is the first to use down regulation of reproductive function as a symptomatic treatment against benign reproductive tumour disease in a wildlife species. Nonetheless, full reversibility and rhinoceros fertility following GnRF vaccination warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Göritz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena Oh
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Bernardino
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Abraham Mathew
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Sarah Forsyth
- Colchester Zoo, Maldon Road, Stanway, Essex CO3 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Saragusty
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
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Bashir ST, Gastal MO, Tazawa SP, Tarso SGS, Hales DB, Cuervo-Arango J, Baerwald AR, Gastal EL. The mare as a model for luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome: intrafollicular endocrine milieu. Reproduction 2016; 151:271-83. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome is a recurrent anovulatory dysfunction that affects up to 23% of women with normal menstrual cycles and up to 73% with endometriosis. Mechanisms underlying the development of LUF syndrome in mares were studied to provide a potential model for human anovulation. The effect of extended increase in circulating LH achieved by administration of recombinant equine LH (reLH) or a short surge of LH and decrease in progesterone induced by prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on LUF formation (Experiment 1), identification of an optimal dose of COX-2 inhibitor (flunixin meglumine, FM; to block the effect of prostaglandins) for inducing LUFs (Experiment 2), and evaluation of intrafollicular endocrine milieu in LUFs (Experiment 3) were investigated. In Experiment 1, mares were treated with reLH from Day 7 to Day 15 (Day 0=ovulation), PGF2α on Day 7, or in combination. In Experiment 2, FM at doses of 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg every 12 h and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (1500 IU) were administered after a follicle ≥32 mm was detected. In Experiment 3, FM at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg every 12 h plus hCG was used to induce LUFs and investigate the intrafollicular endocrine milieu. No LUFs were induced by reLH or PGF2α treatment; however, LUFs were induced in 100% of mares using FM. Intrafollicular PGF2α metabolite, PGF2α, and PGE2were lower and the ratio of PGE2:PGF2α was higher in the induced LUF group. Higher levels of intrafollicular E2 and total primary sex steroids were observed in the induced LUF group along with a tendency for higher levels of GH, cortisol, and T; however, LH, PRL, VEGF-A, and NO did not differ between groups. In conclusion, this study reveals part of the intrafollicular endocrine milieu and the association of prostaglandins in LUF formation, and indicates that the mare might be an appropriate model for studying the poorly understood LUF syndrome.
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Non-invasive assessment of fecal progestagens and pregnancy detection in Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster). Theriogenology 2015; 85:216-23. [PMID: 26454526 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), an endangered species, is facing threat of extinction globally due to severe hunting for its musk, and efforts are under way in India to breed them in captivity. However, no information is available on the reproductive cycles of the species. In this study, we aimed to standardize an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure for monitoring pregnancy using fecal samples. We collected fecal samples for 12 months from five captive females maintained at the Musk Deer Research Centre, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India. Three of these females were observed mating and gave birth, whereas two were seen mating but did not give birth. The gestation periods for the three females were 183, 185, and 199 days, respectively. High-pressure liquid chromatography revealed the presence of immunoreactive pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), progesterone, and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (5-alpha-pregnane) metabolites in the fecal samples. We used EIAs against progesterone, PdG, and 5-alpha-pregnane to monitor pregnancy. We found PdG EIA to be a highly accurate and sensitive assay compared with the other two assays in detecting pregnancy. We conclude that PdG EIA can be used to diagnose and monitor pregnancy in Himalayan musk deer using fecal steroid analysis, at an early stage of 3 months after mating. This study would help in conservation breeding of musk deer in captivity and in monitoring the reproductive status of the species in the wild.
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Edwards KL, Shultz S, Pilgrim M, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:186-94. [PMID: 25150145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. However, the European captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. We investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal activity, behaviour and body condition. Faecal samples were collected from 39 females (17 parous, 15 nulliparous and 7 pre-reproductive) at 11 zoological institutions, every other day for between 4months and 6years. Progestagen metabolite concentration indicated that although all non-pregnant females exhibited ovarian activity, irregular cyclicity was common. Longer cycles (>40days) were more common in nulliparous females and periods of acyclicity observed more often in females that had not bred for at least 7years. Even when endocrine data indicated clear ovarian activity, overt behavioural signs of oestrus were not always apparent, particularly among nulliparous females. Faecal glucocorticoids did not differ between parous and nulliparous females, although did differ according to individual temperament. More unpredictable temperaments were associated with higher glucocorticoids, and nulliparous females tended to be rated as more unpredictable. Finally, nulliparous females had higher body condition scores than parous females. This is the first comprehensive survey of the reproductive physiology of this European captive population, and highlights a number of intrinsic differences related to parity, which may underlie differences in reproductive success among captive female black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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Hermes R, Göritz F, Saragusty J, Stoops MA, Hildebrandt TB. Reproductive tract tumours: the scourge of woman reproduction ails Indian rhinoceroses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92595. [PMID: 24671211 PMCID: PMC3966795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Indian rhinoceros, extensive leiomyoma, a benign smooth muscle tumour, was sporadically diagnosed post mortem and commonly thought of as contributing factor for reduced fecundity of this species in captivity. However, to date, the prevalence of reproductive tract tumours and their relevance for fecundity are unknown. Our analysis of the international studbook now reveals that females cease reproducing at the age of 18.1±1.2 years; equivalent to a reproductive lifespan of just 9.5±1.3 years. This short reproductive life is in sharp contrast to their longevity in captivity of over 40 years. Here we show, after examining 42% of the captive female population, that age-related genital tract tumours are highly prevalent in this endangered species. Growth and development of these tumours was found to be age-related, starting from the age of 10 years. All females older than 12 years had developed genital tumours, just 7–9 years past maturity. Tumour sizes ranged from 1.5–10 cm. With age, tumours became more numerous, sometimes merging into one large diffuse tumour mass. These tumours, primarily vaginal and cervical, presumably cause widespread young-age infertility by the age of 18 years. In few cases, tumour necrosis suggested possible malignancy of tumours. Possible consequences of such genital tract tumour infestation are hindered intromission, pain during mating, hampered sperm passage, risk of ascending infection during pregnancy, dystocia, or chronic vaginal bleeding. In humans, leiomyoma affect up to 80% of pre-menopause women. While a leading cause for infertility, pregnancy is known to reduce the risk of tumour development. However, different from human, surgical intervention is not a viable treatment option in rhinoceroses. Thus, in analogy to humans, we suggest early onset and seamless consecutive pregnancies to help reduce prevalence of this disease, better maintain a self-sustained captive population and improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Department Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Göritz
- Department Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph Saragusty
- Department Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica A. Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Capiro JM, Stoops MA, Freeman EW, Clawson D, Schook MW. Effects of management strategies on glucocorticoids and behavior in Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis): translocation and operant conditioning. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:131-43. [PMID: 24523250 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ex situ Indian rhino population experienced a decrease in genetic diversity indicating that the breeding program could possibly benefit from novel reproductive management strategies to ensure population sustainability. We sought to determine how management tools used for reproductive management, specifically translocation and operant conditioning, impact physiological and behavioral measures of welfare in Indian rhinos. First, an adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge performed in an adult male resulted in a 38-fold increase in urinary and a 3.5-fold increase in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM). Mean and peak FGM differed among three females, but all demonstrated elevated (P < 0.0001) concentrations for variable durations after translocation that lasted up to 9 weeks. Lastly, behavioral and adrenal responses of two females to operant conditioning to stand during transrectal ultrasound exams were monitored and rhinos differed in their mean and peak FGM concentrations. However, FGM were not different before versus during training or on pasture versus in the barn. One female exhibited more stereotypic behavior during training in the barn than on pasture (P < 0.05); although, stereotypies (1.73% of time) were relatively uncommon overall. In summary, individual variation exists in FGM both at baseline levels and in response to a stressor. In addition, while a transient rise in glucocorticoid activity post-translocation indicated that Indian rhinos have a physiological response to changes in their environment, minor alterations in daily routines using operant conditioning only resulted in minimal changes in behaviors and FGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnie M Capiro
- Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati, Ohio; Zoo and Aquarium Leadership Concentration, Master's of Interdisciplinary Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Stoops MA, West GD, Roth TL, Lung NP. Use of urinary biomarkers of ovarian function and altrenogest supplementation to enhance captive breeding success in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Zoo Biol 2013; 33:83-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | - Terri L. Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Nancy P. Lung
- Fort Worth Zoo; Department of Animal Health; Fort Worth Texas
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Sontakke S, Patil M, Lakshmikantan U, Shivaji S. Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian follicular development in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra). Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Steinman KJ, O'Brien JK, Monfort SL, Robeck TR. Characterization of the estrous cycle in female beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) using urinary endocrine monitoring and transabdominal ultrasound: Evidence of facultative induced ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:389-97. [PMID: 22134179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent, successful application of assisted reproductive technologies in captive beluga has resulted from the extensive study of male beluga reproductive biology. Optimization of assisted reproduction requires additional detailed knowledge of the female estrous cycle. Our specific objectives were to: (1) validate urinary immunoassays for use in this species; (2) elucidate annual ovarian cycle dynamics through the combined use of hormone excretion patterns and transabdominal ultrasound; and (3) establish whether ovulation in this species is spontaneous or induced by male factors. Ovulation was observed in four of 15 estrous cycles monitored in four adult female beluga maintained in a single-sex group. After introduction of a breeding male, ovulation was observed in six of seven estrous cycles. All estrous cycles occurred from March through June. For spontaneous ovulations (n=4), the inter-estrous interval was 34d (range 33-35d), with a follicular phase length (FPL) of 25±8d (mean±SD). For all ovulatory estrous cycles (with and without a breeding male), urinary estrogen conjugates (EC, 15.3±7.9ng/mg Cr) and ovulatory luteinizing hormone (ovLH, 17.1±6.6ng/mg Cr) concentrations both peaked on Day 0, and EC concentrations returned to baseline 8±7d later. For non-conceptive cycles, urinary progestagen (Pg) concentrations increased on Day 0 (3.5±1.7ng/mg Cr), peaked on Day+19 (19.7±17.1ng/mg Cr), and were elevated above baseline for 27±4d. Preovulatory follicular diameter and circumference on Day -2±2 (range: Day -4 to -1) from peak EC were 2.5±0.7 and 7.8±1.3cm, respectively. The FPL in non-ovulatory estrous cycles (n=11) lasted 24±10d and EC concentrations gradually declined to baseline over a 21±10d interval following the EC peak (27.8±28.8ng/mg Cr). Non-ovulatory estrous cycles were characterized by the absence of an ovLH surge and no concomitant increase in Pg concentrations above baseline excretion; the mean follicular diameter at or near peak EC was 3.1±0.8cm on Day 2 ±3d from peak EC (range: -1 to +5days from peak EC). Overall, these data confirm that captive beluga exhibit reproductive seasonality and demonstrate that the species is a facultative-induced ovulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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31
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Fecal Steroid Evaluation to Monitor Reproductive Status in Wild Ungulate Females Using Enzyme Immunoassay Commercial Kits. J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 42:537-51. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0187.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Theriogenology 2011; 76:1258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Schaftenaar W, Fernandes T, Fritsch G, Frey R, Szentiks CA, Wegner RD, Hildebrandt TB, Hermes R. Dystocia and fetotomy associated with cerebral aplasia in a greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:e97-101. [PMID: 20412510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The captive greater one-horned rhinoceros population consists of 176 animals. Since 1971, a total of 226 calves were born into this captive population. However, 24% of the offspring born were either stillborn or did not survive the first 3 months. The causes for this high rate of stillbirth and neonate mortality have not yet been documented. Here, we report on the veterinary management of a dystocia and foetotomy resulting from a malpositioned greater one-horned rhinoceros foetus. The dead foetus presented with a forelimb flexed at the shoulder joint, with all other joints extended. The foetus was dissected into five parts and extracted during two anaesthesias on two consecutive days. The dam recovered fully and came into oestrous 31 days after surgery. Post-mortem and CT examination of the malformed foetal head revealed cranioschisis with cerebral aplasia and cerebellar hypoplasia. The cerebral aplasia presented here and in other recent cases suggests that neural tube defects and cranial malformations may be associated with more captive rhinoceros stillbirths than previously considered. Epidemiologic studies of these phenomena and possible nutritional deficiencies or hereditary defects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schaftenaar
- Rotterdam Zoo, Van Aerssenlaan, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Hermes R, Göritz F, Portas TJ, Bryant BR, Kelly JM, Maclellan LJ, Keeley T, Schwarzenberger F, Walzer C, Schnorrenberg A, Spindler RE, Saragusty J, Kaandorp S, Hildebrandt TB. Ovarian superstimulation, transrectal ultrasound-guided oocyte recovery, and IVF in rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2009; 72:959-68. [PMID: 19720394 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports on reproductive pathology in all rhinoceros species illustrate the abundance of female infertility in captive populations. In infertile rhinoceroses, oocyte collection and embryo production could represent the best remaining option for these animals to reproduce and to contribute to the genetic pool. We report here on superstimulation, repeated oocyte recovery, and attempted in vitro fertilization (IVF) in white and black rhinoceroses. Four anestrous rhinoceroses (two white, two black) with unknown follicular status were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, deslorelin acetate, for 6 to 7 d. Number and size of follicles in superstimulated females was significantly higher and larger compared with those in nonstimulated anestrous females (n=9). Ovum pick-up was achieved by transrectal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration. Up to 15 follicles were aspirated per ovary. During six ovum pick-ups, a total of 29 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were harvested with a range of 2 to 9 COCs per collection. No postsurgical complications were noted on the rhinoceros ovaries using this minimally invasive approach. Various in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVF protocols were tested on the collected COCs. Despite the low total number of COCs available for IVM and IVF in this study, we can report the first rhinoceros embryo ever produced in vitro. The production of a 4-cell embryo demonstrated the potential of transrectal ultrasound-guided oocyte recovery as a valuable tool for in vitro production of rhinoceros embryos from otherwise infertile females.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, Berlin, Germany.
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Hermes R, Göritz F, Saragusty J, Sós E, Molnar V, Reid C, Schwarzenberger F, Hildebrandt T. First successful artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2009; 71:393-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Miniature Ponies: Similarities and Differences from Larger Breeds in Follicles and Hormones during the Estrous Cycle. J Equine Vet Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hermes R, Göritz F, Streich W, Hildebrandt T. Assisted Reproduction in Female Rhinoceros and Elephants ? Current Status and Future Perspective. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42 Suppl 2:33-44. [PMID: 17688600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, rhinoceroses and elephants became important icons in the saga of wildlife conservation. Recent surveys estimate the wild Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant populations to be, at most, 50 250 and 637 600 respectively. For the five rhinoceros species, black (Diceros bicornis), white (Ceratotherium simum), Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis), Javan (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis), the population estimates of 3610, 11 330, 2400, 60 and 300, respectively, are of even greater concern. Protected against habitat loss, poaching and left undisturbed, rhinoceros and elephants reproduce well in the wild. But small and decreasing populations make successful captive management of these taxa increasingly important. In captivity, however, most populations face possible 'extinction' because of historically poor reproductive performance. From the first descriptions of the reproductive anatomy and the oestrous cycle (Laws 1969; Kassam and Lasley 1981; Balke et al. 1988a,b; Plotka et al. 1988; Godfrey et al. 1991) to the present use of advanced assisted reproduction technologies, researchers have strive to understand the function and dysfunction of the reproductive biology of these charismatic species. This paper reviewed the current knowledge on rhinoceros and elephant reproduction biology, reproductive cycle, gestation, dystocia, reproductive pathology, oestrous induction and artificial insemination, sperm sexing, IVF and contraception, and how this knowledge is or might be used to aid species conservation for maximal reproductive efficiency and enhancement of genetic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hermes
- Department of Reproductive Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Andrabi SMH, Maxwell WMC. A review on reproductive biotechnologies for conservation of endangered mammalian species. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 99:223-43. [PMID: 16919407 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the use of modern reproductive biotechnologies or assisted reproductive techniques (ART) including artificial insemination, embryo transfer/sexing, in vitro fertilization, gamete/embryo micromanipulation, semen sexing, genome resource banking, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) in conservation programs for endangered mammalian species. Such biotechnologies allow more offspring to be obtained from selected parents to ensure genetic diversity and may reduce the interval between generations. However, the application of reproductive biotechnologies for endangered free-living mammals is rarer than for endangered domestic breeds. Progress in ART for non-domestic species will continue at a slow pace due to limited resources, but also because the management and conservation of endangered species is biologically quite complex. In practice, current reproductive biotechnologies are species-specific or inefficient for many endangered animals because of insufficient knowledge on basic reproduction like estrous cycle, seasonality, structural anatomy, gamete physiology and site for semen deposition or embryo transfer of non-domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M H Andrabi
- MC Franklin Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Hildebrandt TB, Hermes R, Walzer C, Sós E, Molnar V, Mezösi L, Schnorrenberg A, Silinski S, Streich J, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F. Artificial insemination in the anoestrous and the postpartum white rhinoceros using GnRH analogue to induce ovulation. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1473-84. [PMID: 17451805 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop AI and to achieve first time pregnancy in a nulliparous rhinoceros. For this, one 24-year-old irregular cycling female white rhinoceros was selected, which had never been mated. The endocrine function was monitored by faecal and serum pregnane analysis. Ultrasound determined the optimal day for AI by measuring follicle sizes of 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2 cm on days -6, -4, -1, 0 of the induced oestrous cycle, respectively. AI was performed and ovulation induced when a pre-ovulatory-sized follicle was present using GnRH analogue, deslorelin. Fresh semen was deposited in the uterine horn using a patented AI catheter overcoming the hymeneal membrane and torturous cervical folds non-surgically. Moreover, ultrasound monitoring of the uterine involution and ovarian activity on days 16, 26, 30 postpartum facilitated the induction of and the AI on the first postpartum oestrous in a rhinoceros using GnRH analogue. Two consecutive pregnancies were achieved by AI for the first time in the rhinoceros. Pregnancies were diagnosed by elevated serum and faecal 20-oxo-pregnane concentrations. In addition ultrasound measured biometric parameters of the two foetuses on days 86 and 133 of gestation. Two female calves were born after 490 and 502 days of gestation, yet one calf was stillborn. AI in rhinoceros might now be used as assisted reproduction technology tool to boost critically small captive rhinoceros populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany
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40
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41
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Hermes R, Hildebrandt TB, Walzer C, Göritz F, Patton ML, Silinski S, Anderson MJ, Reid CE, Wibbelt G, Tomasova K, Schwarzenberger F. The effect of long non-reproductive periods on the genital health in captive female white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum, C.s. cottoni). Theriogenology 2006; 65:1492-515. [PMID: 16213012 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
White rhinoceroses suffer from a low reproductive rate in captivity. Intensive efforts to propagate specifically the northern white rhinoceros have been very limited. The dismal outlook for this subspecies in the wild makes successful ex situ breeding programs paramount. In this context, this study examined 48 southern and 6 northern white rhinoceroses using ultrasound and faecal hormone analysis to elucidate causes for female reproductive failure and to determine whether long non-reproductive periods have a detrimental impact on genital health. Results showed that 76% of the nulliparous females had intact hymenal membrane indicating these females had never been bred, at an age when their wild counterparts have delivered multiple offspring. Fifty-six percent of the studied population had various reproductive pathology. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia; leiomyomas of the cervix, uterus and ovary, adenoma; para-ovarian cysts and hydromucometra represent the scope of lesions identified. The stages of the lesions in nulliparous females correlated with age (r = 0.4, P < 0.05). Due to the severity of the lesions, 28% of the study population was considered post-reproductive. Therefore, the reproductive life span in some individuals was 10-20 years shorter than expected. However, in parous females the incidence of pathological lesions was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Seventy-eight percent females studied had erratic or absent luteal activity. The hormone data corresponded with two ultrasonographic levels of ovarian activity, active and inactive, occurring within an age range of 3-19 years and 15-38 years, respectively. This suggests the lack of ovarian activity by reproductive mid-life in non-reproducing females. The accuracy of the ultrasound findings was validated by necropsy in nine animals showing a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.9, p < 0.001). Our data suggests that the development of reproductive pathology and ovarian inactivity in white rhinoceros is an age-related consequence of long non-reproductive periods. This asymmetric ageing process of the genital organs can be prevented with the achievement of at least one pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
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Roth TL, Stoops MA, Atkinson MW, Blumer ES, Campbell MK, Cameron KN, Citino SB, Maas AK. SEMEN COLLECTION IN RHINOCEROSES (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS, DICEROS BICORNIS, CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM) BY ELECTROEJACULATION WITH A UNIQUELY DESIGNED PROBE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2005; 36:617-27. [PMID: 17312718 DOI: 10.1638/05-019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroejaculation in rhinoceroses has historically yielded inconsistent results, with the collection of high-quality, sperm-rich samples rare. The goal of this study was to develop a reliable method of electroejaculation in the rhinoceros by designing a rectal probe that appropriately fits the anatomy of this taxon and refining the procedure. A curved probe handle ending in an oblate, ellipsoid head was built using readily available supplies. A combination of rectal massage, penile massage, and electrical stimulation with a specially designed probe was employed in attempts to collect semen on 14 occasions from greater one-horned rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis; n = 4), black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis; n = 2) and a southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum; n = 1). During 13 of the 14 attempts, ejaculates were collected in multiple fractions. All but one of the ejaculates contained spermatozoa, and seven ejaculates contained good-quality fractions of semen (-60% sperm motility; > or =20 x 106 spermatozoa/ml) suitable for sperm banking and assisted reproduction procedures. Mean (+/-SEM) values for volume, pH, osmolality, and total sperm number for ejaculates containing good-quality fractions (98.2 +/-21.8 ml, 8.5+/-0.1, 290.4+/-6.7 mOsm, and 37.1+/-12.0 x 10(9), respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) from those containing only poor-quality samples. Urine and/or erythrocyte contamination was not uncommon in fractions of both ejaculate types. Males producing good-quality samples ranged in age from 7 to 34 yr. None of the samples contained > or =75% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe consistently produced ejaculates in the rhinoceros. However, the production of high-quality samples continued to be challenging, occurring in only 50% of collection attempts. Regardless, the technology has progressed to a stage at which good-quality semen samples can be produced for sperm banking and assisted reproduction, and thereby can be integrated into intensive rhinoceros management strategies for the ultimate survival of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA
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