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Li Q, Cui C, Liao R, Yin X, Wang D, Cheng Y, Huang B, Wang L, Yan M, Zhou J, Zhao J, Tang W, Wang Y, Wang X, Lv J, Li J, Li H, Shu Y. The pathogenesis of common Gjb2 mutations associated with human hereditary deafness in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:148. [PMID: 37178259 PMCID: PMC10182940 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in GJB2 (Gap junction protein beta 2) are the most common genetic cause of non-syndromic hereditary deafness in humans, especially the 35delG and 235delC mutations. Owing to the homozygous lethality of Gjb2 mutations in mice, there are currently no perfect mouse models carrying Gjb2 mutations derived from patients for mimicking human hereditary deafness and for unveiling the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we successfully constructed heterozygous Gjb2+/35delG and Gjb2+/235delC mutant mice through advanced androgenic haploid embryonic stem cell (AG-haESC)-mediated semi-cloning technology, and these mice showed normal hearing at postnatal day (P) 28. A homozygous mutant mouse model, Gjb235delG/35delG, was then generated using enhanced tetraploid embryo complementation, demonstrating that GJB2 plays an indispensable role in mouse placenta development. These mice exhibited profound hearing loss similar to human patients at P14, i.e., soon after the onset of hearing. Mechanistic analyses showed that Gjb2 35delG disrupts the function and formation of intercellular gap junction channels of the cochlea rather than affecting the survival and function of hair cells. Collectively, our study provides ideal mouse models for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of DFNB1A-related hereditary deafness and opens up a new avenue for investigating the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chong Cui
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongyu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xidi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqi Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowei Huang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yan
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinan Zhou
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Lv
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
The system-level identification and analysis of molecular networks in mammals can be accelerated by 'next-generation' genetics, defined as genetics that does not require crossing of multiple generations of animals in order to achieve the desired genetic makeup. We have established a highly efficient procedure for producing knock-in (KI) mice within a single generation, by optimizing the genome-editing protocol for KI embryonic stem (ES) cells and the protocol for the generation of fully ES-cell-derived mice (ES mice). Using this protocol, the production of chimeric mice is eliminated, and, therefore, there is no requirement for the crossing of chimeric mice to produce mice that carry the KI gene in all cells of the body. Our procedure thus shortens the time required to produce KI ES mice from about a year to ∼3 months. Various kinds of KI ES mice can be produced with a minimized amount of work, facilitating the elucidation of organism-level phenomena using a systems biology approach. In this report, we describe the basic technologies and protocols for this procedure, and discuss the current challenges for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology studies.
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Wen B, Li R, Cheng K, Li E, Zhang S, Xiang J, Wang Y, Han J. Tetraploid embryonic stem cells can contribute to the development of chimeric fetuses and chimeric extraembryonic tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3030. [PMID: 28596585 PMCID: PMC5465063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study examined the in vivo chimeric and survival capacities of chimeras created by injecting tetraploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into diploid embryos. At 3.5 days post-coitum (dpc) and 4.5 dpc, the tetraploid ESCs were able to contribute to the inner cell mass (ICM) just as diploid ESCs tagged with GFP. At 6.5 dpc, 8.0 dpc and 10.5 dpc, the tetraploid ESCs manifested in the same location as the diploid ESCs. The GFP cells in the extraembryonic tissues and fetuses of tetraploid ESC chimeras were tetraploid as determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Furthermore, tetraploid ESCs contributed to the development of the placenta, embryolemma and umbilical cord at 13.5 dpc and 16.5 dpc; however, very less GFP cells were found in the fetuses of tetraploid ESC chimeras. We further found that the proliferation of tetraploid ESCs was slower than that of diploid ESCs. In addition, the relative mRNA expression in the three germ layers and the trophoblast was abnormal in the EBs of tetraploid ESCs compared with diploid ESCs. In short, slower proliferation and abnormal differentiation potential of tetraploid ESCs might be two of the reasons for their poor survival and chimeric capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Keren Cheng
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, UTSA one Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Enhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agro biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Abstract
Organism-level systems biology in mammals aims to identify, analyze, control, and design molecular and cellular networks executing various biological functions in mammals. In particular, system-level identification and analysis of molecular and cellular networks can be accelerated by next-generation mammalian genetics. Mammalian genetics without crossing, where all production and phenotyping studies of genome-edited animals are completed within a single generation drastically reduce the time, space, and effort of conducting the systems research. Next-generation mammalian genetics is based on recent technological advancements in genome editing and developmental engineering. The process begins with introduction of double-strand breaks into genomic DNA by using site-specific endonucleases, which results in highly efficient genome editing in mammalian zygotes or embryonic stem cells. By using nuclease-mediated genome editing in zygotes, or ~100% embryonic stem cell-derived mouse technology, whole-body knock-out and knock-in mice can be produced within a single generation. These emerging technologies allow us to produce multiple knock-out or knock-in strains in high-throughput manner. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and related technologies as well as current challenges and future opportunities for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hideki Ukai
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Abstract
Production of the germline-competent chimeras using genetically modified ES cell lines is an essential step in the establishment of novel mouse models. In addition chimeras provide a powerful tool to study the cell lineage and to analyze complex phenotypes of mutant mice. Mouse chimeras with tetraploid embryos are used to rescue extraembryonic defects, to analyze an impact of gene function on specific lineage, to study the interaction between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, and to produce mutant embryos and mice for the phenotype analysis. Tetraploid embryos are generated by the fusion of two blastomeres of the mouse embryo. The applications of tetraploid complementation assay and the protocol are described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gertsenstein
- Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP), Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 3H7,
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Menzorov A, Pristyazhnyuk I, Kizilova H, Yunusova A, Battulin N, Zhelezova A, Golubitsa A, Serov O. Cytogenetic analysis and Dlk1-Dio3 locus epigenetic status of mouse embryonic stem cells during early passages. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:61-71. [PMID: 24969018 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are widely used in early development studies and for transgenic animal production; however, a stable karyotype is a prerequisite for their use. We derived 32 ES cell lines of outbred mice (129 × BALB (1B), C57BL × 1B, and DD × 1B F1 hybrids). Pluripotency was assessed by utilizing stem-cell-marker gene expression, teratoma formation assays and the formation of chimeras. It was shown that only 21 of the 32 ES cell lines had a diploid modal number of chromosomes of 40. In these lines, the percentage of diploid cells varied from 30.3 to 78.9 %, and trisomy of chromosomes 1, 8 and 11 was observed in some cells in 16.7, 36.7 and 20.0 % of the diploid ES cell lines, respectively. Some cells had trisomy of chromosomes 6, 9, 12, 14, 18 and 19. In situ hybridization with an X chromosome paint probe revealed that 7 of the 11 XX-cell lines had X chromosome rearrangements in some cells. Analysis of the methylation status of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus showed that imprinting was altered in 4 of the 18 ES cell lines. Thus, mouse ES cell lines are prone to chromosome abnormalities even at early passages. Therefore, routine cytogenetic and imprinting analyses are necessary for ES cell characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Menzorov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Inna Pristyazhnyuk
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Helen Kizilova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yunusova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman Battulin
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Antonina Zhelezova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleftina Golubitsa
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg Serov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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7
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Lin CJ, Amano T, Zhang J, Chen YE, Tian XC. Acceptance of embryonic stem cells by a wide developmental range of mouse tetraploid embryos. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:177-84. [PMID: 20410454 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.084707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploid (4N) complementation assay is regard as the most stringent characterization test for the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells. The technology can generate mice fully derived from the injected ES cell (ES-4N) with 4N placentas. However, it remains a very inefficient procedure owing to a lack of information on the optimal conditions for ES incorporation into the 4N embryos. In the present study, we injected ES cells from embryos of natural fertilization (fES) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (ntES) into 4N embryos at various stages of development to determine the optimal stage of ES cells integration by comparing the efficiency of full-term ES-4N mouse generation. Our results demonstrate that fES/ntES cells can be incorporated into 4N embryos at 2-cell, 4-cell and blastocyst stages and full-term mice can be generated. Interestingly, ntES cells injected into the 4-cell group resulted in the lowest efficiency (5.6%) compared to the 2-cell (13.8%, P > 0.05) and blastocyst (16.7%, P < 0.05) stages. Because 4N embryos start to form compacted morulae at the 4-cell stage, we investigated whether the lower efficiency at this stage was due to early compaction by injecting ntES cells into artificially de-compacted embryos treated with calcium free medium. Although the treatment changed the embryonic morphology, it did not increase the efficiency of ES-4N mice generation. Immunochemistry of the cytoskeleton displayed microtubule and microfilament polarization at the late 4-cell stage in 4N embryos, which suggests that de-compaction treatment cannot reverse the polarization process. Taken together, we show here that a wide developmental range of 4N embryos can be used for 4N complementation and embryo polarization and compaction may restrict incorporation of ES cells into 4N embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Center for Regenerative Biology, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Carstea AC, Pirity MK, Dinnyes A. Germline competence of mouse ES and iPS cell lines: Chimera technologies and genetic background. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:22-9. [PMID: 21607104 PMCID: PMC3097913 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, gene targeting by homologous recombination continues to play an essential role in the understanding of functional genomics. This strategy allows precise location of the site of transgene integration and is most commonly used to ablate gene expression ("knock-out"), or to introduce mutant or modified alleles at the locus of interest ("knock-in"). The efficacy of producing live, transgenic mice challenges our understanding of this complex process, and of the factors which influence germline competence of embryonic stem cell lines. Increasingly, evidence indicates that culture conditions and in vitro manipulation can affect the germline-competence of Embryonic Stem cell (ES cell) lines by accumulation of chromosome abnormalities and/or epigenetic alterations of the ES cell genome. The effectiveness of ES cell derivation is greatly strain-dependent and it may also influence the germline transmission capability. Recent technical improvements in the production of germline chimeras have been focused on means of generating ES cells lines with a higher germline potential. There are a number of options for generating chimeras from ES cells (ES chimera mice); however, each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology have opened new avenues for generation of animals from genetically modified somatic cells by means of chimera technologies. The aim of this review is to give a brief account of how the factors mentioned above are influencing the germline transmission capacity and the developmental potential of mouse pluripotent stem cell lines. The most recent methods for generating specifically ES and iPS chimera mice, including the advantages and disadvantages of each method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Carstea
- Ana Claudia Carstea, Genetic Reprogramming Group, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent Györgyi A u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllö, Hungary
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9
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Chen Z, Liu Z, Huang J, Amano T, Li C, Cao S, Wu C, Liu B, Zhou L, Carter MG, Keefe DL, Yang X, Liu L. Birth of Parthenote Mice Directly from Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2136-45. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Yang RR, Zhou RY, Gao SM, Wen XH, Li XY. [Methylation of H19 gene in ES mice and embryonic stem cells]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:765-70. [PMID: 18550501 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the methylation status of imprinted gene H19 and the development of mice derived completely from Embryonic stem cells (ES) by tetraploid embryo complementation. The methylation status of two loci at 5'UTR region in imprinted gene H19 in normal adult control mice, 22 adult ES mice, 8 newborn dead ES mice and embryonic stem (ES) cells with different passage number were detected by using of methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease-PCR technique. The results indicated that the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 in adult ES mice were identical to that of adult control mice. However, some significant differences in the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 were found among newborn dead ES mice, adult ES mice and normal adult control mice. Furthermore, the methylation status of the imprinted gene H19 in ES cells were probably different from that of adult ES mice and normal adult control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Cattle & Sheep Embryo Engineering Center of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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11
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Eakin GS, Hadjantonakis AK. Production of chimeras by aggregation of embryonic stem cells with diploid or tetraploid mouse embryos. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:1145-53. [PMID: 17406396 PMCID: PMC2883166 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The production of mouse chimeras is a common step in the establishment of genetically modified animal strains. Chimeras also provide a powerful experimental tool for following cell behavior during both prenatal and postnatal development. This protocol outlines a simple and economical technique for the production of large numbers of mouse chimeras using traditional diploid morula<-->diploid embryonic stem (ES) cell aggregations. Additional steps are included to describe the procedures necessary to produce specialized tetraploid chimeras using tetraploid morula<-->diploid ES cell aggregations. This increasingly popular form of chimera produces embryos of nearly complete ES cell derivation that can be used to speed transgenic production or ask developmental questions. Using this protocol, mouse chimeras can be generated and transferred to pseudopregnant surrogate mothers in a 5-d period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy S Eakin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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12
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Mantel C, Guo Y, Lee MR, Kim MK, Han MK, Shibayama H, Fukuda S, Yoder MC, Pelus LM, Kim KS, Broxmeyer HE. Checkpoint-apoptosis uncoupling in human and mouse embryonic stem cells: a source of karyotpic instability. Blood 2007; 109:4518-27. [PMID: 17289813 PMCID: PMC1885509 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-054247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Karyotypic abnormalities in cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs), especially near-diploid aneuploidy, are potential obstacles to ESC use in regenerative medicine. Events causing chromosomal abnormalities in ESCs may be related to events in tumor cells causing chromosomal instability (CIN) in human disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using multiparametric permeabilized-cell flow cytometric analysis, we found that the mitotic-spindle checkpoint, which helps maintain chromosomal integrity during all cell divisions, functions in human and mouse ESCs, but does not initiate apoptosis as it does in somatic cells. This allows an unusual tolerance to polyploidy resulting from failed mitosis, which is common in rapidly proliferating cell populations and which is reduced to near-diploid aneuploidy, which is also common in human neoplastic disease. Checkpoint activation in ESC-derived early-differentiated cells results in robust apoptosis without polyploidy/aneuploidy similar to that in somatic cells. Thus, the spindle checkpoint is "uncoupled" from apoptosis in ESCs and is a likely source of karyotypic abnormalities. This natural behavior of ESCs to tolerate/survive varying degrees of ploidy change could complicate genome-reprogramming studies and stem-cell plasticity studies, but could also reveal clues about the mechanisms of CIN in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Mantel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and the Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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13
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Li XY, Jia Q, Di KQ, Gao SM, Wen XH, Zhou RY, Wei W, Wang LZ. Passage number affects the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells as judged by tetraploid embryo aggregation. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 327:607-14. [PMID: 17216193 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the number of passages affected the developmental pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells as measured by the attainment of adult fertile mice derived from embryonic stem (ES) cell/tetraploid embryo complementation. Thirty-six newborns were produced by the aggregation of tetraploid embryos and hybrid ES cells after various numbers of passages. These newborns were entirely derived from ES cells as judged by microsatellite DNA, coat-color phenotype, and germline transmission. Although 15 survived to adulthood, 17 died of respiratory failure, and four were eaten by their foster mother. From the 15 mice that reached adulthood and that could reproduce, none arose from ES cells at passage level 15 or more. All 15 arose from cells at passages 3-11. Our results demonstrate that the number of passages affects the developmental pluripotency of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, People's Republic of China.
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