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Suzuki K, Koyama D, Oka Y, Sato Y, Sekine R, Fukatsu M, Hayashi K, Takano M, Hashimoto Y, Ikezoe T. Myeloid sarcoma with plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like proliferation associated with IKZF1, ETV6 and DNMT3A mutations. Int J Hematol 2024:10.1007/s12185-024-03806-z. [PMID: 38861243 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The classification of clonal plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) proliferation associated with myeloid neoplasms remains a topic of ongoing debate. Although the fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification classifies clonal pDC proliferation into two categories, it is unclear whether this classification adequately captures the complexities of clonal pDC pathogenesis. We present a clinical case featuring myeloid sarcoma with pDC-like cells in cervical lymph nodes and bone marrow (BM). Analysis of biopsy specimens and BM aspirate revealed two distinct cellular populations expressing myeloid and pDC markers. One population exhibited myeloid leukemia and monocyte markers, including MPO, CD13, CD33, CD11b, and CD14, while the other manifested an immunophenotype reminiscent of pDCs, characterized by expression of CD56 and CD123. Additionally, whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of BM mononuclear cells were conducted to explore the pathophysiology of this rare malignancy, and unveiled pDC-like cell proliferation driven by IKZF1 and ETV6 mutations originating from clonal hematopoiesis initiated by a DNMT3A mutation. Notably, venetoclax-based therapy exhibited efficacy for achieving and sustaining complete remission. This case provides pivotal insights into the mechanistic aspects of pDC/pDC-like cell proliferation in myeloid sarcoma, offering valuable perspectives on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Suzuki
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Yuka Oka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Rei Sekine
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masahiko Fukatsu
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Hayashi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Motoki Takano
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Daigle N, Duan S, Song H, Lima N, Sontz R, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Wide field-of-view fluorescence imaging for organ-level lineage tracing of rare intestinal stem cell populations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:096004. [PMID: 37711357 PMCID: PMC10499363 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Significance Lineage tracing using fluorescent reporters is a common tool for monitoring the expression of genes and transcription factors in stem cell populations and their progeny. The zinc-binding protein 89 (ZBP-89/Zfp148 mouse gene) is a transcription factor that plays a role in gastrointestinal (GI) stem cell maintenance and cellular differentiation and has been linked to the progression of colon cancer. While lineage tracing is a useful tool, it is commonly performed with high-magnification microscopy on a small field of view within tissue sections, thereby limiting the ability to resolve reporter expression at the organ level. Furthermore, this technique requires extensive tissue processing, which is time consuming and requires euthanizing the animal. Further knowledge could be elucidated by measuring the expression of fluorescent reporters across entire organs with minimal tissue processing. Aim We present the application of wide-field fluorescence imaging for whole-organ lineage tracing of an inducible Zfp148-tdTomato-expressing transgenic mouse line to assess the expression of ZBP-89/Zfp148 in the GI tract. Approach We measured tdTomato fluorescence in ex vivo organs at time points between 24 h and 6 months post-induction. Fluctuations in tdTomato expression were validated by fluorescence microscopy of tissue sections. Results Quantification of the wide field-of-view images showed a statistically significant increase in fluorescent signal across the GI tract between transgenic mice and littermate controls. The results also showed a gradient of decreasing reporter expression from proximal to distal intestine, suggesting a higher abundance of ZBP-89 expressing stem cells, or higher expression of ZBP-89 within the stem cells, in the proximal intestine. Conclusions We demonstrate that wide-field fluorescence imaging is a valuable tool for monitoring whole-organ expression of fluorescent reporters. This technique could potentially be applied in vivo for longitudinal assessment of a single animal, further enhancing our ability to resolve rare stem cell lineages spatially and temporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Daigle
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Suzann Duan
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Heyu Song
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Natzem Lima
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Ricky Sontz
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - Travis W. Sawyer
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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Medina S, Ihrie RA, Irish JM. Learning cell identity in immunology, neuroscience, and cancer. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:3-16. [PMID: 36534139 PMCID: PMC9762661 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Suspension and imaging cytometry techniques that simultaneously measure hundreds of cellular features are powering a new era of cell biology and transforming our understanding of human tissues and tumors. However, a central challenge remains in learning the identities of unexpected or novel cell types. Cell identification rubrics that could assist trainees, whether human or machine, are not always rigorously defined, vary greatly by field, and differentially rely on cell intrinsic measurements, cell extrinsic tissue measurements, or external contextual information such as clinical outcomes. This challenge is especially acute in the context of tumors, where cells aberrantly express developmental programs that are normally time, location, or cell-type restricted. Well-established fields have contrasting practices for cell identity that have emerged from convention and convenience as much as design. For example, early immunology focused on identifying minimal sets of protein features that mark individual, functionally distinct cells. In neuroscience, features including morphology, development, and anatomical location were typical starting points for defining cell types. Both immunology and neuroscience now aim to link standardized measurements of protein or RNA to informative cell functions such as electrophysiology, connectivity, lineage potential, phospho-protein signaling, cell suppression, and tumor cell killing ability. The expansion of automated, machine-driven methods for learning cell identity has further created an urgent need for a harmonized framework for distinguishing cell identity across fields and technology platforms. Here, we compare practices in the fields of immunology and neuroscience, highlight concepts from each that might work well in the other, and propose ways to implement these ideas to study neural and immune cell interactions in brain tumors and associated model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Medina
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ihrie
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Jonathan M. Irish
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Tang Y, Tian X, Xu Z, Cai J, Liu H, Liu N, Chen Z, Chen S, Liu F. Induced lineage promiscuity undermines the efficiency of all-trans-retinoid-acid-induced differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia. iScience 2021; 24:102410. [PMID: 33997692 PMCID: PMC8099557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) can induce terminal differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), also known as the M3 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, non-APL types of AML respond poorly to ATRA-induced differentiation, and the mechanism underlying cell-type-specific resistance against ATRA remains unclear. Here, we use single-cell transcriptome analysis to compare the differentiation trajectories of two AML cell types during ATRA treatment. We show that in NB4 (APL/AML-M3) cells, ATRA activates canonical myeloid lineage factors—including SPI1, CEBPE, and STAT1—to direct near-normal differentiation toward mature granulocytes. By contrast, in HL60 (AML-M2) cells, ATRA-induced differentiation is incomplete and promiscuous, which is characterized by coinduction of both myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis gene expression programs, as well as transient activation of cis-regulatory elements associated with myeloid differentiation. Our study suggests that the differentiation inducing capacity of ATRA in certain subtypes of AML may be compromised by therapy-induced lineage promiscuity. Single-cell analysis of ATRA-induced differentiation in two AML cell types In AML-M3/APL cells, ATRA induces a near normal trajectory of granulopoiesis In AML-M2 cells, ATRA induces incomplete differentiation and lineage promiscuity ATRA-induced lineage promiscuity involves transient cis-regulatory reprogramming
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junke Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Han Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Lunger I, Fawaz M, Rieger MA. Single-cell analyses to reveal hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2195-2212. [PMID: 28600837 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best studied adult stem cells with enormous clinical value. Most of our knowledge about their biology relies on assays at the single HSC level. However, only the recent advances in developing new single cell technologies allowed the elucidation of the complex regulation of HSC fate decision control. This Review will focus on current attempts to investigate individual HSCs at molecular and functional levels. The advantages of these technologies leading to groundbreaking insights into hematopoiesis will be highlighted, and the challenges facing these technologies will be discussed. The importance of combining molecular and functional assays to enlighten regulatory networks of HSC fate decision control, ideally at high temporal resolution, becomes apparent for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lunger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malak Fawaz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Adamaki M, Vlahopoulos S, Lambrou GI, Papavassiliou AG, Moschovi M. Aberrant AML1 gene expression in the diagnosis of childhood leukemias not characterized by AML1-involved cytogenetic abnormalities. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694308. [PMID: 28349830 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The AML1 ( acute myeloid leukemia 1) gene, a necessary prerequisite of embryonic hematopoiesis and a critical regulator of normal hematopoietic development, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human leukemia, involving over 50 chromosome translocations and over 20 partner genes. In the few existing studies investigating AML1 gene expression in childhood leukemias, aberrant upregulation seems to specifically associate with AML1 translocations and amplifications. The aim of this study was to determine whether overexpression also extends to other leukemic subtypes than the ones karyotypically involving AML1. We use quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction methodology to investigate gene expression in 100 children with acute leukemias and compare them to those of healthy controls. We show that in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, AML1 gene overexpression is associated with a variety of leukemic subtypes, both immunophenotypically and cytogenetically. Statistically significantly higher transcripts of the gene were detected in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia group as compared to the acute myeloid leukemia group, where AML1 overexpression appeared to associate with cytogenetic abnormalities additional to those that engage the AML1 gene, or that are reported as showing a "normal" karyotype. Collectively, our study shows that AML1 gene overexpression characterizes a broader range of leukemic subtypes than previously thought, including various maturation stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cytogenetic types additional to those involving the AML1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adamaki
- 1 Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- 1 Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George I Lambrou
- 1 Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Moschovi
- 1 Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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7
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Mora-Velandia LM, Castro-Escamilla O, Méndez AG, Aguilar-Flores C, Velázquez-Avila M, Tussié-Luna MI, Téllez-Sosa J, Maldonado-García C, Jurado-Santacruz F, Ferat-Osorio E, Martínez-Barnetche J, Pelayo R, Bonifaz LC. A Human Lin - CD123 + CD127 low Population Endowed with ILC Features and Migratory Capabilities Contributes to Immunopathological Hallmarks of Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 28303135 PMCID: PMC5332395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are members of a heterogeneous family with a lymphoid origin that mimics the T helper (Th) cytokine profile. ILC are involved in early effector cytokine-mediated responses during infections in peripheral tissues. ILC also play an important role in chronic skin inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis. Although classical ILC express CD127, it has been recently reported that the presence of non-classical CD127- ILC populations and an early ILC precursor (EILP) CD127low. ILC development has predominately been investigated in mouse models. However, in humans, different transcription factors have been described for ILC identification. NFIL3 (nuclear factor, IL-3 regulated) is crucial for ILC development in response to IL-7. CD123 (IL-3Rα) is usually used to exclude basophils during ILC identification, however, it is unknown if in response to IL-3, NFIL3 could be relevant to induce ILC features in Lin- CD123+ populations in addition, is also unknown whether peripheral blood (PB) population with ILC features may have skin-homing potential to participate in skin inflammatory chronic diseases. Here, we report a Lin- CD123+ CD127low CD7+ CLA+ population that share some phenotypic properties with basophils, but expresses several transcription factors for ILC commitment such as inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2), NFIL3, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), thymocyte selection-associated high-mobility group box protein (TOX), and T cell factor-1 (TCF-1). In addition, this population expresses different ILC markers: CD132, CD90, CD161, α4 integrin, c-Kit, CRTH2, AhR, and IL-23R. IL-3 prevents apoptosis and increases their NFIL3, TOX, and PLZF expression. In PB, the CD123+ CD127low population is predominantly a conspicuous population that expresses T-bet and RORγt. The Lin- CD123+ CD127low population in PB has a limited Th type cytokine expression and highly expresses IL-8. The Lin- CD123+ CD127low population expresses skin-homing receptors (cutaneous lymphocyte antigen and CXCR4) and transmigrates through endothelial cells in response to SDF-1. An equivalent Lin- CD123low population was identified in control skin, which shows a broader phenotypic diversity and cytokine production, including IL-22 and IL-17. Remarkably, the CD123low population in the lesion and non-lesion skin of psoriasis patients expresses IL-17 and IL-22. Our findings suggest the identification of an alternative Lin- CD123+ CD127low population with ILC features endowed with migratory capabilities that might contribute to immunopathological hallmarks of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Mora-Velandia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Castro-Escamilla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés González Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Cristina Aguilar-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Martha Velázquez-Avila
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI' , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - María Isabel Tussié-Luna
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Téllez-Sosa
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca, Morelos , Mexico
| | - César Maldonado-García
- Centro Dermatológico "Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua", Secretaria de Salud de la Ciudad de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fermín Jurado-Santacruz
- Centro Dermatológico "Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua", Secretaria de Salud de la Ciudad de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ferat-Osorio
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Jesus Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca, Morelos , Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI' , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Mexico City , Mexico
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Hematopoietic stem cells: concepts, definitions, and the new reality. Blood 2015; 125:2605-13. [PMID: 25762175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) research took hold in the 1950s with the demonstration that intravenously injected bone marrow cells can rescue irradiated mice from lethality by reestablishing blood cell production. Attempts to quantify the cells responsible led to the discovery of serially transplantable, donor-derived, macroscopic, multilineage colonies detectable on the spleen surface 1 to 2 weeks posttransplant. The concept of self-renewing multipotent HSCs was born, but accompanied by perplexing evidence of great variability in the outcomes of HSC self-renewal divisions. The next 60 years saw an explosion in the development and use of more refined tools for assessing the behavior of prospectively purified subsets of hematopoietic cells with blood cell-producing capacity. These developments have led to the formulation of increasingly complex hierarchical models of hematopoiesis and a growing list of intrinsic and extrinsic elements that regulate HSC cycling status, viability, self-renewal, and lineage outputs. More recent examination of these properties in individual, highly purified HSCs and analyses of their perpetuation in clonally generated progeny HSCs have now provided definitive evidence of linearly transmitted heterogeneity in HSC states. These results anticipate the need and use of emerging new technologies to establish models that will accommodate such pluralistic features of HSCs and their control mechanisms.
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Inappropriate gene expression in human cancer and its far-reaching biological and clinical significance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:21-39. [PMID: 22138779 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of the field of inappropriate gene expression in many organisms across the animal and plant kingdoms as well as its importance to human disease in general and cancer in particular. Study of the topic is especially important for understanding how the chaotic maelstrom of evolving and cascading regulatory genetic interactions in an advancing cancer produces its clinical effects and for designing pragmatic solutions to how such disorder might eventually be tamed. It is emphasized that the topic warrants much more attention in research and in clinical practice because of the added value it brings to refining cancer diagnosis and treatment and to the assessment of prognostic markers. It is also particularly relevant to understanding the etiology and extensive clinical manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes affecting multiple organs remote from the tumor and the treatment or amelioration of the substantial morbidity that they cause in cancer patients. More broadly, inappropriate expression can be caused by a number of mechanisms including mutations, rearrangements of the genome, and viral insertions and, under prolonged selection pressures, also has the potential to be an agent of evolutionary change.
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Functionally distinct hematopoietic stem cells modulate hematopoietic lineage potential during aging by a mechanism of clonal expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5465-70. [PMID: 20304793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000834107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment is believed to contribute to the onset of a variety of age-dependent blood cell pathophysiologies. Mechanistic drivers of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging include DNA damage accumulation and induction of tumor suppressor pathways that combine to reduce the regenerative capacity of aged HSCs. Such mechanisms do not however account for the change in lymphoid and myeloid lineage potential characteristic of HSC aging, which is believed to be central to the decline of immune competence and predisposition to myelogenous diseases in the elderly. Here we have prospectively isolated functionally distinct HSC clonal subtypes, based on cell surface phenotype, bearing intrinsically different capacities to differentiate toward lymphoid and myeloid effector cells mediated by quantitative differences in lineage priming. Finally, we present data supporting a model in which clonal expansion of a class of intrinsically myeloid-biased HSCs with robust self-renewal potential is a central component of hematopoietic aging.
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Galderisi U, Helmbold H, Squillaro T, Alessio N, Komm N, Khadang B, Cipollaro M, Bohn W, Giordano A. In vitro senescence of rat mesenchymal stem cells is accompanied by downregulation of stemness-related and DNA damage repair genes. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1033-42. [PMID: 19099372 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of particular interest because they are being tested using cell and gene therapies for a number of human diseases. MSCs represent a rare population in tissues. Therefore, it is essential to grow MSCs in vitro before putting them into therapeutic use. This is compromised by senescence, limiting the proliferative capacity of MSCs. We analyzed the in vitro senescence of rat MSCs, because this animal is a widespread model for preclinical cell therapy studies. After initial expansion, MSCs showed an increased growth doubling time, lost telomerase activity, and expressed senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. Senescence was accompanied by downregulation of several genes involved in stem cell self-renewal. Of interest, several genes involved in DNA repair also showed a significant downregulation. Entry into senescence occurred with characteristic changes in Retinoblastoma (RB) expression patterns. Rb1 and p107 genes expression decreased during in vitro cultivation. In contrast, pRb2/p130 became the prominent RB protein. This suggests that RB2/P130 could be a marker of senescence or that it even plays a role in triggering the process in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples 80138, Italy.
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Säynäjäkangas R, Uchida T, Vainio O. Differential Gene Expression in CD45+Cells at Para-aortic Foci Stage of Chicken Haematopoiesis. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:288-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Halley JD, Burden FR, Winkler DA. Stem cell decision making and critical-like exploratory networks. Stem Cell Res 2009; 2:165-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Chang EJ, Ha J, Huang H, Kim HJ, Woo JH, Lee Y, Lee ZH, Kim JH, Kim HH. The JNK-dependent CaMK pathway restrains the reversion of committed cells during osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2555-64. [PMID: 18650497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.028217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis involves the commitment of macrophage-lineage precursors to tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) mononuclear pre-osteoclasts (pOCs) and subsequent fusion of pOCs to form multinuclear mature osteoclasts. Despite many studies on osteoclast differentiation, little is known about the signaling mechanisms that specifically mediate the osteoclastic commitment. In this study, we found that inhibition of JNK at the pOC stage provoked reversion of TRAP(+) cells to TRAP(-) cells. The conversion to TRAP(-) cells occurred with concomitant return to the state with higher expression of macrophage antigens, and greater activity of phagocytosis and dendritic-differentiation potential. JNK inhibition at the pOC stage reduced NFATc1 and CaMK levels, and addition of active NFATc1 partially rescued the effect of JNK inhibition. In addition, the level of NFATc1 was decreased by knockdown of CaMK by RNAi and by catalytic inhibition of CaMK, which both caused the reversion of pOCs to macrophages. These data suggest that JNK activity is specifically required for maintaining the committed status during osteoclastogenesis and that the CaMK-NFATc1 pathway is the key element in that specific role of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, and DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Dykstra B, Kent D, Bowie M, McCaffrey L, Hamilton M, Lyons K, Lee SJ, Brinkman R, Eaves C. Long-term propagation of distinct hematopoietic differentiation programs in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:218-29. [PMID: 18371352 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the differentiation behavior of hematopoietic stem cells is well documented but poorly understood. To investigate this question at a clonal level, we isolated a subpopulation of adult mouse bone marrow that is highly enriched for multilineage in vivo repopulating cells and transplanted these as single cells, or their short-term clonal progeny generated in vitro, into 352 recipients. Of the mice, 93 showed a donor-derived contribution to the circulating white blood cells for at least 4 months in one of four distinct patterns. Serial transplantation experiments indicated that two of the patterns were associated with extensive self-renewal of the original cell transplanted. However, within 4 days in vitro, the repopulation patterns subsequently obtained in vivo shifted in a clone-specific fashion to those with less myeloid contribution. Thus, primitive hematopoietic cells can maintain distinct repopulation properties upon serial transplantation in vivo, although these properties can also alter rapidly in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Dykstra
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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17
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The role of the chromatin remodeler Mi-2beta in hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Genes Dev 2008; 22:1174-89. [PMID: 18451107 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1642808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of somatic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into downstream lineages is dependent on specialized chromatin environments that keep stem cell-specific genes active and key differentiation factors repressed but poised for activation. The epigenetic factors that provide this type of regulation remain ill-defined. Here we provide the first evidence that the SNF2-like ATPase Mi-2beta of the Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase (NuRD) complex is required for maintenance of and multilineage differentiation in the early hematopoietic hierarchy. Shortly after conditional inactivation of Mi-2beta, there is an increase in cycling and a decrease in quiescence in an HSC (hematopoietic stem cell)-enriched bone marrow population. These cycling mutant cells readily differentiate into the erythroid lineage but not into the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Together, these effects result in an initial expansion of mutant HSC and erythroid progenitors that are later depleted as more differentiated proerythroblasts accumulate at hematopoietic sites exhibiting features of erythroid leukemia. Examination of gene expression in the mutant HSC reveals changes in the expression of genes associated with self-renewal and lineage priming and a pivotal role of Mi-2beta in their regulation. Thus, Mi-2beta provides the hematopoietic system with immune cell capabilities as well as with an extensive regenerative capacity.
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18
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Ackerman SJ, Bochner BS. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:357-75. [PMID: 17868854 PMCID: PMC2064859 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased numbers of activated eosinophils in the blood and tissues that typically accompany hypereosinophilic disorders result from a variety of mechanisms. Exciting advances in translating discoveries achieved from mouse models and molecular strategies to the clinic have led to a flurry of new therapeutics specifically designed to target eosinophil-associated diseases. So far, this form of hypothesis testing in humans in vivo through pharmacology generally has supported the paradigms generated in vitro and in animal models, raising hopes that a spectrum of novel therapies soon may become available to help those who have eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Ackerman
- Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Professor or Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Abstract
The activity of the transcription factor paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is essential for many aspects of B lymphopoiesis including the initial commitment to the lineage, immunoglobulin rearrangement, pre-B cell receptor signalling and maintaining cell identity in mature B cells. Deregulated or reduced Pax5 activity has also been implicated in B-cell malignancies both in human disease and mouse models. Candidate gene approaches and biochemical analysis have revealed that Pax5 regulates B lymphopoiesis by concurrently activating B cell-specific gene expression as well as repressing the expression of genes, many of which are associated with non-B cell lineages. These studies have been recently complemented with more exhaustive microarray studies, which have identified and validated a large panel of Pax5 target genes. These target genes reveal a gene regulatory network, with Pax5 at its centre that controls the B-cell gene expression programme.
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20
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Kwak JY, Cho S, Spangrude GJ. Gradients of antigen expression and developmental potential in hematopoiesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1106:82-8. [PMID: 17395732 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1392.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prospective isolation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell subsets depends upon the premise that expression of combinations of surface antigens reflects developmental potential. During the process of differentiation, however, the loss of antigens associated with stem cells and the concomitant gain of those associated with progenitor cells often occurs as a continuum rather than by discrete binary steps. Coupled with the fact that assay conditions can profoundly influence the developmental fates of prospectively isolated cells, gradients of antigen expression during differentiation have led to a variety of interpretations of lineage commitment in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yong Kwak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-712, Korea
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21
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Tao W, Evans BG, Yao J, Cooper S, Cornetta K, Ballas CB, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE. Enhanced green fluorescent protein is a nearly ideal long-term expression tracer for hematopoietic stem cells, whereas DsRed-express fluorescent protein is not. Stem Cells 2006; 25:670-8. [PMID: 17138958 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Validated gene transfer and expression tracers are essential for elucidating functions of mammalian genes. Here, we have determined the suitability and unintended side effects of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and DsRed-Express fluorescent protein as expression tracers in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Retrovirally transduced mouse bone marrow cells expressing either EGFP or DsRed-Express in single or mixed dual-color cell populations were clearly discerned by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The results from in vivo competitive repopulation assays demonstrated that EGFP-expressing HSCs were maintained nearly throughout the lifespan of the transplanted mice and retained long-term multilineage repopulating potential. All mice assessed at 15 months post-transplantation were EGFP positive, and, on average, 24% total peripheral white blood cells expressed EGFP. Most EGFP-expressing recipient mice lived at least 22 months. In contrast, Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-expressing donor cells dramatically declined in transplant-recipient mice over time, particularly in the competitive setting, in which mixed EGFP- and DsRed-expressing cells were cotransplanted. Moreover, under in vitro culture condition favoring preservation of HSCs, purified EGFP-expressing cells grew robustly, whereas DsRed-expressing cells did not. Therefore, EGFP has no detectable deteriorative effects on HSCs, and is nearly an ideal long-term expression tracer for hematopoietic cells; however, DsRed-Express fluorescent protein is not suitable for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Room 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Positive feedback is a ubiquitous feature of networks that establish and maintain cellular decisions. In this issue of Cell, Laslo et al. (2006) demonstrate how a feedback loop comprised of two mutual repressors regulates the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into either macrophages or neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Muzzey
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
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