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Hossain MI, Saleh NUA, Numan A, Hossain MM, Uddin MA, Hossain MS. Bombyx mori as a model for Niallia circulans pathogenicity. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:18-25. [PMID: 36843035 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing incidences of resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide concern and isolation of antibiotic-resistant strains of Niallia circulans (formerly known as Bacillus circulans), an opportunistic human pathogen, has been reported. Due to their lack of ethical constraints as well as their cost-effective rearing, invertebrates have been commonly used to study infection by bacteria pathogenic to humans. In this study, we demonstrate that a foodborne strain of N. circulans kills larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori within 48 h after hemolymph injection. The infected larvae turned black with an increase in the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph. Midgut injection of N. circulans resulted in the killing of larvae within 96 h. A significant increase in bacterial load was observed in the hemolymph 12 h after infection. The viable hemocyte number decreased to 48% within 12 h of injection. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that upon hemolymph infection with N. circulans the expression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, Bmdefensin-B and Bmgloverin-3, were upregulated 2.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively, whereas 1.6-fold upregulation was observed for BmToll-2 in the larval fat body. Therapeutic effects of antibiotics like tetracycline, imipenem, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and clindamycin were observed against N. circulans in the Bombyx larvae with varying efficacies. Results from this study suggest that larvae of B. mori can be used as infection models for screening therapeutics that are effective against N. circulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ismail Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat U A Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al Numan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahtab Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Aftab Uddin
- Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Muktadir S Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Tsubota T, Sakai H, Sezutsu H. Genome Editing of Silkworms. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2637:359-374. [PMID: 36773160 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3016-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm is a lepidopteran insect that has been used as a model for a wide variety of biological studies. The microinjection technique is available, and it is possible to cause transgenesis as well as target gene disruption via the genome editing technique. TALEN-mediated knockout is especially effective in this species. We also succeeded in the precise and efficient integration of a donor vector using the precise integration into target chromosome (PITCh) method. Here we describe protocols for ZFN (zinc finger nuclease)-, TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease)-, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing as well as the PITCh technique in the silkworm. We consider that all of these techniques can contribute to the further promotion of various biological studies in the silkworm and other insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsubota
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Osanai-Futahashi M, Uchino K, Tamura T, Sezutsu H. The red egg gene as a novel effective egg color marker for silkworm transgenesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 143:103728. [PMID: 35085769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are major pigments involved in coloration of eggs, eyes, and epidermis of arthropods. The recessive homozygous of egg and eye color mutant of Bombyx mori, red egg (re), exhibits red eggs and dark red eyes instead of normal purplish-brown eggs and black eyes, due to a defect in ommochrome pigment synthesis. The gene responsible for the re mutant is a major facilitator superfamily transporter gene, Bm-re. Here, we demonstrate that the re phenotype can be effectively rescued by an intact Bm-re gene driven by the Bombyx Actin A3 promoter or the baculovirus Immediate Early 1 promoter, indicating that the Bm-re gene can be used as a marker gene for visual screening of transgenic silkworms. The coloration of eggs rescued by the Bm-re transgene could be distinguished from that of host mutant eggs from diapausing period through head pigmentation stage. This allows transgenic screening at earlier embryonic stages and over a longer time period compared to conventional 3xP3 fluorescent markers, without requiring the skill and equipment to detect stemmata fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osanai-Futahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan; Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Silk Science and Technology Research Institute, 1053, Iikura, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0324, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
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4
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Samantsidis GR, Denecke S, Swevers L, Skavdis G, Geibel S, Vontas J. Identification of Helicoverpa armigera promoters for biotechnological applications. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 142:103725. [PMID: 35093501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea are highly polyphagous major agricultural pests with a global distribution. Their control is based on insecticides, however, new, effective, and environmentally friendly control tools are required to be developed and validated. In an effort to facilitate the development of advanced biotechnological tools in these species that will take advantage of new powerful molecular biology techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, we used available transcriptomic data and literature resources, in order to identify RNA polymerase II and III promoters active in RP-HzGUT-AW1(MG), a midgut derived cell line from Helicoverpa zea. Following functional analysis in insect cell lines, four RNA polymerase II promoters from the genes HaLabial, HaTsp-2A, HaPtx-I and HaCaudal were found to exhibit high transcriptional activity in vitro. The HaTsp-2A promoter did not exhibit any activity in the non-midgut derived cell lines Sf-9 and Hi-5 despite high sequence conservation among Lepidoptera, suggesting that it may function in a gut specific manner. Furthermore, considering the utility of RNA polymerase III U6 promoters in methodologies such as RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9, we identified and evaluated four different U6 promoters of H. armigera. In vitro experiments based on luciferase and GFP reporter assays, as well as in vivo experiments targeting an essential gene of Helicoverpa, indicate that these U6 promoters are functional and can be used to experimentally silence or knockout target genes through the expression of shRNAs and sgRNAs respectively. Taking our findings together, we provide a set of promoters useful for the genetic manipulation of Helicoverpa species, that can be used in various applications in the context of agricultural biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George-Rafael Samantsidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Shane Denecke
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - George Skavdis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Sven Geibel
- R&D Pest Control, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Monheim, Germany
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece; Pesticide Science Lab, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
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Hirota K, Matsuda-Imai N, Kiuchi T, Katsuma S. Characterization of nuclear localization signal in Ostrinia furnacalis Masculinizer protein. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21768. [PMID: 33644912 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori Masculinizer protein (BmMasc) is essential for both masculinization and dosage compensation in B. mori. We previously identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) of BmMasc and two essential residues (lysine at 274 [K274] and arginine at 275 [R275]) implicated in its function. Sequence comparison showed the presence of putative NLSs in lepidopteran Masc proteins, but their functional properties and critical residues are unknown. Here we characterized a putative NLS of Ostrinia furnacalis Masc (OfMasc) using B. mori ovary-derived BmN-4 cell line. Deletion and alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed that a putative NLS is required for nuclear localization of OfMasc. However, mutations at both K227 and R228, which correspond to K274 and R275 of BmMasc, respectively, do not greatly abolish the NLS activity. Additional mutagenesis analysis revealed that triple mutations at K227, R228, and K240 almost completely inhibited OfMasc nuclear localization. These results suggest that lepidopteran Masc proteins possess a common functional NLS, but the critical residues for its activity are different. Moreover, we examined the masculinizing activity of OfMasc derivatives and found that nuclear localization is not required for the masculinizing activity of OfMasc. The results from our studies indicate that lepidopteran Masc proteins function in the cytoplasm to drive masculinizing cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Hirota
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Matsuda-Imai
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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A defective prostaglandin E synthase could affect egg formation in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:347-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Xu J, Chen RM, Chen SQ, Chen K, Tang LM, Yang DH, Yang X, Zhang Y, Song HS, Huang YP. Identification of a germline-expression promoter for genome editing in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:991-999. [PMID: 30549429 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of stage- and tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements will enable more precise genomic editing. In previous studies of the silkworm Bombyx mori, we identified and characterized several tissue- and sex-specific cis-regulatory elements using transgenic technology, including a female- and fat body-specific promoter, vitellogenin, testis-specific promoters, Radial spoke head 1 (BmR1) and beta-tubulin 4 (Bmβ4). Here we report a cis-regulatory element specific for a somatic and germ cell-expressed promoter, nanos (Bmnos). We investigated activities of three truncated promoter sequences upstream of the transcriptional initiation site sequences of Bmnos in vitro (nos-0.6kb, nos-1kb and nos-2kb) and in vivo (nos-2kb). In BmN cultured cells, all three lengths drove expression of the gene encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), although nos-2kb had the highest fluorescence activity. In transgenic silkworms, nos-2kb drove EGFP expression at the early embryonic stage, and fluorescence was concentrated in the gonads at later embryonic stages. In addition, this cis-regulatory element was not sex differentiated. The fluorescence intensity gradually weakened following the larval developmental stage in the gonads and were broadly expressed in the whole body. The nos-2kb promoter drove the Cas9 system with efficiency comparable to that of the broad-spectrum strong IE1 promoter. These results indicate that Bmnos is an effective endogenous cis-regulatory element in the early embryo and in the gonad that can be used in applications involving the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Mei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Meng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Hong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Suzuki TK, Koshikawa S, Kobayashi I, Uchino K, Sezutsu H. Modular cis-regulatory logic of yellow gene expression in silkmoth larvae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:568-577. [PMID: 30737958 PMCID: PMC6849593 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Colour patterns in butterflies and moths are crucial traits for adaptation. Previous investigations have highlighted genes responsible for pigmentation (ie yellow and ebony). However, the mechanisms by which these genes are regulated in lepidopteran insects remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, molecular studies involving dipterans have largely analysed the cis-regulatory regions of pigmentation genes and have revealed cis-regulatory modularity. Here, we used well-developed transgenic techniques in Bombyx mori and demonstrated that cis-regulatory modularity controls tissue-specific expression of the yellow gene. We first identified which body parts are regulated by the yellow gene via black pigmentation. We then isolated three discrete regulatory elements driving tissue-specific gene expression in three regions of B. mori larvae. Finally, we found that there is no apparent sequence conservation of cis-regulatory regions between B. mori and Drosophila melanogaster, and no expression driven by the regulatory regions of one species when introduced into the other species. Therefore, the trans-regulatory landscapes of the yellow gene differ significantly between the two taxa. The results of this study confirm that lepidopteran species use cis-regulatory modules to control gene expression related to pigmentation, and represent a powerful cadre of transgenic tools for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Suzuki
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - S. Koshikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporo060‐0810Japan
| | - I. Kobayashi
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - K. Uchino
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - H. Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Identification of a novel strong promoter from the anhydrobiotic midge, Polypedilum vanderplanki, with conserved function in various insect cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7004. [PMID: 31065019 PMCID: PMC6504868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the African midge Polypedilum vanderplanki (Diptera: Chironomidae) show a form of extreme desiccation tolerance known as anhydrobiosis. The cell line Pv11 was recently established from the species, and these cells can also survive under desiccated conditions, and proliferate normally after rehydration. Here we report the identification of a new promoter, 121, which has strong constitutive transcriptional activity in Pv11 cells and promotes effective expression of exogenous genes. Using a luciferase reporter assay, this strong transcriptional activity was shown to be conserved in cell lines from various insect species, including S2 (Drosophila melanogaster, Diptera), SaPe-4 (Sarcophaga peregrina, Diptera), Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera) and Tc81 (Tribolium castaneum, Coleoptera) cells. In conjunction with an appropriate selection maker gene, the 121 promoter was able to confer zeocin resistance on SaPe-4 cells and allowed the establishment of stable SaPe-4 cell lines expressing the fluorescent protein AcGFP1; this is the first report of heterologous gene expression in this cell line. These results show the 121 promoter to be a versatile tool for exogenous gene expression in a wide range of insect cell lines, particularly useful to those from non-model insect species.
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10
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Zhang L, Qin LN, Zeng ZR, Wu CZ, Gong YY, Liu LH, Cao FQ. Molecular identification of a root apical cell-specific and stress-responsive enhancer from an Arabidopsis enhancer trap line. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:8. [PMID: 30733820 PMCID: PMC6354418 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant root apex is the major part to direct the root growth and development by responding to various signals/cues from internal and soil environments. To study and understand root system biology particularly at a molecular and cellular level, an Arabidopsis T-DNA insertional enhancer trap line J3411 expressing reporters (GFP) only in the root tip was adopted in this study to isolate a DNA fragment. RESULTS Using nested PCR, DNA sequencing and sequence homology search, the T-DNA insertion site(s) and its flanking genes were characterised in J3411 line. Subsequently, a 2000 bp plant DNA-fragment (Ertip1) upstream of the insert position of the coding T-DNA was in silico analysed, revealing certain putative promoter/enhancer cis-regulatory elements. Cloning and transformation of this DNA fragment and its truncated segments tagged with or without 35S minimal promoter (35Smini), all of which were fused with a GFP or GUS reporter, allowed to detect GFP and GUS expression mediated only by Ertip1 + 35mini (PErtip1+35Smini) specifically in the Arabidopsis root tip region. The PErtip1+35Smini activity was further tested to be strong and stable under many different growth conditions but suppressed by cold, salt, alkaline pH and higher ammonium and phosphorus. CONCLUSION This work describes a promising strategy to isolate a tissue-/cell-specific enhancer sequence from the enhancer trap lines, which are publically available. The reported synthetic promoter i.e. PErtip1+35Smini may provide a valuable and potent molecular-tool for comprehensive investigation of a gene function related to root growth and development as well as molecular engineering of root-architectural formation aiming to improve plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Li-Na Qin
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Zhaoyuan Agricultural Technology Extension Centre, Zhaoyuan, 265400 Shandong China
| | - Zi-Rui Zeng
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chang-Zheng Wu
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuan-Yong Gong
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- 3Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, The Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Lai-Hua Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Feng-Qiu Cao
- 4Shanghai Centre for Plant Stress Biology of Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602 China
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Yamamoto K, Higashiura A, Hirowatari A, Yamada N, Tsubota T, Sezutsu H, Nakagawa A. Characterisation of a diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm Bombyx mori by X-ray crystallography and genome editing analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16835. [PMID: 30443011 PMCID: PMC6237972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found an unclassified glutathione S-transferase 2 (bmGSTu2) in the silkworm Bombyx mori that conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and also metabolises diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide. Here, we provide a structural and genome-editing characterisation of the diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in B. mori. The structure of bmGSTu2 was determined at 1.68 Å by X-ray crystallography. Mutation of putative amino acid residues in the substrate-binding site showed that Pro13, Tyr107, Ile118, Phe119, and Phe211 are crucial for enzymatic function. bmGSTu2 gene disruption resulted in a decrease in median lethal dose values to an organophosphate insecticide and a decrease in acetylcholine levels in silkworms. Taken together, these results indicate that bmGSTu2 could metabolise an organophosphate insecticide. Thus, this study provides insights into the physiological role of bmGSTu2 in silkworms, detoxification of organophosphate insecticides, and drug targets for the development of a novel insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Aiko Hirowatari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubota
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Reid W, Pilitt K, Alford R, Cervantes-Medina A, Yu H, Aluvihare C, Harrell R, O'Brochta DA. An Anopheles stephensi Promoter-Trap: Augmenting Genome Annotation and Functional Genomics. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:3119-3130. [PMID: 30135106 PMCID: PMC6169391 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The piggyBac transposon was modified to generate gene trap constructs, which were then incorporated into the genome of the Asian malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi and remobilized through genetic crosses using a piggyBac transposase expressing line. A total of 620 remobilization events were documented, and 73 were further characterized at the DNA level to identify patterns in insertion site preferences, remobilization frequencies, and remobilization patterns. Overall, the use of the tetameric AmCyan reporter as the fusion peptide displayed a preference for insertion into the 5'-end of transcripts. Notably 183 - 44882 bp upstream of the An. stephensi v1.0 ab initio gene models, which demonstrated that the promoter regions for the genes of An. stephensi are further upstream of the 5'-proximal regions of the genes in the ab inito models than may be otherwise predicted. RNA-Seq transcript coverage supported the insertion of the splice acceptor gene trap element into 5'-UTR introns for nearly half of all insertions identified. The use of a gene trap element that prefers insertion into the 5'-end of genes supports the use of this technology for the random generation of knock-out mutants, as well as the experimental confirmation of 5'-UTR introns in An. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Reid
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - Kristina Pilitt
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - Robert Alford
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
- Insect Transformation Facility, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - Adriana Cervantes-Medina
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, East Street Huan-Lan, Xinxiang City, Henan Province 453003, CHINA
| | - Channa Aluvihare
- Insect Transformation Facility, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - Rob Harrell
- Insect Transformation Facility, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
| | - David A O'Brochta
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3467
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland College Park, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742-4454
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13
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Xu H, O'Brochta DA. Advanced technologies for genetically manipulating the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model Lepidopteran insect. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0487. [PMID: 26108630 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic technologies based on transposon-mediated transgenesis along with several recently developed genome-editing technologies have become the preferred methods of choice for genetically manipulating many organisms. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a Lepidopteran insect of great economic importance because of its use in silk production and because it is a valuable model insect that has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of insects, including many agricultural pests. In the past 10 years, great advances have been achieved in the development of genetic technologies in B. mori, including transposon-based technologies that rely on piggyBac-mediated transgenesis and genome-editing technologies that rely on protein- or RNA-guided modification of chromosomes. The successful development and application of these technologies has not only facilitated a better understanding of B. mori and its use as a silk production system, but also provided valuable experiences that have contributed to the development of similar technologies in non-model insects. This review summarizes the technologies currently available for use in B. mori, their application to the study of gene function and their use in genetically modifying B. mori for biotechnology applications. The challenges, solutions and future prospects associated with the development and application of genetic technologies in B. mori are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - David A O'Brochta
- Department of Entomology, The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Tsubota T, Tomita S, Uchino K, Kimoto M, Takiya S, Kajiwara H, Yamazaki T, Sezutsu H. A Hox Gene, Antennapedia, Regulates Expression of Multiple Major Silk Protein Genes in the Silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7087-96. [PMID: 26814126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hoxgenes play a pivotal role in the determination of anteroposterior axis specificity during bilaterian animal development. They do so by acting as a master control and regulating the expression of genes important for development. Recently, however, we showed that Hoxgenes can also function in terminally differentiated tissue of the lepidopteranBombyx mori In this species,Antennapedia(Antp) regulates expression of sericin-1, a major silk protein gene, in the silk gland. Here, we investigated whether Antpcan regulate expression of multiple genes in this tissue. By means of proteomic, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrate that misexpression of Antpin the posterior silk gland induced ectopic expression of major silk protein genes such assericin-3,fhxh4, and fhxh5 These genes are normally expressed specifically in the middle silk gland as is Antp Therefore, the evidence strongly suggests that Antpactivates these silk protein genes in the middle silk gland. The putativesericin-1 activator complex (middle silk gland-intermolt-specific complex) can bind to the upstream regions of these genes, suggesting that Antpdirectly activates their expression. We also found that the pattern of gene expression was well conserved between B. moriand the wild species Bombyx mandarina, indicating that the gene regulation mechanism identified here is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism and not an artifact of the domestication of B. mori We suggest that Hoxgenes have a role as a master control in terminally differentiated tissues, possibly acting as a primary regulator for a range of physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsubota
- From the Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan,
| | - Shuichiro Tomita
- From the Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- From the Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | | | - Shigeharu Takiya
- Graduate School of Life Science and Division of Biological Science and Center for Genome Dynamics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan, and
| | - Hideyuki Kajiwara
- Biomolecular Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamazaki
- Biomolecular Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- From the Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan,
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15
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Sumitani M, Sakurai T, Kasashima K, Kobayashi S, Uchino K, Kanzaki R, Tamura T, Sezutsu H. Establishment of a specific cell death induction system in Bombyx mori by a transgene with the conserved apoptotic regulator, mouse Bcl-2-associated X protein (mouse Bax). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:671-680. [PMID: 26426866 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis in vivo is a useful tool for investigating the functions and importance of particular tissues. B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax) functions as a pro-apoptotic factor and induces apoptosis in several organisms. The Bax-mediated apoptotic system is widely conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. In order to establish a tissue-specific cell death system in the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, we constructed a transgenic silkworm that overexpressed mouse Bax (mBax) in particular tissues by the Gal4-upstream activation sequence system. We found that the expression of mBax induced specific cell death in the silk gland, fat body and sensory cells. Fragmentation of genomic DNA was observed in the fat body, which expressed mBax, thereby supporting apoptotic cell death in this tissue. Using this system, we also demonstrated that specific cell death in sensory cells attenuated the response to the sex pheromone bombykol. These results show that we successfully established a tissue-specific cell death system in vivo that enabled specific deficiencies in particular tissues. The inducible cell death system may provide useful means for industrial applications of the silkworm and possible utilization for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sumitani
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Sakurai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kasashima
- Division of Functional Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - S Kobayashi
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Uchino
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - R Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tamura
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Sezutsu
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kotani E, Yamamoto N, Kobayashi I, Uchino K, Muto S, Ijiri H, Shimabukuro J, Tamura T, Sezutsu H, Mori H. Cell proliferation by silk gut incorporating FGF-2 protein microcrystals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11051. [PMID: 26053044 PMCID: PMC4459171 DOI: 10.1038/srep11051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk gut processed from the silk glands of the silkworm could be an ideal biodegradable carrier for cell growth factors. We previously demonstrated that polyhedra, microcrystals of Cypovirus 1 polyhedrin, can serve as versatile carrier proteins. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic silkworm that expresses polyhedrin together with human basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in its posterior silk glands to utilize silk gut as a proteinaceous carrier to protect and slowly release active cell growth factors. In the posterior silk glands, polyhedrin formed polyhedral microcrystals, and FGF-2 became encapsulated within the polyhedra due to a polyhedron-immobilization signal. Silk gut powder prepared from posterior silk glands containing polyhedron-encapsulated FGF-2 stimulated the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and induced the proliferation of serum-starved NIH3T3 cells by releasing bioactive FGF-2. Even after a one-week incubation at 25 °C, significantly higher biological activity of FGF-2 was observed for silk gut powder incorporating polyhedron-encapsulated FGF-2 relative to silk gut powder with non-encapsulated FGF-2. Our results demonstrate that posterior silk glands incorporating polyhedron-encapsulated FGF-2 are applicable to the preparation of biodegradable silk gut, which can protect and release FGF-2 that is produced in a virus- and serum-free expression system with significant application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kotani
- 1] Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan [2] Insect Biomedical Centre, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Sayaka Muto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ijiri
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Junji Shimabukuro
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hajime Mori
- 1] Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan [2] Insect Biomedical Centre, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Microhomology-mediated end-joining-dependent integration of donor DNA in cells and animals using TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5560. [PMID: 25410609 PMCID: PMC4263139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering using programmable nucleases enables homologous recombination (HR)-mediated gene knock-in. However, the labour used to construct targeting vectors containing homology arms and difficulties in inducing HR in some cell type and organisms represent technical hurdles for the application of HR-mediated knock-in technology. Here, we introduce an alternative strategy for gene knock-in using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) mediated by microhomology-mediated end-joining, termed the PITCh (Precise Integration into Target Chromosome) system. TALEN-mediated PITCh, termed TAL-PITCh, enables efficient integration of exogenous donor DNA in human cells and animals, including silkworms and frogs. We further demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PITCh, termed CRIS-PITCh, can be applied in human cells without carrying the plasmid backbone sequence. Thus, our PITCh-ing strategies will be useful for a variety of applications, not only in cultured cells, but also in various organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates.
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