1
|
Frasch M, Ismat A, Reim I, Raufer J. The RNF220 domain nuclear factor Teyrha-Meyrha (Tey) regulates the migration and differentiation of specific visceral and somatic muscles in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201457. [PMID: 37642089 PMCID: PMC10508689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of the visceral musculature of the Drosophila midgut encompasses a closely coordinated sequence of migration events of cells from the trunk and caudal visceral mesoderm that underlies the formation of the stereotypic orthogonal pattern of circular and longitudinal midgut muscles. Our study focuses on the last step of migration and morphogenesis of longitudinal visceral muscle precursors and shows that these multinucleated precursors utilize dynamic filopodial extensions to migrate in dorsal and ventral directions over the forming midgut tube. The establishment of maximal dorsoventral distances from one another, and anteroposterior alignments, lead to the equidistant coverage of the midgut with longitudinal muscle fibers. We identify Teyrha-Meyhra (Tey), a tissue-specific nuclear factor related to the RNF220 domain protein family, as a crucial regulator of this process of muscle migration and morphogenesis that is further required for proper differentiation of longitudinal visceral muscles. In addition, Tey is expressed in a single somatic muscle founder cell in each hemisegment, regulates the migration of this founder cell, and is required for proper pathfinding of its developing myotube to specific myotendinous attachment sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Frasch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afshan Ismat
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Raufer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neill T, Kapoor A, Xie C, Buraschi S, Iozzo RV. A functional outside-in signaling network of proteoglycans and matrix molecules regulating autophagy. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:118-149. [PMID: 33838253 PMCID: PMC8355044 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans and selected extracellular matrix constituents are emerging as intrinsic and critical regulators of evolutionarily conversed, intracellular catabolic pathways. Often, these secreted molecules evoke sustained autophagy in a variety of cell types, tissues, and model systems. The unique properties of proteoglycans have ushered in a paradigmatic shift to broaden our understanding of matrix-mediated signaling cascades. The dynamic cellular pathway controlling autophagy is now linked to an equally dynamic and fluid signaling network embedded in a complex meshwork of matrix molecules. A rapidly emerging field of research encompasses multiple matrix-derived candidates, representing a menagerie of soluble matrix constituents including decorin, biglycan, endorepellin, endostatin, collagen VI and plasminogen kringle 5. These matrix constituents are pro-autophagic and simultaneously anti-angiogenic. In contrast, perlecan, laminin α2 chain, and lumican have anti-autophagic functions. Mechanistically, each matrix constituent linked to intracellular catabolic events engages a specific cell surface receptor that often converges on a common core of the autophagic machinery including AMPK, Peg3 and Beclin 1. We consider this matrix-evoked autophagy as non-canonical given that it occurs in an allosteric manner and is independent of nutrient availability or prevailing bioenergetics control. We propose that matrix-regulated autophagy is an important outside-in signaling mechanism for proper tissue homeostasis that could be therapeutically leveraged to combat a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stepanik V, Sun J, Stathopoulos A. FGF Pyramus Has a Transmembrane Domain and Cell-Autonomous Function in Polarity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3141-3153.e5. [PMID: 32619487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function as receptor ligands through their conserved FGF domain, but sequences outside this domain vary and are not well studied. This core domain of 120 amino acids (aa) is flanked in all FGFs by highly divergent amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal sequences of variable length. Drosophila has fewer FGF genes, with only three identified to date, pyramus (pyr), thisbe (ths), and branchless (bnl), and all three encoding relatively large FGF proteins (∼80 kDa). We hypothesized that the longer FGF proteins present in Drosophila and other organisms may relate to an ancestral form, in which multiple functions or regulatory properties are present within a single polypeptide. Here, we focused analysis on Pyr, finding that it harbors a transmembrane domain (TMD) and extended C-terminal intracellular domain containing a degron. The intracellular portion limits Pyr levels, whereas the TMD promotes spatial precision in the paracrine activation of Heartless FGF receptor. Additionally, degron deletion mutants that upregulate Pyr exhibit cell polarity defects that lead to invagination defects at gastrulation, demonstrating a previously uncharacterized cell-autonomous role. In summary, our data show that Pyr is the first demonstrated transmembrane FGF, that it has both extracellular and intracellular functions, and that spatial distribution and levels of this particular FGF protein are tightly regulated. Our results suggest that other FGFs may be membrane tethered or multifunctional like Pyr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Stepanik
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gheisari E, Aakhte M, Müller HAJ. Gastrulation in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic control, cellular basis and biomechanics. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103629. [PMID: 32615151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is generally understood as the morphogenetic processes that result in the spatial organization of the blastomere into the three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the morphogenetic mechanisms in Drosophila gastrulation. In addition to the events that drive mesoderm invagination and germband elongation, we pay particular attention to other, less well-known mechanisms including midgut invagination, cephalic furrow formation, dorsal fold formation, and mesoderm layer formation. This review covers topics ranging from the identification and functional characterization of developmental and morphogenetic control genes to the analysis of the physical properties of cells and tissues and the control of cell and tissue mechanics of the morphogenetic movements in the gastrula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gheisari
- Institute for Biology, Dept. Developmental Genetics, University of Kassel, Germany
| | - Mostafa Aakhte
- Institute for Biology, Dept. Developmental Genetics, University of Kassel, Germany
| | - H-Arno J Müller
- Institute for Biology, Dept. Developmental Genetics, University of Kassel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Macabenta F, Akos Z, Stathopoulos A. Collective Migrations of Drosophila Embryonic Trunk and Caudal Mesoderm-Derived Muscle Precursor Cells. Genetics 2020; 215:297-322. [PMID: 32487692 PMCID: PMC7268997 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm migration in the Drosophila embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Zsuzsa Akos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Irizarry J, McGehee J, Kim G, Stein D, Stathopoulos A. Twist-dependent ratchet functioning downstream from Dorsal revealed using a light-inducible degron. Genes Dev 2020; 34:965-972. [PMID: 32467225 PMCID: PMC7328519 DOI: 10.1101/gad.338194.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Graded transcription factors are pivotal regulators of embryonic patterning, but whether their role changes over time is unclear. A light-regulated protein degradation system was used to assay temporal dependence of the transcription factor Dorsal in dorsal-ventral axis patterning of Drosophila embryos. Surprisingly, the high-threshold target gene snail only requires Dorsal input early but not late when Dorsal levels peak. Instead, late snail expression can be supported by action of the Twist transcription factor, specifically, through one enhancer, sna.distal This study demonstrates that continuous input is not required for some Dorsal targets and downstream responses, such as twist, function as molecular ratchets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Irizarry
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - James McGehee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Goheun Kim
- Molecular Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - David Stein
- Molecular Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Functional analysis of glycosylation using Drosophila melanogaster. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
8
|
Macabenta F, Stathopoulos A. Sticking to a plan: adhesion and signaling control spatial organization of cells within migrating collectives. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:39-46. [PMID: 31404788 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is required in a vast array of biological phenomena, including organogenesis and embryonic development. The mechanisms that underlie collective cell migration not only involve the morphogenetic changes associated with single cell migration, but also require the maintenance of cell-cell junctions during movement. Additionally, cell shape changes and polarity must be coordinated in a multicellular manner in order to preserve directional movement in the migrating cohort, and often relates to multiple functions of common signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying higher order tissue organization during migration, with particular focus on the interplay between cell adhesion and signaling that we propose can be tuned to support different types of collective movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Macabenta
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun J, Stathopoulos A. FGF controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions during gastrulation by regulating cell division and apicobasal polarity. Development 2018; 145:dev.161927. [PMID: 30190277 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To support tissue and organ development, cells transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states. Here, we have investigated how mesoderm cells change state in Drosophila embryos and whether fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays a role. During gastrulation, presumptive mesoderm cells invaginate, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal state transition (EMT) and migrate upon the ectoderm. Our data show that EMT is a prolonged process in which adherens junctions progressively decrease in number throughout the migration of mesoderm cells. FGF influences adherens junction number and promotes mesoderm cell division, which we propose decreases cell-cell attachments to support slow EMT while retaining collective cell movement. We also found that, at the completion of migration, cells form a monolayer and undergo a reverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). FGF activity leads to accumulation of β-integrin Myospheroid basally and cell polarity factor Bazooka apically within mesoderm cells, thereby reestablishing apicobasal cell polarity in an epithelialized state in which cells express both E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin. In summary, FGF plays a dynamic role in supporting mesoderm cell development to ensure collective mesoderm cell movements, as well as proper differentiation of mesoderm cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stuelten CH, Parent CA, Montell DJ. Cell motility in cancer invasion and metastasis: insights from simple model organisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:296-312. [PMID: 29546880 PMCID: PMC6790333 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the greatest challenge in the clinical management of cancer. Cell motility is a fundamental and ancient cellular behaviour that contributes to metastasis and is conserved in simple organisms. In this Review, we evaluate insights relevant to human cancer that are derived from the study of cell motility in non-mammalian model organisms. Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio permit direct observation of cells moving in complex native environments and lend themselves to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screening. We highlight insights derived from each of these organisms, including the detailed signalling network that governs chemotaxis towards chemokines; a novel mechanism of basement membrane invasion; the positive role of E-cadherin in collective direction-sensing; the identification and optimization of kinase inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer on the basis of work in flies; and the value of zebrafish for live imaging, especially of vascular remodelling and interactions between tumour cells and host tissues. While the motility of tumour cells and certain host cells promotes metastatic spread, the motility of tumour-reactive T cells likely increases their antitumour effects. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying all types of cell motility, with the ultimate goal of identifying combination therapies that will increase the motility of beneficial cells and block the spread of harmful cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- ;
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- ;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan SJ, Abidi SNF, Skinner A, Tian Y, Smith-Bolton RK. The Drosophila Duox maturation factor is a key component of a positive feedback loop that sustains regeneration signaling. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006937. [PMID: 28753614 PMCID: PMC5550008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth, and sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete. How these key signals are sustained is unclear. To gain a comprehensive view of the changes in gene expression that occur during regeneration, we performed whole-genome mRNAseq of actively regenerating tissue from damaged Drosophila wing imaginal discs. We used genetic tools to ablate the wing primordium to induce regeneration, and carried out transcriptional profiling of the regeneration blastema by fluorescently labeling and sorting the blastema cells, thus identifying differentially expressed genes. Importantly, by using genetic mutants of several of these differentially expressed genes we have confirmed that they have roles in regeneration. Using this approach, we show that high expression of the gene moladietz (mol), which encodes the Duox-maturation factor NIP, is required during regeneration to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn sustain JNK signaling during regeneration. We also show that JNK signaling upregulates mol expression, thereby activating a positive feedback signal that ensures the prolonged JNK activation required for regenerative growth. Thus, by whole-genome transcriptional profiling of regenerating tissue we have identified a positive feedback loop that regulates the extent of regenerative growth. Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth, and then sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete. Drosophila imaginal discs, the epithelial structures in the larva that will form the adult animal during metamorphosis, have been an important model system for tissue repair and regeneration for over 60 years. Here we show that damage-induced JNK signaling leads to the upregulation of a gene called moladietz, which encodes a co-factor for an enzyme, NADPH dual oxidase (Duox), that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key tissue-damage signal. High expression of moladietz induces continuous production of ROS in the regenerating tissue. The sustained production of ROS then continues to activate JNK signaling throughout the course of regeneration, ensuring maximal tissue regrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Jawed Khan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Syeda Nayab Fatima Abidi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Andrea Skinner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bae YK, Macabenta F, Curtis HL, Stathopoulos A. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles for several migrating cell types identifies cell migration regulators. Mech Dev 2017; 148:40-55. [PMID: 28428068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is an instrumental process that ensures cells are properly positioned to support the specification of distinct tissue types during development. To provide insight, we used fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate two migrating cell types from the Drosophila embryo: caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) cells, precursors of longitudinal muscles of the gut, and hemocytes (HCs), the Drosophila equivalent of blood cells. ~350 genes were identified from each of the sorted samples using RNA-seq, and in situ hybridization was used to confirm expression within each cell type or, alternatively, within other interacting, co-sorted cell types. To start, the two gene expression profiling datasets were compared to identify cell migration regulators that are potentially generally-acting. 73 genes were present in both CVM cell and HC gene expression profiles, including the transcription factor zinc finger homeodomain-1 (zfh1). Comparisons with gene expression profiles of Drosophila border cells that migrate during oogenesis had a more limited overlap, with only the genes neyo (neo) and singed (sn) found to be expressed in border cells as well as CVM cells and HCs, respectively. Neo encodes a protein with Zona pellucida domain linked to cell polarity, while sn encodes an actin binding protein. Tissue specific RNAi expression coupled with live in vivo imaging was used to confirm cell-autonomous roles for zfh1 and neo in supporting CVM cell migration, whereas previous studies had demonstrated a role for Sn in supporting HC migration. In addition, comparisons were made to migrating cells from vertebrates. Seven genes were found expressed by chick neural crest cells, CVM cells, and HCs including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteases. In summary, we show that genes shared in common between CVM cells, HCs, and other migrating cell types can help identify regulators of cell migration. Our analyses show that neo in addition to zfh1 and sn studied previously impact cell migration. This study also suggests that modification of the extracellular milieu may be a fundamental requirement for cells that undergo cell streaming migratory behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyung Bae
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Center for Bio-Analysis, Yuseung-gu, Gajung-ro 267, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Heather Leigh Curtis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Douglass S, Goyal A, Iozzo RV. The role of perlecan and endorepellin in the control of tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:381-91. [PMID: 26181327 PMCID: PMC4769797 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1045297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During tumor growth and angiogenesis there is a dynamic remodeling of tissue architecture often accompanied by the release of extracellular matrix constituents full of biological activity. One of the key constituents of the tumor microenvironment is the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. This proteoglycan, strategically located at cell surfaces and within basement membranes, is a well-defined pro-angiogenic molecule when intact. However, when partially processed by proteases released during cancer remodeling and invasion, the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, known as endorepellin, has opposite effects than its parent molecule. Endorepellin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis by exerting a dual receptor antagonism by simultaneously engaging VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Signaling through the α2β1 integrin leads to actin disassembly and block of endothelial cell migration, necessary for capillary morphogenesis. Signaling through the VEGFR2 induces dephosphorylation of the receptor via activation of SHP-1 and suppression of downstream proangiogenic effectors, especially attenuating VEGFA expression. A novel and emerging role of endorepellin is its ability to evoke autophagy by activating Peg3 and various canonical autophagic markers. This effect is specific for endothelial cells as these are the primary cells expressing both VEGFR2 and α2β1 integrin. Thus, an endogenous fragment of a ubiquitous proteoglycan can regulate both angiogenesis and autophagy through a dual receptor antagonism. The biological properties of this natural endogenous protein place endorepellin as a potential therapeutic agent against cancer or diseases where angiogenesis is prominent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douglass
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- a Department of Pathology , Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Centre, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|