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Molano-Fernández M, Hickson ID, Herranz H. Cyclin E overexpression in the Drosophila accessory gland induces tissue dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:992253. [PMID: 36704199 PMCID: PMC9871066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.992253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the cell division cycle is governed by a complex network of factors that together ensure that growing or proliferating cells maintain a stable genome. Defects in this system can lead to genomic instability that can affect tissue homeostasis and thus compromise human health. Variations in ploidy and cell heterogeneity are observed frequently in human cancers. Here, we examine the consequences of upregulating the cell cycle regulator Cyclin E in the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland. The accessory gland is the functional analog of the human prostate. This organ is composed of a postmitotic epithelium that is emerging as a powerful in vivo system for modelling different aspects of tumor initiation and progression. We show that Cyclin E upregulation in this model is sufficient to drive tissue dysplasia. Cyclin E overexpression drives endoreplication and affects DNA integrity, which results in heterogeneous nuclear and cellular composition and variable degrees of DNA damage. We present evidence showing that, despite the presence of genotoxic stress, those cells are resistant to apoptosis and thus defective cells are not eliminated from the tissue. We also show that Cyclin E-expressing cells in the accessory gland display mitochondrial DNA aggregates that colocalize with Cyclin E protein. Together, the findings presented here show that Cyclin E upregulation in postmitotic cells of the accessory gland organ causes cellular defects such as genomic instability and mitochondrial defects, eventually leading to tissue dysplasia. This study highlights novel mechanisms by which Cyclin E might contribute to disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D. Hickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Héctor Herranz,
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2
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Dai R, Yang W, Zhang X. Immune function analysis of LsSd, a transcription factor of the Hippo signaling pathway, in the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1042897. [PMID: 36304578 PMCID: PMC9593042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1042897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Scalloped (Sd) is a transcription factor that regulates organ size control in the Hippo-signaling pathway. Recent studies have showed that Hippo signaling also functions in the innate immune response. Although the Sd gene has been reported in many insects, their immune functions remain unexplored. In this study, the LsSd gene of Lasioderma serricorne, with a complete open reading frame that encodes a protein composed of 402 amino acids was identified. LsSd was predominantly expressed in early pupae. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that the highest concentrations of LsSd were detected in the midgut and brain. At 1–24 h after Escherichia coli infection, LsSd expression increased substantially. However, LsSd expression was downregulated 3–12 h after Staphylococcus aureus infection. RNA interference-mediated silencing of the LsSd transcript resulted in deformed, considerably smaller, and degenerated wings. Meanwhile, LsCycE, LsDiap1, and LsVg, which are involved in cell proliferation and wing development, were drastically reduced when LsSd was depleted. In a survival assay, the LsSd knockdown considerably decreased the susceptibility to S. aureus, a gram-positive bacterium. In addition, knockdown of LsSd remarkably downregulated the transcription of LsCact in response to S. aureus stimulation, while upregulating the expression of five immune-related genes. Our results provide conclusive proof for the important roles of LsSd in the immune response of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiapeng Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Renhuai Dai
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Renhuai Dai,
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co. Ltd, Guiyang, China
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3
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Zhu H. Elucidate growth control mechanisms using reconstructed spatiotemporal distributions of signaling events. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3618-3627. [PMID: 34257840 PMCID: PMC8249872 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental biological question is how diverse and complex signaling and patterning is controlled correctly to generate distinct tissues, organs, and body plans, but incorrectly in diseased cells and tissues. Signaling pathways important for growth control have been identified, but to identify the mechanisms their transient and context-dependent interactions encode is more difficult. Currently computational systems biology aims to infer the control mechanisms by investigating quantitative changes of gene expression and protein concentrations, but this inference is difficult in nature. We propose it is desirable to explicitly simulate events and orders of gene regulation and protein interactions, which better elucidate control mechanisms, and report a method and tool with three examples. The Drosophila wing model includes Wnt, PCP, and Hippo pathways and mechanical force, incorporates well-confirmed experimental findings, and generates novel results. The other two examples illustrate the building of three-dimensional and large-scale models. These examples support that reconstructed spatiotemporal distributions of key signaling events help elucidate growth control mechanisms. As biologists pay increasing attention to disordered signaling in diseased cells, to develop new modeling methods and tools for conducting new computational studies is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Bioinformatics Section, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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4
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The transcription factor of the Hippo signaling pathway, LmSd, regulates wing development in Locusta migratoria. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:136-143. [PMID: 33667555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Scalloped (Sd) is transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and organ growth in the Hippo pathway. In the present research, LmSd was identified and characterized, and found to encode an N-terminal TEA domain and a C-terminal YBD domain. qRT-PCR showed that the LmSd transcription level was highest in the fifth-instar nymphs and very little was expressed in embryos. Tissue-specific analyses showed that LmSd was highly expressed in the wing. Immunohistochemistry indicated that LmSd was highly abundant in the head, prothorax, and legs during embryonic development. LmSd dsRNA injection resulted in significantly down-regulated transcription and protein expression levels compared with dsGFP injection. Gene silencing of LmSd resulted in deformed wings that were curved, wrinkled, and failed to fully expand. Approximately 40% of the nymphs had wing pads that were not able to close normally during molting from fifth-instar nymphs into adults. After silencing of LmSd, the transcription levels of cell division genes were suppressed and the expression levels of apoptosis genes were significantly up-regulated. Our results reveal that LmSd plays an important role in wing formation and development by controlling cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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5
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Tamamouna V, Panagi M, Theophanous A, Demosthenous M, Michail M, Papadopoulou M, Teloni S, Pitsouli C, Apidianakis Y. Evidence of two types of balance between stem cell mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth in the Drosophila midgut. Development 2020; 147:147/11/dev189472. [PMID: 32513656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and stem cell niche-emanating cytokines and growth factors can promote regeneration, through mitosis. High mitosis, however, predisposes for all types of cancer and, thus, a trade-off exists between regeneration capacity and tissue homeostasis. Here, we study the role of tissue-intrinsic regenerative signaling in stem cell mitosis of adult Drosophila midgut of different genetic backgrounds. We provide evidence of two naturally occurring types of balance between mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth: one based mostly on stem cell mitosis producing new cells and the other based mostly on the degree of young enterocyte nucleus size increase. Mitosis promotes intestinal host defense to infection, but predisposes for dysplasia in the form of stem cell-like clusters. Enterocyte nucleus growth also promotes host defense, without the drawback of promoting dysplasia. Through quantitative genetics, we identified eiger as an autocrine and paracrine inducer of stem cell mitosis. eiger expression in immature epithelial cells tilts the balance towards mitosis and dysplasia via a positive-feedback loop of highly mitotic stem cells sustaining more small nucleus enterocytes, which in turn supply more Eiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilia Tamamouna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andria Theophanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Demosthenous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Michail
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Savvas Teloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
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6
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Mugahid D, Kalocsay M, Liu X, Gruver JS, Peshkin L, Kirschner MW. YAP regulates cell size and growth dynamics via non-cell autonomous mediators. eLife 2020; 9:53404. [PMID: 31913124 PMCID: PMC6989120 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates organ size, regeneration, and cell growth by controlling the stability of the transcription factor, YAP (Yorkie in Drosophila). When there is tissue damage, YAP is activated allowing the restoration of homeostatic tissue size. The exact signals by which YAP is activated are still not fully understood, but its activation is known to affect both cell size and cell number. Here we used cultured cells to examine the coordinated regulation of cell size and number under the control of YAP. Our experiments in isogenic HEK293 cells reveal that YAP can affect cell size and number by independent circuits. Some of these effects are cell autonomous, such as proliferation, while others are mediated by secreted signals. In particular CYR61, a known secreted YAP target, is a non-cell autonomous mediator of cell survival, while another unidentified secreted factor controls cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douaa Mugahid
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Leonid Peshkin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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7
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Grendler J, Lowgren S, Mills M, Losick VP. Wound-induced polyploidization is driven by Myc and supports tissue repair in the presence of DNA damage. Development 2019; 146:dev173005. [PMID: 31315896 PMCID: PMC6703715 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair usually requires either polyploid cell growth or cell division, but the molecular mechanism promoting polyploidy and limiting cell division remains poorly understood. Here, we find that injury to the adult Drosophila epithelium causes cells to enter the endocycle through the activation of Yorkie-dependent genes (Myc and E2f1). Myc is even sufficient to induce the endocycle in the uninjured post-mitotic epithelium. As result, epithelial cells enter S phase but mitosis is blocked by inhibition of mitotic gene expression. The mitotic cell cycle program can be activated by simultaneously expressing the Cdc25-like phosphatase String (stg), while genetically depleting APC/C E3 ligase fizzy-related (fzr). However, forcing cells to undergo mitosis is detrimental to wound repair as the adult fly epithelium accumulates DNA damage, and mitotic errors ensue when cells are forced to proliferate. In conclusion, we find that wound-induced polyploidization enables tissue repair when cell division is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Grendler
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sara Lowgren
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Monique Mills
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Vicki P Losick
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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8
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Ly PT, Tan YS, Koe CT, Zhang Y, Xie G, Endow S, Deng WM, Yu F, Wang H. CRL4Mahj E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes neural stem cell reactivation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000276. [PMID: 31170139 PMCID: PMC6553684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to transit between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for brain development and homeostasis. Drosophila Hippo pathway maintains NSC quiescence, but its regulation during brain development remains unknown. Here, we show that CRL4Mahj, an evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, is essential for NSC reactivation (exit from quiescence). We demonstrate that damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and Cullin4, two core components of Cullin4-RING ligase (CRL4), are intrinsically required for NSC reactivation. We have identified a substrate receptor of CRL4, Mahjong (Mahj), which is necessary and sufficient for NSC reactivation. Moreover, we show that CRL4Mahj forms a protein complex with Warts (Wts/large tumor suppressor [Lats]), a kinase of the Hippo signaling pathway, and Mahj promotes the ubiquitination of Wts. Our genetic analyses further support the conclusion that CRL4Mahj triggers NSC reactivation by inhibition of Wts. Given that Cullin4B mutations cause mental retardation and cerebral malformation, similar regulatory mechanisms may be applied to the human brain. During the transition from quiescence to reactivation of neural stem cells, the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4Mahj promotes their reactivation by inhibiting Wts, a core kinase of Hippo signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Ly
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yingjie Zhang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gengqiang Xie
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sharyn Endow
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ohhara Y, Nakamura A, Kato Y, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K. Chaperonin TRiC/CCT supports mitotic exit and entry into endocycle in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008121. [PMID: 31034473 PMCID: PMC6508744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocycle is a commonly observed cell cycle variant through which cells undergo repeated rounds of genome DNA replication without mitosis. Endocycling cells arise from mitotic cells through a switch of the cell cycle mode, called the mitotic-to-endocycle switch (MES), to initiate cell growth and terminal differentiation. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of MES remain unclear. Here we used the Drosophila steroidogenic organ, called the prothoracic gland (PG), to study regulatory mechanisms of MES, which is critical for the PG to upregulate biosynthesis of the steroid hormone ecdysone. We demonstrate that PG cells undergo MES through downregulation of mitotic cyclins, which is mediated by Fizzy-related (Fzr). Moreover, we performed a RNAi screen to further elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of MES, and identified the evolutionarily conserved chaperonin TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC) as a novel regulator of MES. Knockdown of TRiC subunits in the PG caused a prolonged mitotic period, probably due to impaired nuclear translocation of Fzr, which also caused loss of ecdysteroidogenic activity. These results indicate that TRiC supports proper MES and endocycle progression by regulating Fzr folding. We propose that TRiC-mediated protein quality control is a conserved mechanism supporting MES and endocycling, as well as subsequent terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohhara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Aki Nakamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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10
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Xu X, Bi HL, Zhang ZJ, Yang Y, Li K, Huang YP, Zhang Y, He L. BmHpo mutation induces smaller body size and late stage larval lethality in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:1006-1016. [PMID: 29808962 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a core member of the Hippo signaling pathway, Hpo plays a critical role in regulating growth and development. Previous studies reported that loss of function of Hpo results in increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis and induction of tissue overgrowth in Drosophila. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9) to study Hpo gene (BmHpo) function in the lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, known commonly as the silkworm. Sequence analysis of BmHpo revealed an array of deletions in mutants. We found that BmHpo knockout resulted in defects in body size regulation, in developmental defects and pigment accumulation and early death. Our data show that BmHpo is essential for regulation of insect growth and development and that CRISPR/Cas9 technology can serve as a basis for functional analysis of target genes in lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lun Bi
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zhu JY, Lin S, Ye J. YAP and TAZ, the conductors that orchestrate eye development, homeostasis, and disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:246-258. [PMID: 30094836 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are transcriptional coactivators established as a nexus in numerous signaling pathways, notably in Hippo signaling. Previous research revealed multifarious function of YAP and TAZ in oncology and cardiovasology. Recently, the focus has been laid on their pivotal role in eye morphogenesis and homeostasis. In this review, we synthesize advances of YAP and TAZ function during eye development in different model organisms, introduce their function in different ocular tissues and eye diseases, and highlight the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Abstract
Polyploid cells, which contain multiple copies of the typically diploid genome, are widespread in plants and animals. Polyploidization can be developmentally programmed or stress induced, and arises from either cell-cell fusion or a process known as endoreplication, in which cells replicate their DNA but either fail to complete cytokinesis or to progress through M phase entirely. Polyploidization offers cells several potential fitness benefits, including the ability to increase cell size and biomass production without disrupting cell and tissue structure, and allowing improved cell longevity through higher tolerance to genomic stress and apoptotic signals. Accordingly, recent studies have uncovered crucial roles for polyploidization in compensatory cell growth during tissue regeneration in the heart, liver, epidermis and intestine. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular pathways that generate polyploidy and discuss how polyploidization is used in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Xu DC, Arthurton L, Baena-Lopez LA. Learning on the Fly: The Interplay between Caspases and Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5473180. [PMID: 29854765 PMCID: PMC5949197 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5473180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ease of genetic manipulation, as well as the evolutionary conservation of gene function, has placed Drosophila melanogaster as one of the leading model organisms used to understand the implication of many proteins with disease development, including caspases and their relation to cancer. The family of proteases referred to as caspases have been studied over the years as the major regulators of apoptosis: the most common cellular mechanism involved in eliminating unwanted or defective cells, such as cancerous cells. Indeed, the evasion of the apoptotic programme resulting from caspase downregulation is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. Recent investigations have also shown an instrumental role for caspases in non-lethal biological processes, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, intercellular communication, and cell migration. Importantly, malfunction of these essential biological tasks can deeply impact the initiation and progression of cancer. Here, we provide an extensive review of the literature surrounding caspase biology and its interplay with many aspects of cancer, emphasising some of the key findings obtained from Drosophila studies. We also briefly describe the therapeutic potential of caspase modulation in relation to cancer, highlighting shortcomings and hopeful promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cui Xu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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14
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Shu Z, Row S, Deng WM. Endoreplication: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:465-474. [PMID: 29567370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To battle adverse internal and external conditions and maintain homeostasis, diploid organisms employ various cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. In some tissues, an alternative mechanism, endoreplication, is employed toward similar goals. Endoreplication is an evolutionarily conserved cell cycle program during which cells replicate their genomes without division, resulting in polyploid cells. Importantly, endoreplication is reported to be indispensable for normal development and organ formation across various organisms, from fungi to humans. In recent years, more attention has been drawn to delineating its connections to wound healing and tumorigenesis. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms of endoreplication and polyploidization, their essential and positive roles in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and the relationship between polyploidy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sarayu Row
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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