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Rocafort M, Srivastava V, Bowen JK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Guo Y, Bulone V, Plummer KM, Sutherland PW, Anderson MA, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Cell Wall Carbohydrate Dynamics during the Differentiation of Infection Structures by the Apple Scab Fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421922. [PMID: 37039647 PMCID: PMC10269774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04219-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples. During infection, V. inaequalis colonizes the subcuticular host environment, where it develops specialized infection structures called runner hyphae and stromata. These structures are thought to be involved in nutrient acquisition and effector (virulence factor) delivery, but also give rise to conidia that further the infection cycle. Despite their importance, very little is known about how these structures are differentiated. Likewise, nothing is known about how these structures are protected from host defenses or recognition by the host immune system. To better understand these processes, we first performed a glycosidic linkage analysis of sporulating tubular hyphae from V. inaequalis developed in culture. This analysis revealed that the V. inaequalis cell wall is mostly composed of glucans (44%) and mannans (37%), whereas chitin represents a much smaller proportion (4%). Next, we used transcriptomics and confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide insights into the cell wall carbohydrate composition of runner hyphae and stromata. These analyses revealed that, during subcuticular host colonization, genes of V. inaequalis putatively associated with the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates, such as chitin and β-1,6-glucan, are downregulated relative to growth in culture, while on the surface of runner hyphae and stromata, chitin is deacetylated to the less-immunogenic carbohydrate chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable the subcuticular differentiation of runner hyphae and stromata by V. inaequalis, as well as to protect these structures from host defenses and recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi are a major threat to food security. Among these are subcuticular pathogens, which often cause latent asymptomatic infections, making them difficult to control. A key feature of these pathogens is their ability to differentiate specialized subcuticular infection structures that, to date, remain largely understudied. This is typified by Venturia inaequalis, which causes scab, the most economically important disease of apples. In this study, we show that, during subcuticular host colonization, V. inaequalis downregulates genes associated with the biosynthesis of two immunogenic cell wall carbohydrates, chitin and β-1,6-glucan, and coats its subcuticular infection structures with a less-immunogenic carbohydrate, chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable host colonization by V. inaequalis and provide a foundation for understanding subcuticular host colonization by other plant-pathogenic fungi. Such an understanding is important, as it may inform the development of novel control strategies against subcuticular plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara M. Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Llewellyn T, Nowell RW, Aptroot A, Temina M, Prescott TAK, Barraclough TG, Gaya E. Metagenomics Shines Light on the Evolution of "Sunscreen" Pigment Metabolism in the Teloschistales (Lichen-Forming Ascomycota). Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:6986375. [PMID: 36634008 PMCID: PMC9907504 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a vast number of secondary metabolites that shape their interactions with other organisms and the environment. Characterizing the genes underpinning metabolite synthesis is therefore key to understanding fungal evolution and adaptation. Lichenized fungi represent almost one-third of Ascomycota diversity and boast impressive secondary metabolites repertoires. However, most lichen biosynthetic genes have not been linked to their metabolite products. Here we used metagenomic sequencing to survey gene families associated with production of anthraquinones, UV-protectant secondary metabolites present in various fungi, but especially abundant in a diverse order of lichens, the Teloschistales (class Lecanoromycetes, phylum Ascomycota). We successfully assembled 24 new, high-quality lichenized-fungal genomes de novo and combined them with publicly available Lecanoromycetes genomes from taxa with diverse secondary chemistry to produce a whole-genome tree. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) analysis showed that whilst lichen BGCs are numerous and highly dissimilar, core enzyme genes are generally conserved across taxa. This suggests metabolite diversification occurs via re-shuffling existing enzyme genes with novel accessory genes rather than BGC gains/losses or de novo gene evolution. We identified putative anthraquinone BGCs in our lichen dataset that appear homologous to anthraquinone clusters from non-lichenized fungi, suggesting these genes were present in the common ancestor of the subphylum Pezizomycotina. Finally, we identified unique transporter genes in Teloschistales anthraquinone BGCs that may explain why these metabolites are so abundant and ubiquitous in these lichens. Our results support the importance of metagenomics for understanding the secondary metabolism of non-model fungi such as lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben W Nowell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK,Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Andre Aptroot
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva s/n Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Temina
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Thomas A K Prescott
- Comparative Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK,Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Ester Gaya
- Comparative Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
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Chou JY, Hsu PC, Leu JY. Enforcement of Postzygotic Species Boundaries in the Fungal Kingdom. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0009822. [PMID: 36098649 PMCID: PMC9769731 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00098-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of speciation is a primary goal in evolutionary biology. The formation of the postzygotic reproductive isolation that causes hybrid dysfunction, thereby reducing gene flow between diverging populations, is crucial for speciation. Using various advanced approaches, including chromosome replacement, hybrid introgression and transcriptomics, population genomics, and experimental evolution, scientists have revealed multiple mechanisms involved in postzygotic barriers in the fungal kingdom. These results illuminate both unique and general features of fungal speciation. Our review summarizes experiments on fungi exploring how Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility, killer meiotic drive, chromosome rearrangements, and antirecombination contribute to postzygotic reproductive isolation. We also discuss possible evolutionary forces underlying different reproductive isolation mechanisms and the potential roles of the evolutionary arms race under the Red Queen hypothesis and epigenetic divergence in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Leu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rocafort M, Bowen JK, Hassing B, Cox MP, McGreal B, de la Rosa S, Plummer KM, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. The Venturia inaequalis effector repertoire is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity, but unrelated sequence, to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi. BMC Biol 2022; 20:246. [PMID: 36329441 PMCID: PMC9632046 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples worldwide. During infection, V. inaequalis occupies the subcuticular environment, where it secretes virulence factors, termed effectors, to promote host colonization. Consistent with other plant-pathogenic fungi, many of these effectors are expected to be non-enzymatic proteins, some of which can be recognized by corresponding host resistance proteins to activate plant defences, thus acting as avirulence determinants. To develop durable control strategies against scab, a better understanding of the roles that these effector proteins play in promoting subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis, as well as in activating, suppressing, or circumventing resistance protein-mediated defences in apple, is required. Results We generated the first comprehensive RNA-seq transcriptome of V. inaequalis during colonization of apple. Analysis of this transcriptome revealed five temporal waves of gene expression that peaked during early, mid, or mid-late infection. While the number of genes encoding secreted, non-enzymatic proteinaceous effector candidates (ECs) varied in each wave, most belonged to waves that peaked in expression during mid-late infection. Spectral clustering based on sequence similarity determined that the majority of ECs belonged to expanded protein families. To gain insights into function, the tertiary structures of ECs were predicted using AlphaFold2. Strikingly, despite an absence of sequence similarity, many ECs were predicted to have structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi, including members of the MAX, LARS, ToxA and FOLD effector families. In addition, several other ECs, including an EC family with sequence similarity to the AvrLm6 avirulence effector from Leptosphaeria maculans, were predicted to adopt a KP6-like fold. Thus, proteins with a KP6-like fold represent another structural family of effectors shared among plant-pathogenic fungi. Conclusions Our study reveals the transcriptomic profile underpinning subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis and provides an enriched list of ECs that can be investigated for roles in virulence and avirulence. Furthermore, our study supports the idea that numerous sequence-unrelated effectors across plant-pathogenic fungi share common structural folds. In doing so, our study gives weight to the hypothesis that many fungal effectors evolved from ancestral genes through duplication, followed by sequence diversification, to produce sequence-unrelated but structurally similar proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01442-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Berit Hassing
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brogan McGreal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kim M Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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Bock CH, Frusso E, Zoppolo R, Ortiz ER, Shiller J, Charlton ND, Young CA, Randall JJ. Population Genetic Characteristics and Mating Type Frequency of Venturia effusa from Pecan in South America. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2224-2235. [PMID: 35596236 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-22-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scab, caused by the plant-pathogenic fungus Venturia effusa, is a major disease of pecan in South America, resulting in loss of quantity and quality of nut yield. Characteristics of the populations of V. effusa in South America are unknown. We used microsatellites to describe the genetic diversity and population structure of V. effusa in South America, and determined the mating type status of the pathogen. The four hierarchically sampled orchard populations from Argentina (AR), Brazil (BRC and BRS), and Uruguay (UR) had moderate to high genotypic and gene diversity. There was evidence of population differentiation (Fst = 0.196) but the correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance was not statistically significant. Genetic differentiation was minimal between the UR, BRC, and BRS populations, and these populations were more clearly differentiated from the AR population. The MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating types occurred in all four orchards and their frequencies did not deviate from the 1:1 ratio expected under random mating; however, multilocus linkage equilibrium was rejected in three of the four populations. The population genetics of South American populations of V. effusa has many similarities to the population genetics of V. effusa previously described in the United States. Characterizing the populations genetics and reproductive systems of V. effusa are important to establish the evolutionary potential of the pathogen and, thus, its adaptability-and can provide a basis for informed approaches to utilizing available host resistance and determining phytosanitary needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H Bock
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Lab, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008, U.S.A
| | - Enrique Frusso
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, INTA Castelar, Las Cabañas y De Los Reseros s.n., (1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Zoppolo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria - INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 - km 10, El Colorado, Canelones, Uruguay, CP 90200
| | - Edson R Ortiz
- Divinut Indústria de Nozes Ltda., Rodovia BR-153, km 375, CEP 96504-800 - Cachoeira do Sul/RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nikki D Charlton
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Carolyn A Young
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, U.S.A
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Caffier V, Shiller J, Bellanger MN, Collemare J, Expert P, Gladieux P, Pascouau C, Sannier M, Le Cam B. Hybridizations Between formae speciales of Venturia inaequalis Pave the Way for a New Biocontrol Strategy to Manage Fungal Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1401-1405. [PMID: 35080437 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0222-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and adaptation to new hosts are important mechanisms of fungal disease emergence. Evaluating the risk of emergence of hybrids with enhanced virulence is then key to develop sustainable crop disease management. We evaluated this risk in Venturia inaequalis, the fungus responsible for the common and serious scab disease on Rosaceae hosts, including apple, pyracantha, and loquat. Field isolates from these three hosts and progenies obtained from five crosses between formae speciales isolates collected from pyracantha (f. sp. pyracantha) and apple (f. sp. pomi) were tested for their pathogenicity on the three hosts. We confirmed a strict host specificity between isolates from apple and pyracantha and showed that most isolates were able to cause disease on loquat. None of the 251 progeny obtained from five crosses between V. inaequalis f. sp. pyracantha and V. inaequalis f. sp. pomi could infect apple. If confirmed on more crosses, the inability of the hybrids to infect apple could lead to a novel biocontrol strategy based on a sexual hijacking of V. inaequalis f. sp. pomi by a massive introduction of V. inaequalis f. sp. pyracantha in apple orchards. This strategy, analogous to the sterile insect approach, could lead to the collapse of the population size of V. inaequalis and dramatically reduce the use of chemicals in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Caffier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Jason Shiller
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pascale Expert
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Pascouau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Mélanie Sannier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Fan F, Wang ZQ, Huang Y, Yin LF, Yin WX, Luo CX. Genome Sequence of Venturia carpophila, the Causal Agent of Peach Scab. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:852-856. [PMID: 33656373 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0321-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Venturia carpophila, the causal agent of scab disease on peach, is a host-specific fungus that is widely distributed around the world, including China. In our previous study, samples were collected from 14 provinces in China, and 750 isolates were obtained by single-spore separation. Here, we reported the first highly contiguous whole-genome sequence (35.87 Mb) of the V. carpophila isolate ZJHZ1-1-1, which included 33 contigs with N50 value of 2.01 Mb and maximum contig length of 3.39 Mb. The high-quality genome sequence and annotation resource will be useful to study the fungal biology, pathogen-host interaction, fungicide resistance, characterization of important genes, population genetic diversity, and development of molecular markers for genotyping and species identification.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zuo-Qian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Bénéjam J, Ravon E, Gaucher M, Brisset MN, Durel CE, Perchepied L. Acibenzolar- S-Methyl and Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci Complement Each Other to Control Apple Scab and Fire Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1702-1710. [PMID: 33190613 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1439-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diversifying disease control methods is a key strategy to sustainably reduce pesticides. Plant genetic resistance has long been used to create resistant varieties. Plant resistance inducers (PRI) are also considered to promote crop health, but their effectiveness is partial and can vary according to the environment and the plant genotype. We investigated the putative interaction between intrinsic (genetic) and PRI-induced resistance in apple when affected by scab and fire blight diseases. A large F1 mapping population was challenged by each disease after a pre-treatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and compared with the water control. Apple scab and fire blight resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in both conditions and compared. ASM exhibited a strong effectiveness in reducing both diseases. When combined, QTL-controlled and ASM-induced resistance acted complementarily to reduce the symptoms from 85 to 100%, depending on the disease. In our conditions, resistance QTLs were only slightly or rarely affected by ASM treatment, despite their probable implication in various stages of the resistance buildup. Implications of these results are discussed considering already known results, the underlying mechanisms, cross protection of both types of resistance against pathogen adaptation, and practical application in orchard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bénéjam
- Univ Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Elisa Ravon
- Univ Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Charles-Eric Durel
- Univ Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Laure Perchepied
- Univ Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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Balykina E, Ivanova O, Yagodinskaya L, Kovalenko L, Romanov G. Susceptibility of collection pear cultivars to the agent of scab pathogen Venturia pirina Aderh. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213404014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research is to study the biology of the pathogen of the scab Venturia pirina Aderh depending on the agrometeorological conditions of the pear vegetation and to assess the collection cultivars for susceptibility to the disease. The biological features of the pear scab in the western foothill agro-climatic region of the Crimea are studied. The influence of climatic conditions on the occurrence of various epidemiological types of scab manifestations on pears is estimated. As a result of the research, highly resistant cultivars were found: Zhukovka, Zaporozhskaya, Triumph of Jodoin, Vodyanistaya, Dorodnaya, Bere Shibasso, Martin Sekl, which showed moderate levels of infection spread in all years of research, with the development of the disease in the range of 0.2-1.3%. Immune cultivars of pears with absolute resistance to the pathogen agent V. pirina, which was not affected by changes in weather conditions, were identified. These cultivars are the following: Zimovka, Trapezitsa, Chervona, Shara Bera, Seyanets Kolossa, Populyarnaya, Kurzemskaya Maslyanaya, Wonderful Italy, which can be used in breeding and ecologized protection systems when supplying with cuttings horticultural industries in the Crimea and the south of Russia.
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Feurtey A, Guitton E, De Gracia Coquerel M, Duvaux L, Shiller J, Bellanger MN, Expert P, Sannier M, Caffier V, Giraud T, Le Cam B, Lemaire C. Threat to Asian wild apple trees posed by gene flow from domesticated apple trees and their "pestified" pathogens. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4925-4941. [PMID: 33031644 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary contact between crops and their wild relatives poses a threat to wild species, not only through gene flow between plants, but also through the dispersal of crop pathogens and genetic exchanges involving these pathogens, particularly those that have become more virulent by indirect selection on resistant crops, a phenomenon known as "pestification." Joint analyses of wild and domesticated hosts and their pathogens are essential to address this issue, but such analyses remain rare. We used population genetics approaches, demographic inference and pathogenicity tests on host-pathogen pairs of wild or domesticated apple trees from Central Asia and their main fungal pathogen, Venturia inaequalis, which itself has differentiated agricultural and wild-type populations. We confirmed the occurrence of gene flow from cultivated (Malus domestica) to wild (Malus sieversii) apple trees in Asian forests, potentially threatening the persistence of Asian wild apple trees. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated the pestification of V. inaequalis, the agricultural-type population being more virulent on both wild and domesticated trees. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the demographic modelling of pathogen populations revealed hybridization following secondary contact between agricultural and wild-type fungal populations, and dispersal of the agricultural-type pathogen population in wild forests, increasing the threat of disease in the wild apple species. We detected an SNP potentially involved in pathogen pestification, generating an early stop codon in a gene encoding a small secreted protein in the agricultural-type fungal population. Our findings, based on joint analyses of paired host and pathogen data sets, highlight the threat posed by cultivating a crop near its centre of origin, in terms of pestified pathogen invasions in wild plant populations and introgression in the wild-type pathogen population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Feurtey
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Ellen Guitton
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Ludovic Duvaux
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France.,BIOGECO, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Cestas, France
| | - Jason Shiller
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France.,Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Pascale Expert
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mélanie Sannier
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Valérie Caffier
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, Beaucouzé, France
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12
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Jaber MY, Bao J, Gao X, Zhang L, He D, Wang X, Wang A, Wang Z, Wang B. Genome Sequence of Venturia oleaginea, the Causal Agent of Olive Leaf Scab. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1095-1097. [PMID: 32420795 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0070-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Olive leaf scab, also known as peacock spot disease, caused by Venturia oleaginea (syn. Spilocaea oleaginea and Fusicladium oleagineum) is the most widespread and economically important fungal disease attacking olive in production countries. Here, we report the first highly contiguous whole-genome sequence (46.08 Mb) of one isolate, YUN35, of V. oleaginea. The described genome sequence and annotation resource will be useful to study the fungal biology, pathogen-host interaction, characterization of genes of interest, and population genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y Jaber
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuqin Gao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Dou He
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Airong Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
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13
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Winter DJ, Charlton ND, Krom N, Shiller J, Bock CH, Cox MP, Young CA. Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Venturia effusa, Causative Agent of Pecan Scab. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:149-152. [PMID: 31631770 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0236-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pecan scab, caused by Venturia effusa, is a devastating disease of pecan (Carya illinoinensis), which results in economic losses on susceptible cultivars throughout the southeastern United States. To enhance our understanding of pathogenicity in V. effusa, we have generated a complete telomere-to-telomere reference genome of V. effusa isolate FRT5LL7-Albino. By combining Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION data, we assembled a 45.2-Mb genome represented by 20 chromosomes and containing 10,820 putative genes, of which 7,619 have at least one functional annotation. The likely causative mutation of the albino phenotype was identified as a single base insertion and a resulting frameshift in the gene encoding the polyketide synthase ALM1. This genome represents the first full chromosome-level assembly of any Venturia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Winter
- School of Fundamental Sciences and the Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Jason Shiller
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Clive H Bock
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008, U.S.A
| | - Murray P Cox
- School of Fundamental Sciences and the Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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