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Li M, Yang L, Qian W, Ray S, Lu Z, Liu T, Zou YY, Naumann RK, Wang H. A novel rat model of Dravet syndrome recapitulates clinical hallmarks. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106193. [PMID: 37295561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a debilitating infantile epileptic encephalopathy characterized by seizures induced by high body temperature (hyperthermia), sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), cognitive impairment, and behavioral disturbances. The most common cause of DS is haploinsufficiency of the SCN1A gene, which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1. In current mouse models of DS, the epileptic phenotype is strictly dependent on the genetic background and most mouse models exhibit drastically higher SUDEP rates than patients. Therefore, we sought to develop an alternative animal model for DS. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a Scn1a halploinsufficiency rat model of DS by disrupting the Scn1a allele. Scn1a+/- rats show reduced Scn1a expression in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and thalamus. Homozygous null rats die prematurely. Heterozygous animals are highly susceptible to heat-induced seizures, the clinical hallmark of DS, but are otherwise normal in survival, growth, and behavior without seizure induction. Hyperthermia-induced seizures activate distinct sets of neurons in the hippocampus and hypothalamus in Scn1a+/- rats. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in Scn1a+/- rats reveal characteristic ictal EEG with high amplitude bursts with significantly increased delta and theta power. After the initial hyperthermia-induced seizures, non-convulsive, and convulsive seizures occur spontaneously in Scn1a+/- rats. In conclusion, we generate a Scn1a haploinsufficiency rat model with phenotypes closely resembling DS, providing a unique platform for establishing therapies for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixin Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Saikat Ray
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Robert K Naumann
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Wang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Xu XX, Shi RX, Fu Y, Wang JL, Tong X, Zhang SQ, Wang N, Li MX, Tong Y, Wang W, He M, Liu BY, Chen GL, Guo F. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase/reactive oxygen species pathway is involved in apoptosis and pyroptosis in epilepsy. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1277-1285. [PMID: 36453412 PMCID: PMC9838157 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to neurotoxicity, which triggers cell death in various neuropathological diseases, including epilepsy. Studies have shown that inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity increases the epilepsy threshold, that is, has an anticonvulsant effect. However, the exact role and potential mechanism of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in seizures are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing, functional enrichment analysis, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis of the hippocampus of tremor rats, a rat model of genetic epilepsy. We found damaged hippocampal mitochondria and abnormal succinate dehydrogenase level and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. In addition, we used a pilocarpine-induced N2a cell model to mimic epileptic injury. After application of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, changes in malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase, which are associated with oxidative stress, were reversed, and the increase in reactive oxygen species level was reversed by 7-nitroindazole or reactive oxygen species inhibitor N-acetylcysteine. Application of 7-nitroindazole or N-acetylcysteine downregulated the expression of caspase-3 and cytochrome c and reversed the apoptosis of epileptic cells. Furthermore, 7-nitroindazole or N-acetylcysteine downregulated the abnormally high expression of NLRP3, gasdermin-D, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. This indicated that 7-nitroindazole and N-acetylcysteine each reversed epileptic cell death. Taken together, our findings suggest that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase/reactive oxygen species pathway is involved in pyroptosis of epileptic cells, and inhibiting neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity or its induced oxidative stress may play a neuroprotective role in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui-Xue Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jia-Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei-Xuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing-Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China,Correspondence to: Feng Guo, ; Gui-Lan Chen, ; Bing-Yang Liu, .
| | - Gui-Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China,Correspondence to: Feng Guo, ; Gui-Lan Chen, ; Bing-Yang Liu, .
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China,Correspondence to: Feng Guo, ; Gui-Lan Chen, ; Bing-Yang Liu, .
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3
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Dynamics of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of Krushinsky-Molodkina rats correlates with the progression of limbic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 134:108846. [PMID: 35849865 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Audiogenic seizures (AGS) (audiogenic kindling) in genetically selected audiogenic rodents are a reliable model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Temporal lobe epilepsy is accompanied with neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, but how the cells die is not fully understood. We analyzed the dynamics and mechanisms of cell loss in the hippocampus of audiogenic Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats during the development of TLE. Audiogenic kindling of different durations was carried out to reproduce TLE progression in KM rats. Behavioral analysis showed the development of post-tonic clonus, the main indicator of TLE, by the 14th AGS. The severity and duration of post-tonic clonus positively correlated with the increase in the number of AGS. Temporal lobe epilepsy development was accompanied with two peaks of cell loss. The first peak was detected after 7 AGS in the dentate gyrus (DG) granular layer and associated with activation of p53- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. After a 7-day rest period, activation of autophagy and restoration of cell number were revealed. The second peak occurred after 14 AGS, affected both granular and hilar mossy cells and persisted further after 21 AGS, but no compensation was observed. Thus, activation of autophagy probably plays a neuroprotective role and supports survival of hippocampal cells at the beginning of epileptogenesis, but exacerbation of limbic seizures during TLE development causes irreversible neurodegeneration.
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4
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Kulikov AA, Naumova AA, Aleksandrova EP, Glazova MV, Chernigovskaya EV. Audiogenic kindling stimulates aberrant neurogenesis, synaptopodin expression, and mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108445. [PMID: 34837844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with considerable structural changes in the hippocampus. Pharmacological and electrical models of temporal lobe epilepsy in animals strongly suggest that hippocampal reorganization is based on seizure-stimulated aberrant neurogenesis but the data are often controversial and hard to interpret. The aim of the present study was to estimate neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling in the hippocampus of Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures (AGS). In our experiments we exposed KM rats to audiogenic kindling of different durations (4, 14, and 21 AGS) to model different stages of epilepsy development. Naïve KM rats were used as a control. Our results showed that even 4 AGS stimulated proliferation in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) accompanied with increase in number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature granular cells. Elevated number of proliferating cells was also observed in the hilus indicating the enhancement of abnormal migration of neural progenitors. In contrast to the DG, all DCX-positive cells in the hilus expressed VGLUT1/2 and their number was increased indicating that seizure activity accelerates glutamatergic differentiation of ectopic hilar cells. 14-day kindling further stimulated proliferation, abnormal migration, and glutamatergic differentiation of new neurons both in the DG granular and subgranular layers and in the hilus. However, after 21 AGS increased proliferation was observed only in the DG, while the numbers of immature neurons expressed VGLUT1/2 were still enhanced in both hippocampal areas. Audiogenic kindling also stimulated sprouting of mossy fibers and enhanced expression of synaptopodin in the hippocampus indicating generation of new synaptic contacts between granular cells, mossy cells, and CA3 pyramid neurons. Thus, our data suggest that epilepsy progression is associated with exacerbation of aberrant neurogenesis and reorganization of hippocampal neural circuits that contribute to the enhancement and spreading of epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Kulikov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Naumova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Aleksandrova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita V Glazova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena V Chernigovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez pr., 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Sharma D, Sehgal P, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V. A genome-wide circular RNA transcriptome in rat. Biol Methods Protoc 2021; 6:bpab016. [PMID: 34527809 PMCID: PMC8435660 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of noncoding RNAs that back-splice from 5ʹ donor site and 3ʹ acceptor sites to form a circular structure. A number of circRNAs have been discovered in model organisms including human, mouse, Drosophila, among other organisms. There are a few candidate-based studies on circRNAs in rat, a well-studied model organism as well. A number of pipelines have been published to identify the back splice junctions for the discovery of circRNAs but studies comparing these tools have suggested that a combination of tools would be a better approach to identify high-confidence circRNAs. The availability of a recent dataset of transcriptomes encompassing 11 tissues, 4 developmental stages, and 2 genders motivated us to explore the landscape of circRNAs in the organism in this context. In order to understand the difference among different pipelines, we employed five different combinations of tools to identify circular RNAs from the dataset. We compared the results of the different combination of tools/pipelines with respect to alignment, total number of circRNAs identified and read-coverage. In addition, we identified tissue-specific, development-stage specific and gender-specific circRNAs and further independently validated 16 circRNA junctions out of 24 selected candidates in 5 tissue samples and estimated the quantitative expression of five circRNA candidates using real-time polymerase chain reaction and our analysis suggests three candidates as tissue-enriched. This study is one of the most comprehensive studies which provides a map of circRNAs transcriptome as well as to understand the difference among different computational pipelines in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Sharma
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB South Campus, Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Paras Sehgal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB South Campus, Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB South Campus, Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB South Campus, Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
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6
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Garcia-Gomes MDSA, Zanatto DA, Galvis-Alonso OY, Mejia J, Antiorio ATFB, Yamamoto PK, Olivato MCM, Sandini TM, Flório JC, Lebrun I, Massironi SMG, Alexandre-Ribeiro SR, Bernardi MM, Ienne S, de Souza TA, Dagli MLZ, Mori CMC. Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of the spontaneous mutation tremor, a new mouse model of audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 105:106945. [PMID: 32109856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tremor mutant phenotype results from an autosomal recessive spontaneous mutation arisen in a Swiss-Webster mouse colony. The mutant mice displayed normal development until three weeks of age when they began to present motor impairment comprised by whole body tremor, ataxia, and decreased exploratory behavior. These features increased in severity with aging suggesting a neurodegenerative profile. In parallel, they showed audiogenic generalized clonic seizures. Results from genetic mapping identified the mutation tremor on chromosome 14, in an interval of 5 cM between D14Mit37 (33.21 cM) and D14Mit115 (38.21 cM), making Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) the main candidate gene. Comparing with wild type (WT) mice, the tremor mice showed higher hippocampal gene expression of Egr3 and Gabra1 and increased concentrations of noradrenalin (NOR; p = .0012), serotonin (5HT; p = .0083), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA; p = .0032), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA; p = .0123), glutamate (p = .0217) and aspartate (p = .0124). In opposition, the content of glycine (p = .0168) and the vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)/NOR ratio (p = .032) were decreased. Regarding to dopaminergic system, neither dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) contents nor the turnover rate of DA showed statistically significant differences between WT and mutant mice. Data demonstrated that audiogenic seizures of tremor mice are associated with progressive motor impairment as well as to hippocampal alterations of the Egr3 and Gabra1 gene expression and amino acid and monoamine content. In addition, the tremor mice could be useful for study of neurotransmission pathways as modulators of epilepsy and the pathogenesis of epilepsies occurring with generalized clonic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Albert Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mejia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Kenzo Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thaísa Meira Sandini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Camilo Flório
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Gomes Massironi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Susan Ienne
- Core Facility for Scientific Research - University of São Paulo (CEFAP-USP/GENIAL (Genome Investigation and Analysis Laboratory), Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Oscillotherapeutics - Time-targeted interventions in epilepsy and beyond. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:87-107. [PMID: 31954733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory brain activities support many physiological functions from motor control to cognition. Disruptions of the normal oscillatory brain activities are commonly observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety/trauma-related disorders, major depressive disorders, and drug addiction. Therefore, these disorders can be considered as common oscillation defects despite having distinct behavioral manifestations and genetic causes. Recent technical advances of neuronal activity recording and analysis have allowed us to study the pathological oscillations of each disorder as a possible biomarker of symptoms. Furthermore, recent advances in brain stimulation technologies enable time- and space-targeted interventions of the pathological oscillations of both neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders as possible targets for regulating their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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8
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Cheng Y, Mai Q, Zeng X, Wang H, Xiao Y, Tang L, Li J, Zhang Y, Ding H. Propionate relieves pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, consequent mitochondrial disruption, neuron necrosis and neurological deficits in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113607. [PMID: 31491413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present research was designed to evaluate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of propionate, a bioactive food additive, on mitochondrial disruption, neuron necrosis and neurological deficits after epilepsy seizures. Epilepsy seizures was induced by repetitive injections of pentylenetetrazol at a dose of 37 mg per kg. Propionate (37.5, 50 and 75 mg/kg) as well as sodium valproate (300 mg/kg) were administrated intragastrically (i.g.) 1 h before each PTZ injection and continued for 40 days. The influence of propionate was assessed by many biochemical assays and neurobehavioral experiments. The results of gas chromatography (GC) analysis indicated that increased concentration of propionate can be explored in hippocampus area of propionate + PTZ treated animals. Propionate decreased epilepsy seizure intensity, increased latency of seizures. Meanwhile, propionate treatment reversed the structure disruption of the mitochondria, improved ATP level and lessened 8-OHdG level in the brains of animals with seizures. In addition, we find propionate pretreated can increase activities of the antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, as well as GSH-Px) in mitochondria. Additionally, propionate reduced neuronal loss in hippocampus and our results suggest that HIF-1α/ERK pathway and neuron necrosis exists potential linkage during epileptogenesis. Moreover, as a result, propionate administration can significantly improve the neurological function estimated by a battery of functional tests. In conclusion, treatment with propionate attenuates mitochondrial disruption, hippocampal apoptosis and neurological deficits in a mouse model of epilepsy seizures. Therefore, propionate, currently used as a food preservative, has a potential additional advantage of ameliorating epilepsy seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qianting Mai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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9
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Loss of HCN1 subunits causes absence epilepsy in rats. Brain Res 2019; 1706:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Damasceno S, Menezes NBD, Rocha CDS, Matos AHBD, Vieira AS, Moraes MFD, Martins AS, Lopes-Cendes I, Godard ALB. Transcriptome of the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain following audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 147:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Gorlewicz A, Kaczmarek L. Pathophysiology of Trans-Synaptic Adhesion Molecules: Implications for Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:119. [PMID: 30298130 PMCID: PMC6160742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are specialized interfaces between neurons in the brain that transmit and modulate information, thereby integrating cells into multiplicity of interacting neural circuits. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) might form trans-synaptic complexes that are crucial for the appropriate identification of synaptic partners and further for the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses. When affected, trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms play a role in synaptopathies in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy. This review recapitulates current understanding of trans-synaptic interactions in pathophysiology of interneuronal connections. In particular, we discuss here the possible implications of trans-synaptic adhesion dysfunction for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Qi Z, Yu X, Xu P, Hao Y, Pan X, Zhang C. l-Homocarnosine, l-carnosine, and anserine attenuate brain oxidative damage in a pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy model of ovariectomized rats. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:363. [PMID: 30105188 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective effect of l-homocarnosine, l-carnosine, and anserine (HCA) on seizure-induced brain injuries. We evaluated the protective effect of HCA on brain oxidative damage in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy model using ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The experimental groups were as follows: group I, sham; group II, sham + PTZ; group III, sham + HCA + PTZ; group IV, OVX; group V, OVZ + PTZ; and group VI, OVX + HCA + PTZ. We determined the levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiol in brain hippocampal and cortical tissue. The biochemical markers were significantly altered in the brain tissue of OVX rats. HCA supplementation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased GSH, Gpx, SOD, catalase, and thiol levels in PTZ-treated OVX rats. Rats with an ovariectomy showed a significant protective effect against PTZ through elevation of the latency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). HCA substantially increased minimal clonic seizure and GTCS latency in the OVX-PTZ and sham-PTZ groups. In summary, our experimental data indicate that combined supplementation of HCA substantially increased anticonvulsant activity. Moreover, combined HCA supplementation reduced oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant levels in the brain of a PTZ-induced seizure rodent model.
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Celli R, Santolini I, Guiducci M, van Luijtelaar G, Parisi P, Striano P, Gradini R, Battaglia G, Ngomba RT, Nicoletti F. The α2δ Subunit and Absence Epilepsy: Beyond Calcium Channels? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:918-925. [PMID: 28290248 PMCID: PMC5652034 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170309105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spike-wave discharges, underlying absence seizures, are generated within a cortico-thalamo-cortical network that involves the somatosensory cortex, the reticular thalamic nucleus, and the ventrobasal thalamic nuclei. Activation of T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) contributes to the pathological oscillatory activity of this network, and some of the first-line drugs used in the treatment of absence epilepsy inhibit T-type calcium channels. The α2δ subunit is a component of high voltage-activated VSCCs (i.e., L-, N-, P/Q-, and R channels) and studies carried out in heterologous expression systems suggest that it may also associate with T channels. The α2δ subunit is also targeted by thrombospondins, which regulate synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. Objective: To discuss the potential role for the thrombospondin/α2δ axis in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy. Methods: We searched PubMed articles for the terms “absence epilepsy”, “T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels”, “α2δ subunit”, “ducky mice”, “pregabalin”, “gabapentin”, “thrombospondins”, and included papers focusing this Review's scope. Results: We moved from the evidence that mice lacking the α2δ-2 subunit show absence seizures and α2δ ligands (gabapentin and pregabalin) are detrimental in the treatment of absence epilepsy. This suggests that α2δ may be protective against absence epilepsy via a mechanism that does not involve T channels. We discuss the interaction between thrombospondins and α2δ and its potential relevance in the regulation of excitatory synaptic formation in the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. Conclusion: We speculate on the possibility that the thrombospondin/α2δ axis is critical for the correct functioning of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network, and that abnormalities in this axis may play a role in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Celli
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | - Ines Santolini
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | - Michela Guiducci
- Departments of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen. Netherlands
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Departments of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Gradini
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | | | - Richard T Ngomba
- University of Lincoln, School of Pharmacy, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Nirwan N, Vyas P, Vohora D. Animal models of status epilepticus and temporal lobe epilepsy: a narrative review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:757-770. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the chronic and pharmacoresistant form of epilepsy observed in humans. The current literature is insufficient in explicating the comprehensive mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and advancement. Consequently, the development of a suitable animal model mimicking the clinical characteristics is required. Further, the relevance of status epilepticus (SE) to animal models is dubious. SE occurs rarely in people; most epilepsy patients never experience it. The present review summarizes the established animal models of SE and TLE, along with a brief discussion of the animal models that have the distinctiveness and carries the possibility to be developed as effective models for TLE. The review not only covers the basic requirements, mechanisms, and methods of induction of each model but also focuses upon their major limitations and possible modifications for their future use. A detailed discussion on chemical, electrical, and hypoxic/ischemic models as well as a brief explanation on the genetic models, most of which are characterized by development of SE followed by neurodegeneration, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nirwan
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
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15
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Seizure Detection and Network Dynamics of Generalized Convulsive Seizures: Towards Rational Designing of Closed-Loop Neuromodulation. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2018; 2017:9606213. [PMID: 29387712 PMCID: PMC5745672 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9606213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Studies have demonstrated the utility of closed-loop neuromodulation in treating focal onset seizures. There is an utmost need of neurostimulation therapy for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The study goals are to map the thalamocortical network dynamics during the generalized convulsive seizures and identify targets for reliable seizure detection. Methods Local field potentials were recorded from bilateral cortex, hippocampi, and centromedian thalami in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pentylenetetrazol was used to induce multiple convulsive seizures. The performances of two automated seizure detection methods (line length and P-operators) as a function of different cortical and subcortical structures were estimated. Multiple linear correlations-Granger's Causality was used to determine the effective connectivity. Results Of the 29 generalized tonic-clonic seizures analyzed, line length detected 100% of seizures in all the channels while the P-operator detected only 35% of seizures. The detection latencies were shortest in the thalamus in comparison to the cortex. There was a decrease in amplitude correlation within the thalamocortical network during the seizure, and flow of information was decreased from thalamus to hippocampal-parietal nodes. Significance The preclinical study confirms thalamus as a superior target for automated detection of generalized seizures and modulation of synchrony to increase coupling may be a strategy to abate seizures.
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Kadam SD, D'Ambrosio R, Duveau V, Roucard C, Garcia-Cairasco N, Ikeda A, de Curtis M, Galanopoulou AS, Kelly KM. Methodological standards and interpretation of video-electroencephalography in adult control rodents. A TASK1-WG1 report of the AES/ILAE Translational Task Force of the ILAE. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 4:10-27. [PMID: 29105073 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In vivo electrophysiological recordings are widely used in neuroscience research, and video-electroencephalography (vEEG) has become a mainstay of preclinical neuroscience research, including studies of epilepsy and cognition. Studies utilizing vEEG typically involve comparison of measurements obtained from different experimental groups, or from the same experimental group at different times, in which one set of measurements serves as "control" and the others as "test" of the variables of interest. Thus, controls provide mainly a reference measurement for the experimental test. Control rodents represent an undiagnosed population, and cannot be assumed to be "normal" in the sense of being "healthy." Certain physiological EEG patterns seen in humans are also seen in control rodents. However, interpretation of rodent vEEG studies relies on documented differences in frequency, morphology, type, location, behavioral state dependence, reactivity, and functional or structural correlates of specific EEG patterns and features between control and test groups. This paper will focus on the vEEG of standard laboratory rodent strains with the aim of developing a small set of practical guidelines that can assist researchers in the design, reporting, and interpretation of future vEEG studies. To this end, we will: (1) discuss advantages and pitfalls of common vEEG techniques in rodents and propose a set of recommended practices and (2) present EEG patterns and associated behaviors recorded from adult rats of a variety of strains. We will describe the defining features of selected vEEG patterns (brain-generated or artifactual) and note similarities to vEEG patterns seen in adult humans. We will note similarities to normal variants or pathological human EEG patterns and defer their interpretation to a future report focusing on rodent seizure patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa D Kadam
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Raimondo D'Ambrosio
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institutes of Hospitality and Care of a Scientific Nature (IRCCS) Foundation, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, U.S.A
| | - Kevin M Kelly
- Brain Injury and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Lin WH, Li XF, Lin MX, Zhou Y, Huang HP. Novel insights into the effect of paroxetine administration in pilocarpine‑induced chronic epileptic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8245-8252. [PMID: 28983622 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of paroxetine intervention in epilepsy, and its association with the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) and hippocampal apoptosis. Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control vehicle (n=6) and epileptic (n=24) groups. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced via systemic injection of pilocarpine, and seizure activity was monitored via video electroencephalogram. The epileptic group was then randomly divided into two groups; Four weeks following SE induction, paroxetine (5 mg/kg/day; SE + paroxetine group) or normal saline (SE group) was intraperitoneally injected for 4 weeks. Brain tissue was collected to evaluate apoptosis via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling. SERT, B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression levels were evaluated by western blotting, and miR‑16 expression was evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Paroxetine did not affect the mortality of the pilocarpine‑induced chronic epileptic rats. Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SSRs) were observed 7‑28 days following SE induction. The frequency and stage of the SSRs were reduced by paroxetine administration. Apoptotic cells were observed in the epileptic hippocampus. Following paroxetine intervention, the staining intensity and number of apoptotic cells were significantly decreased. Expression levels of BDNF and Bcl‑2 were lower in the SE group compared with the vehicle group. The former was not altered by paroxetine injection; however, the latter was increased. In the SE group, SERT expression was not altered in the raphe nucleus but was decreased in the hippocampus. Following paroxetine administration, SERT expression was decreased in the raphe nucleus and increased in the hippocampus. In the SE group, miR‑16 expression was decreased in the raphe nucleus and increased in the hippocampus. Following paroxetine administration, miR‑16 expression was not altered in the raphe nucleus but was reduced in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the seizures and hippocampal apoptosis observed in chronic epileptic rats were alleviated by paroxetine treatment. This effect may be associated with the reduced Bcl‑2 and BDNF expression and the modulation of SERT expression. The alterations in miR‑16 expression may provide a potential explanation for the modulation of apoptosis; however, further research is required to determine the complete underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Lin
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Center of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Pin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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López-López D, Gómez-Nieto R, Herrero-Turrión MJ, García-Cairasco N, Sánchez-Benito D, Ludeña MD, López DE. Overexpression of the immediate-early genes Egr1, Egr2, and Egr3 in two strains of rodents susceptible to audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 71:226-237. [PMID: 26775236 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic animal models of epilepsy are an important tool for further understanding the basic cellular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and for developing novel antiepileptic drugs. We conducted a comparative study of gene expression in the inferior colliculus, a nucleus that triggers audiogenic seizures, using two animal models, the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) and the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster (GASH:Sal). For this purpose, both models were exposed to high intensity auditory stimulation, and 60min later, the inferior colliculi were collected. As controls, intact Wistar rats and Syrian hamsters were subjected to stimulation and tissue preparation protocols identical to those performed on the experimental animals. Ribonucleic acid was isolated, and microarray analysis comparing the stimulated Wistar and WAR rats showed that the genomic profile of these animals displayed significant (fold change, |FC|≥2.0 and p<0.05) upregulation of 38 genes and downregulation of 47 genes. Comparison of gene expression profiles between stimulated control hamsters and stimulated GASH:Sal revealed the upregulation of 10 genes and the downregulation of 5 genes. Among the common genes that were altered in both models, we identified the zinc finger immediate-early growth response gene Egr3. The Egr3 protein is a transcription factor that is induced by distinct stress-elicited factors. Based on immunohistochemistry, this protein was expressed in the cochlear nucleus complex, the inferior colliculus, and the hippocampus of both animal models as well as in lymphoma tumors of the GASH:Sal. Our results support that the overexpression of the Egr3 gene in both models might contribute to neuronal viability and development of lymphoma in response to stress associated with audiogenic seizures. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic".
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Affiliation(s)
- D López-López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - R Gómez-Nieto
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M J Herrero-Turrión
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - N García-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - D Sánchez-Benito
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - M D Ludeña
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - D E López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Muñoz LJ, Carballosa-Gautam MM, Yanowsky K, García-Atarés N, López DE. The genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca: The GASH:Sal. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 71:181-192. [PMID: 27072920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hamster has been previously described as a paroxysmal dystonia model, but our strain is currently recognized as a model of audiogenic seizures (AGS). The original first epileptic hamster appeared spontaneously at the University of Valladolid, where it was known as the GPG:Vall line, and was transferred to the University of Salamanca where a new strain was developed, named GASH:Sal. By testing auditory brainstem responses, the GASH:Sal exhibits elevated auditory thresholds that indicate a hearing impairment. Moreover, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis distinguished genetic differences between the susceptible GASH:Sal hamster strain and the control Syrian hamsters. The GASH:Sal constitutes an experimental model of reflex epilepsy of audiogenic origin derived from an autosomal recessive disorder. Thus, the GASH:Sal exhibits generalized tonic-clonic seizures, characterized by a short latency period after auditory stimulation, followed by wild running, a convulsive phase, and finally stupor, with origin in the brainstem. The seizure profile of the GASH:Sal is similar to those exhibited by other models of inherited AGS susceptibility, which decreases after six months of age, but the proneness across generations is maintained. The GASH:Sal can be considered a reliable model of audiogenic seizures, suitable to investigate current antiepileptic pharmaceutical treatments as well as novel therapeutic drugs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic".
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Muñoz
- Animal Research Service, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Melissa M Carballosa-Gautam
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León/IBSAL, C/ Pintor Fernando Gallego, No. 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14thTerrace, Room 2-34, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kira Yanowsky
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León/IBSAL, C/ Pintor Fernando Gallego, No. 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natividad García-Atarés
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47007, Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León/IBSAL, C/ Pintor Fernando Gallego, No. 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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Italiano D, Striano P, Russo E, Leo A, Spina E, Zara F, Striano S, Gambardella A, Labate A, Gasparini S, Lamberti M, De Sarro G, Aguglia U, Ferlazzo E. Genetics of reflex seizures and epilepsies in humans and animals. Epilepsy Res 2016; 121:47-54. [PMID: 26875109 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reflex seizures are epileptic events triggered by specific motor, sensory or cognitive stimulation. This comprehensive narrative review focuses on the role of genetic determinants in humans and animal models of reflex seizures and epilepsies. METHODS References were mainly identified through MEDLINE searches until August 2015 and backtracking of references in pertinent studies. RESULTS Autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance was proven in several families with photosensitivity. Molecular genetic studies on EEG photoparoxysmal response identified putative loci on chromosomes 6, 7, 13 and 16 that seem to correlate with peculiar seizure phenotype. No specific mutation has been found in Papio papio baboon, although a genetic etiology is likely. Mutation in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A was found in another animal model of photosensitivity (Fayoumi chickens). Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance overlapping with a genetic background for IGE was proposed for some families with primary reading epilepsy. Musicogenic seizures usually occur in patients with focal symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsies, but they have been reported in rare genetic epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. A single LGI1 mutation has been described in a girl with seizures evoked by auditory stimuli. Interestingly, heterozygous knockout (Lgi1(+/-)) mice show susceptibility to sound-triggered seizures. Moreover, in Frings and Black Swiss mice, the spontaneous mutations of MASS1 and JAMS1 genes, respectively, have been linked to audiogenic seizures. Eating seizures usually occur in symptomatic epilepsies but evidences for a genetic susceptibility were mainly provided by family report from Sri Lanka. Eating seizures were also reported in rare patients with MECP2 duplication or mutation. Hot water seizures are genetically heterogeneous but two loci at chromosomes 4 and 10 were identified in families with likely autosomal dominant inheritance. Startle-induced seizures usually occur in patients with symptomatic epilepsies but have also been reported in the setting chromosomal disorders or genetically inherited lysosomal storage diseases. DISCUSSION The genetic background of reflex seizures and epilepsies is heterogeneous and mostly unknown with no major gene identified in humans. The benefits offered by next-generation sequencing technologies should be merged with increasing information on animal models that represent an useful tool to study the mechanism underlying epileptogenesis. Finally, we expect that genetic studies will lead to a better understanding of the multiple factors involved in the pathophysiology of reflex seizures, and eventually to develop preventive strategies focused on seizure control and therapy optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Italiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neurosciences, Department of Neurosciences, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Lamberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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