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Zainuddin ZZ, Tarmizi R, Chee YK, Sarkawi NN, Ahmad H, Salleh A, Tahir NDM, Baiee F, Che-Amat A, Fitri WN. Preliminary findings of age and male sexual characteristics andand potential effect to semen characteristics and cryopreservation of the critically endangered Bornean orangutan in Malaysia. Primates 2022; 63:377-386. [PMID: 35460385 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered non-human primate; however, the threat of extinction is not merely from poaching and habitat loss. Orangutan survival is also threatened by the genetic loss and genetic bottleneck due to the low effective population, prompting the dire need for an immediate genetic preservation program through systematic biobanking and assisted reproductive technology (ART). This study aims to provide integral data to the semen characteristics, extension, and cryopreservation of the Bornean orangutan and the potential relationship to male traits. Five captive orangutans from Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre (SORC) with a mean body weight of 52.81 ± 7.00 kg were used for this study. Semen collection was performed using electroejaculation (EE) under complete general anesthesia. Semen was subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation while testicular measurement was obtained using digital calipers. The semen characteristics of the orangutans are volume (778 ± 250.21 µl), pH (7.80 ± 0.25), concentration (32.38 ± 17.40 × 106 sperm/ml), total motility (61.00 ± 12.88%), adjusted motility index (48.76 ± 11.32%), live spermatozoa (77.75 ± 6.94%) and normal spermatozoa (11.48 ± 11.34%). Analysis of variance statistical analysis test was used to compare the significant difference between means, at (p < 0.05). Spermatozoa concentration was the only significant different parameter between individuals. Testes biometry parameters are statistically significant between the flanged and unflanged individuals. Live spermatozoa are different in adult and sub-adult individual while teratospermia was found to be consistently high in all individuals. Chilled and post-thaw quality after cryopreservation suggests promising survivability of spermatozoa. Semen collection with EE yields a consistent and acceptable quality of spermatozoa for cryopreservation, biobanking purposes, and potential application of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainal Zahari Zainuddin
- Bringing Back Our Rare Animal, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Reza Tarmizi
- Bringing Back Our Rare Animal, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yap Keng Chee
- Bringing Back Our Rare Animal, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nabila Sarkawi
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Level 4, Block B, Wisma MUIS, Kota Kinabalu, 88100, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hafandi Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diyana Mohamad Tahir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Falah Baiee
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, 54003, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Nor Fitri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nakazato C, Yoshizawa M, Isobe K, Kusakabe KT, Kuraishi T, Hattori S, Matsumoto H, Fukui E, Kuwahata A, Ochi M, Kiso Y, Kai C. Morphological Characterization of Spermatozoa of the Night Monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1274/jmor.32.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Teramura T, Takehara T, Kawata N, Fujinami N, Mitani T, Takenoshita M, Matsumoto K, Saeki K, Iritani A, Sagawa N, Hosoi Y. Primate embryonic stem cells proceed to early gametogenesis in vitro. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2007; 9:144-56. [PMID: 17579549 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2006.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) of nonhuman primates are important for research into human gametogenesis because of similarities between the embryos and fetuses of nonhuman primates and those of humans. Recently, the formation of germ cells from mouse ESCs in vitro has been reported. In this study, we established cynomolgus monkey ES cell lines (cyESCs) and attempted to induce their differentiation into germ cells to obtain further information on the development of primate germ cells by observing the markers specific to germ cells. Three cyESCs were newly established and confirmed to be pluripotent. When the cells are induced to differentiate, the transcripts of Vasa and some meiotic markers were expressed. VASA protein accumulated in differentiated cell clumps and VASA-positive cells gathered in clumps as the number of differentiation days increased. In the later stages, VASA-positive clumps coexpressed OCT-4, suggesting that these cells might correspond to early gonocytes at the postmigration stage. Furthermore, meiosis-specific gene expression was also observed. These results demonstrate that cyESCs can differentiate to developing germ cells such as primordial germ cells (PGCs) or more developed gonocytes in our differentiation systems, and may be a suitable model for studying the mechanisms of primate germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Teramura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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Okada H, Hirose Y, Manonmani P, Uda A, Ito M, Sankai T. Characterization of an immortalized oviduct cell line from the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2005; 34:67-72. [PMID: 15860112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To establish reproductive biological techniques in mammals, it is important to understand the growth environment of the embryo. Oviduct epithelial cells are in close proximity to the embryo during pre-implantation development. We, therefore, established an immortalized oviduct epithelial cell line from the cynomolgus monkey, evaluated the usefulness of these cells as feeder cells for embryo culture, and investigated the gene expression of several growth factors and cytokines in the cells. The immortalized cells were positive for the anti-cytokeratin antibody, as determined by immunocytochemistry, indicating that they are epithelial. They also expressed oviductin, which is specific to oviduct epithelial cells, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (control), leukemia inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, transforming growth factor beta-2, and interleukin 4. Mouse embryo development was improved when the immortalized cells were used as feeder cells. This cell line is also useful for studying the factors secreted by oviduct epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okada
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
The nonhuman primate is used extensively in biomedical research owing to its close similarities to human physiology and human disease pathophysiology. Recently, several groups have initiated efforts to genetically manipulate nonhuman primates to address complex questions concerning primate-specific development and physiological adaptation. Primates pose unique challenges to transgenesis and, although this field is still in its infancy, the potential for obtaining new insights into primate physiology and gene function is unprecedented. This review focuses on the methods and potential applications of genetically altered nonhuman primates in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wolfgang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Dept of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Ng SC, Martelli P, Liow SL, Herbert S, Oh SH. Intracytoplasmic injection of frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa in a nonhuman primate model, the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Theriogenology 2002; 58:1385-97. [PMID: 12387351 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa was performed in the cynomolgus monkey (Macacafascicularis) to produce embryos in vitro. Eleven sexually mature females were hyperstimulated with an GnRH agonist (1.8 mg active triptorelin per 2 kg body weight), followed (2 weeks later) by rFSH (37.5 IU per 2 kg daily) for 12 days, and finally 1000 IU of hCG. Epididymal spermatozoa were collected from a single adult male monkey. The first stimulation cycle resulted in 90 oocytes; 70% of which were metaphase II (MII). Sixty-four percent of these MII oocytes were fertilized. Comparing ovarian response of five monkeys that underwent a second stimulation cycle there was an increase in oocyte quantity (13.2 versus 9.2 oocytes per monkey) but the percentage of MII oocytes remained the same at 58%. Fertilization and cleavage rates were also reduced but there was an increase in the number of embryos available for transfer. Overall, four monkeys became pregnant resulting in the birth of two healthy infants and two abortions. These findings show that ovarian stimulation by GnRH-rFSH did not compromise the developmental competence of the oocytes; effective combination of cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa and ICSI is possible in nonhuman primate reproduction, and thus has potential application in the conservation of highly endangered nonhuman primate species, and the cynomolgus monkey is a reliable biomedical research model to study the potential risks and benefits associated with assisted reproductive techniques prior to approval for clinical trials on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Chye Ng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore.
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Okada A, Igarashi H, Kuroda M, Terao K, Yoshikawa Y, Sankai T. Cryopreservation-induced acrosomal vesiculation in live spermatozoa from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Hum Reprod 2001; 16:2139-47. [PMID: 11574506 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.10.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreserved spermatozoa are known to undergo accelerated capacitation and require a shorter incubation time for fertilization. However, details of their acrosomal membranes following cryopreservation remain unclear. METHODS Percoll density gradient centrifugation was used to remove dead spermatozoa; thus >90% live spermatozoa were recovered after cryopreservation, and acrosomal status was compared among non-incubated and incubated fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa. RESULTS Transmission election microscopy (TEM) using microwave methods and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) staining revealed that 21.1 and 61.6% respectively of non-incubated, cryopreserved spermatozoa were intact, whereas 97.6% (TEM) or 91.9% (FITC-PSA) of non-incubated fresh spermatozoa were intact. TEM revealed that 28.8% of the cryopreserved spermatozoa were swollen, and probably included among those counted as intact by FITC-PSA staining. The non-incubated cryopreserved spermatozoa had fused plasma and outer acrosomal membranes, and 36.4% of them had vesiculation when observed by TEM. FITC-PSA staining indicated that 22% of the live spermatozoa were acrosome reacted. CONCLUSIONS Acceleration of the acrosome reaction was evident by both TEM and FITC-PSA. Incubation of cryopreserved spermatozoa for 2 h accelerated vesiculation to a state similar to that of fresh spermatozoa that had been incubated for 8 h. These results reveal that in cryopreserved spermatozoa, the process of acrosome reaction begins before incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okada
- Department of Anatomy, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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