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Song L, Wang D, Zhai Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Sun L, Zhou K. Aqueous extract of Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. induces liver injury in mice via pyroptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118164. [PMID: 38593963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. has been used traditionally in Asia. It can dispel wind and cold, tonify the kidney, and strengthen bones and tendons. However, adverse effects of E. sagittatum have been reported, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate liver injury caused by an aqueous extract of E. sagittatum in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and explore its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried E. sagittatum leaves were decocted in water to prepare aqueous extracts for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Mice were administered an aqueous extract of E. sagittatum equivalent to either 3 g raw E. sagittatum/kg or 10 g raw E. sagittatum/kg once daily via intragastric injection for three months. The liver weights and levels of the serum biochemical parameters including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TBIL), and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for histopathology. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL apoptosis assay kit. IL-1β was detected using ELISA kits. Proteomics was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of proteins significantly affected by the aqueous extract of E. sagittatum. RESULTS E. sagittatum treatment increased the liver weights and liver coefficients, and ALT and AST levels significantly increased (p < 0.05). A high dose of E. sagittatum significantly increased LDH and TBIL levels (p < 0.05). Ruptured cell membranes and multiple sites of inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed. No evidence of apoptosis was observed. IL-1β levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The expressions of PIK3R1, p-MAP2K4, p-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/JNK, p-c-Jun, VDAC2, Bax, and CYC were upregulated, whereas that of Bcl-2 was inhibited by E. sagittatum. The expression of cleaved caspase-1 was significantly increased; however, its effects on GSDMD and GSDMD-N were significantly decreased. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and its effector proteins GSDME and GSDME-N significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the aqueous extract of E. sagittatum induces liver injury in ICR mice after three months of intragastric injection via inflammatory pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuxia Zhai
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Likang Sun
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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de Prisco N, Chemiakine A, Lee W, Botta S, Gennarino VA. Protocol to assess the effect of disease-driving variants on mouse brain morphology and primary hippocampal neurons. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101244. [PMID: 35310074 PMCID: PMC8931472 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants that affect neurological function will often produce changes visible at the level of gross morphology, either of the whole brain or of specific neuronal types. Here we describe how to perfuse and dissect the brain in preparation for Nissl staining. Then we outline steps for culturing mouse primary hippocampal neurons to evaluate dendritic arborization (Sholl analysis). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gennarino et al. (2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola de Prisco
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexei Chemiakine
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Salvatore Botta
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo A. Gennarino
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Comparison of the anesthetic effects of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol on ICR mice derived from three different sources. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:270-278. [PMID: 30671115 PMCID: PMC6333612 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the anesthetic effects of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (TBE, Avertin®) in ICR mice obtained from three different sources. TBE (2.5%) was intraperitoneally injected at three doses: high-dose group (500 mg/kg), intermediate-dose group (250 mg/kg), and low-dose group (125 mg/kg). Anesthesia time, recovery time, end-tidal peak CO2 (ETCO2), mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), body temperature, pH, PCO2, and PO2 of the arterial blood were measured. Stable anesthesia was induced by all doses of TBE and the anesthesia time was maintained exhibited dose dependency. No significant differences in anesthetic duration were found among the three different strains. However, the anesthesia time was longer in female than in male mice, and the duration of anesthesia was significantly longer in female than in male mice in the high-dose group. The recovery time was significantly longer for female than male mice in the intermediate- and high-dose groups. In the ICR strains tested, there were no significant differences in the mean arterial blood pressure, SPO2, arterial blood PCO2, and PO2, which decreased after TBE anesthesia, or in heart rate and ETCO2, which increased after TBE anesthesia. In addition, body temperature, blood biochemical markers, and histopathological changes of the liver, kidney, and lung were not significantly changed by TBE anesthesia. These results suggested that ICR mice from different sources exhibited similar overall responses to a single exposure to TBE anesthesia. In conclusion, TBE is a useful drug that can induce similar anesthetic effects in three different strains of ICR mice.
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Qi CC, Shu YM, Chen FH, Ding YQ, Zhou JN. Sensitivity during the forced swim test is a key factor in evaluating the antidepressant effects of abscisic acid in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 300:106-13. [PMID: 26698394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), a crucial phytohormone, is distributed in the brains of mammals and has been shown to have antidepressant effects in the chronic unpredictable mild stress test. The forced swim test (FST) is another animal model that can be used to assess antidepressant-like behavior in rodents. Here, we report that the antidepressant effects of ABA are associated with sensitivities to the FST in mice. Based on mean immobility in the 5-min forced swim pre-test, ICR mice were divided into short immobility mice (SIM) and long immobility mice (LIM) substrains. FST was carried out 8 days after drug administration. Learned helplessness, as shown by increased immobility, was only observed in SIM substrain and could be prevented by an 8-day ABA treatment. Our results show that ABA has antidepressant effects in SIM substrain and suggest that mice with learned helplessness might be more suitable for screening potential antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Mian Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Han Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
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McDowell A, Fothergill JA, Khan A, Medlicott NJ. A cyclodextrin formulation to improve use of the anesthetic tribromoethanol (Avertin(®)). J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:16-21. [PMID: 24459399 PMCID: PMC3895288 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.124303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Efficacy and safety concerns have been raised in the literature with the use of tribromoethanol (TBE) (Avertin®) for anesthesia in rats and mice when administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Despite the controversy, it remains in common usage as an anesthetic agent in laboratory rodents for short-term surgical procedures. Cyclodextrins have been shown to improve drug solubility and were investigated here as an improved anesthetic formulation for mice. Materials and Methods: The phase solubility of TBE with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was estimated. The efficacy of two anesthetic regimens was compared in this study; the conventional TBE formulation solubilized in tert-amyl alcohol and a HP-β-CD formulation containing TBE. Mice (n = 6) were administered the formulations by IP injection and the pharmacodynamic parameters of time to induction of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia and recovery time were measured using a combined reflex score (CRS). Results and Discussion: Phase solubility studies showed a linear increase in the solubility of TBE with increasing HP-β-CD concentration and suggested >1:1 binding of the drug in the cyclodextrin complex. At a dose of 260 mg/kg the standard TBE formulation appeared to produce deeper anesthesia than the cyclodextrin formulation, with a minimum average CRS of 1.8 compared with 5.2. No post-mortem pathology was observed in mice that received either the conventional or cyclodextrin formulation. Conclusion: The cyclodextrin TBE formulation did not conclusively provide an improved anesthetic response at a dose of 260 mg/kg compared with the conventional formulation. The improved solubility of TBE with HP-β-CD and the reduced variability in anesthetic response warrants the further investigation of this formulation. This study has also identified the value of using the anticholinergic atropine in association with TBE for anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene McDowell
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Fothergill
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Azeem Khan
- Deparment of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Medlicott
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Propofol allows precise quantitative arterial spin labelling functional magnetic resonance imaging in the rat. Neuroimage 2010; 51:1395-404. [PMID: 20304075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques highlight cerebral vascular responses which are coupled to changes in neural activation. However, two major difficulties arise when employing these techniques in animal studies. First is the disturbance of cerebral blood flow due to anaesthesia and second is the difficulty of precise reproducible quantitative measurements. These difficulties were surmounted in the current study by using propofol and quantitative arterial spin labelling (QASL) to measure relative cerebral blood volume of labelled water (rCBV(lw),) mean transit time (MTT) and capillary transit time (CTT). The ASL method was applied to measure the haemodynamic response in the primary somatosensory cortex following forepaw stimulation in the rat. Following stimulation an increase in signal intensity and rCBV(lw) was recorded, this was accompanied by a significant decrease in MTT (1.97+/-0.06s to 1.44+/-0.04s) and CTT (1.76+/-0.06s to 1.39+/-0.07s). Two animals were scanned repeatedly on two different experimental days. Stimulation in the first animal was applied to the same forepaw during the initial and repeat scan. In the second animal stimulation was applied to different forepaws on the first and second days. The control and activated ASL signal intensities, rCBVlw on both days were almost identical in both animals. The basal MTT and CTT during the second scan were also very similar to the values obtained during the first scan. The MTT recorded from the animal that underwent stimulation to the same paw during both scanning sessions was very similar on the first and second days. In conclusion, propofol induces little physiological disturbance and holds potential for longitudinal QASL fMRI studies.
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Dearing MD, Skopec MM, Bastiani MJ. Detoxification rates of wild herbivorous woodrats (Neotoma). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:419-22. [PMID: 16962347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The detoxification systems of mammalian herbivores are thought to have evolved in response to the ingestion of plant secondary compounds. Specialist herbivores consume high quantities of secondary compounds and are predicted to have faster rates of Phase 1 detoxification compared to generalist herbivores. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the performances of a specialist (Neotoma fuscipes) and generalist (Neotoma lepida) herbivore using hypnotic state assays. Herbivores foraging in nature were live trapped and injected with hexobarbital (100 mg/kg). We measured the length of time in the hypnotic state as the time in which the animal was unable to right itself twice in 30 s. The specialist metabolized hexobarbital 1.7 times faster than the generalist (F(1, 19) = 9.31, P = 0.007) as revealed by its significantly shorter time spent in the hypnotic state (56+/-9 min vs. 87+/-8 min, respectively). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that specialists have faster rates of Phase 1 detoxification. This is the first evaluation of the detoxification capability of mammalian herbivores foraging under natural conditions. Hypnotic state assays have broad potential applications to the study of vertebrate-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Dearing
- Biology Department, 257 S 1400 E, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Meyer RE, Fish RE. A review of tribromoethanol anesthesia for production of genetically engineered mice and rats. Lab Anim (NY) 2006; 34:47-52. [PMID: 16261153 DOI: 10.1038/laban1105-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tribromoethanol (TBE) is easy and inexpensive to make in the laboratory from readily available reagents, requires no special equipment for its administration, and is not subject to federal or state drug enforcement agency regulations. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of TBE results in the simple and rapid induction of short-term surgical anesthesia; however, recent adverse reports about the efficacy and safety of TBE make its continued routine use as a rodent anesthetic controversial. The authors review the history and use of TBE as an animal anesthetic and conclude that TBE should be relegated to acute terminal studies when administered i.p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Meyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762-6100, USA.
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Sorensen JS, Skopec MM, Dearing MD. Application of Pharmacological Approaches to Plant–Mammal Interactions. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1229-46. [PMID: 16770715 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The dominant theory in the field of mammalian herbivore-plant interactions is that intake, and therefore tolerance, of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) is regulated by mechanisms that reduce absorption and increase detoxification of PSMs. Methods designed by pharmacologists to measure detoxification enzyme activity, metabolite excretion, and most recently, drug absorption, have been successfully applied by ecologists to study PSM intake in a variety of mammalian study systems. Here, we describe several pharmacological and molecular techniques used to investigate the fate of drugs in human that have potential to further advance knowledge of mammalian herbivore-plant interactions.
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