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Kendell-Wall R, Nguyen JT, Salleras F, Kamboj AS, Diwen Tan SA, Manish Trivedi V, de Mello-Neto JM, Rodrigues Amaral R. Antimicrobial efficacy of Odontopaste in endodontics: a systematic review. Evid Based Dent 2024; 25:166. [PMID: 38538855 PMCID: PMC11436364 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-01000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of Odontopaste in reducing the microbial load in endodontics compared to other intracanal medicaments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was electronically searched on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Ovid Medline and Web of Science. In-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo studies that evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of Odontopaste were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies. RESULTS A total of four in-vitro studies were included in the systematic review. One study showed that Odontopaste had significantly more microbial cell growth on roots in all dentine depths compared to other medicaments or test agents. Another study found that Odontopaste significantly decreased colony-forming units compared to propolis and chlorhexidine. Further results showed that Odontopaste did not significantly decrease microbial numbers when used in isolation. Additionally, combining Odontopaste and calcium hydroxide did not enhance the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide. The studies had a medium to high risk of bias. CONCLUSION There is insufficient high-quality evidence to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of Odontopaste compared to other intracanal medicaments. Further research is required to determine Odontopaste's efficacy as an antimicrobial medicament in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Kendell-Wall
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer-Thuy Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Fauve Salleras
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Amandeep Singh Kamboj
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Serene Aimee Diwen Tan
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Vaidehi Manish Trivedi
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Amaral
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Campus Smithfield, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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Tariq R, Khurshid Z, Ahmed Farooqui W, Adanir N. Anti-bacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against E. Faecalis in comparison to other intracanal medicaments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:451-467. [PMID: 37520604 PMCID: PMC10373152 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This review article aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in comparison to other intracanal medicaments by assessing experimental in-vitro studies associated with the objective, many of which performed bacterial inoculation on extracted human teeth or directly on laboratory petri dishes. Materials & Methods Publications from 2012 to 2022 were retrieved from databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, and they were screened against our inclusion criteria, leading to the incorporation of 18 studies into the systematic review and nine into the meta-analysis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) in the Aloe vera group were compared with saline, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) using a meta-analysis (Stata software version 16.0), and forest plots were computed to record the sample size, mean and standard deviation value of the outcome CFU, and 95% confidence intervals. Results This systematic review indicates that Aloe vera demonstrates bactericidal properties that are higher than or similar to those of saline and CaOH, but CHX, NaOCl, and propolis exhibited higher antibacterial properties against E. faecalis than Aloe vera. In a meta-analysis, Aloe vera showed a non-significantly lower CFU count than CaOH and saline (p > 0.05), while Aloe vera had a higher CFU count than CHX and NaOCl (p > 0.05). Conclusion In summary, Aloe vera exhibits antibacterial capabilities against E. faecalis that are superior or equal to those of saline and CaOH, respectively, while CHX and NaOCl showed greater antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis than Aloe vera (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022314790).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tariq
- Department of Research, School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waqas Ahmed Farooqui
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Nejdet Adanir
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Comparing the Antifungal Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments at Different Time Intervals Using the Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6550054. [PMID: 34938336 PMCID: PMC8687846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6550054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel to those of four intracanal medicaments at various time intervals. Materials and Methods The agar well diffusion technique was utilized to test the antifungal activity of the following medicaments against Candida albinans (C. albicans): sodium hypochlorite gel, chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide paste, Ledermix, and Diapex Plus. The inhibition zone related to each medicine was measured in millimeter after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell tests, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results Except for Ledermix and Diapex Plus, which had no antifungal action, all of the medicaments showed varied inhibitory zones for C. albicans. At all periods, the NaOCl gel had the most significant inhibition zones, followed by the CHX gel and calcium hydroxide. At all time intervals, the NaOCl gel demonstrated comparable antifungal efficacy. When compared to a 24-hour time interval, the CHX gel showed an increased antifungal activity at the 48-hour and 72-hour intervals. Calcium hydroxide, on the other hand, showed a decrease in its antifungal activity at the 72-hour interval. Conclusion The antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel was the highest among the investigated medicaments. Chlorhexidine gel's antifungal activity improved over time, whereas calcium hydroxide's antifungal activity declined. Diapex Plus and Ledermix did not have any antifungal properties.
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Antibacterial Properties of Aloe vera on Intracanal Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm at Different Stages of Development. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:8855277. [PMID: 33488716 PMCID: PMC7803133 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8855277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of herbal compounds as an intracanal medicament in the field of endodontics has become noteworthy, one of which is the Aloe vera compound whose antibacterial effect has already been proven in the planktonic form of Enterococcus faecalis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Aloe vera on E. faecalis biofilms at the 4th and 6th week of development. Materials and Methods 130 single root canal teeth without anomalies and caries were used. They were divided into two groups of 65 teeth for four and six weeks of biofilm production. Five samples of each group were examined for confirmation of biofilm formation under an electron microscope. Study groups were investigated with an antimicrobial agent as an intracanal medicament including 20 samples treated with Aloe vera, calcium hydroxide, and phosphate-buffered saline, and biofilm and survival of pathogens were investigated. Dentin chip suspensions were used for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting to estimate remaining E. faecalis counts. Results The CFU mean in the 4th week subgroup in Aloe vera, phosphate-buffered saline, and calcium hydroxide was 0, 69166.66 ± 31688.58, and 25000 ± 30822.07, and in the 6th week, it was 136.36 ± 323.33, 95000 ± 12247.44, and 27501.66 ± 36570.34, respectively, which showed a significant difference between the used materials (p < 0.05). Conclusion Aloe vera, in contrast to calcium hydroxide, eliminated 4th and 6th week biofilms and showed remarkable antibacterial properties against E. faecalis biofilm. These results support potency of Aloe vera to use as a natural antimicrobial material in the intracanal medicament.
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Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments Using Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:6483026. [PMID: 33354215 PMCID: PMC7737462 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6483026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel and four types of intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods The agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of five medicaments (sodium hypochlorite gel (NaOCl), chlorhexidine gel (CHX), calcium hydroxide paste (CH), Ledermix, and Diapex plus) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The zone of inhibition around each medicament was measured in millimeters, after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. The antibacterial effects of medicaments against each microbial strain and the sensitivity of microorganisms towards each medicament were compared using the one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell post hoc tests. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. Results All medicaments showed variable inhibition zones for all bacterial strains except Diapex Plus which showed no antibacterial activity. NaOCl gel exhibited the most significant inhibition zones for all bacterial strains followed by CHX gel, Ledermix, and CH. However, the effect of CHX and CH paste against S. aureus was statistically similar, while the effect of CH against E. faecalis was significantly higher than the Ledermix. Conclusion Sodium hypochlorite gel displayed the highest antibacterial activity among tested medicaments and can be recommended as a potent intracanal medicament. Chlorhexidine gel showed a significantly higher antibacterial effect when compared with Ledermix and calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity against E. faecalis than Ledermix. Diapex Plus exhibited no antibacterial effect.
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Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121309. [PMID: 33371338 PMCID: PMC7767362 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing public concern about hygiene has been driving many studies to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral agents. However, the use of any antimicrobial agents must be limited due to their possible toxic or harmful effects. In recent years, due to previous antibiotics' lesser side effects, the use of herbal materials instead of synthetic or chemical drugs is increasing. Herbal materials are found in medicines. Herbs can be used in the form of plant extracts or as their active components. Furthermore, most of the world's populations used herbal materials due to their strong antimicrobial properties and primary healthcare benefits. For example, herbs are an excellent material to replace nanosilver as an antibiotic and antiviral agent. The use of nanosilver involves an ROS-mediated mechanism that might lead to oxidative stress-related cancer, cytotoxicity, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound healing. Therefore, existing antibiotic drugs can be replaced with biomaterials such as herbal medicine with high antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. This review paper highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and radical scavenger (antioxidant) properties of herbal materials. Antimicrobial activity, radical scavenger ability, the potential for antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, and efficacy in eliminating bacteria and viruses and scavenging free radicals in herbal materials are discussed in this review. The presented herbal antimicrobial agents in this review include clove, portulaca, tribulus, eryngium, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, thyme, pennyroyal, mint, fennel, chamomile, burdock, eucalyptus, primrose, lemon balm, mallow, and garlic, which are all summarized.
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Ponce JB, Midena RZ, Pinke KH, Weckwerth PH, Andrade FBD, Lara VS. In vitro treatment of Enterococcus faecalis with calcium hydroxide impairs phagocytosis by human macrophages. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:158-163. [PMID: 30618320 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2018.1533142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) ability to phagocytize and produce nitric oxide (NO) was tested against root-canal strains of Enterococcus faecalis submitted to alkaline stress. Root-canal strains were also compared with urine Enterococci. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enterococcus faecalis were stressed with alkaline-BHI broth and incubated in vitro at a cell/bacteria ratio of 1:5. Phagocytosis was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange stain, and NO concentration was measured in supernatants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Alkaline-stress significantly impaired MDMs phagocytosis of E. faecalis strains analyzed, except in ATCC4083 isolated from a pulpless tooth, but NO production was unchanged. Comparison of different strains showed the urine isolate had higher NO levels than root canal strains. Alterations in the bacterial cell wall structures after alkaline-stress possibly made bacteria less recognizable and phagocytized by MDMs but did not affect their ability to activate NO production. Furthermore, root canal strains elicited different responses by immune cells compared with strains from urine. Clinically, impaired phagocytosis of E. faecalis could contribute to their persistence in root canal systems previously treated with calcium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Burgos Ponce
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Raquel Zanin Midena
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Karen Henriette Pinke
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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