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Crane L, Merck A, Delanthamajalu S, Grieger K, Marshall AM, Boyer TH. Benchmarks for urine volume generation and phosphorus mass recovery in commercial and institutional buildings. WATER RESEARCH X 2024; 23:100227. [PMID: 38765691 PMCID: PMC11101975 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2024.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and necessary nutrient for agriculture. Urine contains a higher concentration of P than domestic wastewater, which can be recovered by source separation and treatment (hereafter urine diversion). Commercial and institutional (CI) buildings are a logical location for urine diversion since restrooms account for a substantial fraction of water use and wastewater generation. This study estimated the potential for P recovery from human urine and water savings from reduced flushing in CI buildings, and proposed an approach to identify building types and community layouts that are amenable to implementing urine diversion. The results showed that urine diversion is most advantageous in CI buildings with either high daily occupancy counts or times, such as hospitals, schools, office buildings, and airports. Per occupant P recovery benchmarks were estimated to be between 0.04-0.68 g/cap·d. Per building P recovery rates were estimated to be between 0.002-5.1 kg/d, and per building water savings were estimated to be between 3 and 23 % by volume. Recovered P in the form of phosphate fertilizer and potable water savings could accrue profits and cost reductions that could offset the capital costs of new urine diversion systems within 5 y of operation. Finally, urine diversion systems can be implemented at different levels of decentralization based on community layout and organizational structure, which will require socioeconomic and policy acceptance for wider adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Crane
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
| | - Ashton Merck
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27606, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
| | - Shwetha Delanthamajalu
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
| | - Khara Grieger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27606, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Marshall
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
| | - Treavor H. Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
- NSF Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, USA
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Mei Y, Li A, Zhao M, Xu J, Li R, Zhao J, Zhou Q, Ge X, Xu Q. Associations and burdens of relative humidity with cause-specific mortality in three Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3512-3526. [PMID: 35947256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between relative humidity (RH) and various cause of mortality, and then quantify the RH-related mortality fraction of low and high RH under the assumption that causal effects exist. Daily cause-specific mortality counts from 2008 to 2011, and contemporaneous meteorological data in three Chinese cities were collected. Distributed lag nonlinear models were adopted to quantify the nonlinear and delayed effects of RH on mortality risk. Low and high RH were defined as RH lower or higher than the minimum mortality risk RH (MMRH), respectively. Corresponding RH-related mortality fractions were calculated in the explanatory analysis. From the three cities, 736,301 deaths were collected. RH (mean ± standard deviation) were 50.9 ± 20.0 for Beijing, 75.5 ± 8.6 for Chengdu, and 70.8 ± 14.6 for Nanjing. We found that low RH in Beijing and high RH (about 80-90%) in Chengdu was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk. Both low and high RH may increase the CVD mortality risk in Beijing. Both low and high (about 80-85%) RH may increase the COPD mortality risk in Chengdu. Low RH (about < 45%) was associated with increased diabetes mortality risk in Nanjing. Effects of extreme low and extreme high RH were delayed in these cities, except that extreme low effects on COPD mortality appeared immediately in Chengdu. The effects of extreme low RH are higher than that of the extreme high RH in Beijing and Nanjing, while contrary in Chengdu. Finally, under the causal effect assumption, 6.80% (95% eCI: 2.90, 10.73) all-cause mortality and 12.48% (95% eCI: 7.17, 16.80) CVD deaths in Beijing, 9.59% (95% eCI: 1.38, 16.88) COPD deaths in Chengdu, and 23.79% (95% eCI: 0.92, 387.93) diabetes mortality in Nanjing were attributable to RH. Our study provided insights into RH-mortality risk, helped draw relative intervention policies, and is also significant for future predictions of climate change effects under different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Meiduo Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Runkui Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Liu P, Zeng X, Mei W, Wang Y, Zou R, Wang C. The predictive value of urine specific gravity in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope in children and adolescents. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:93. [PMID: 33865429 PMCID: PMC8052542 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is a kind of common neurally mediated syncope in children and adolescents. Decreased blood volume is one of the pathogenesis of VVS. The diagnosis of VVS is mainly based on head-up tilt test (HUTT), but some complications may easily occur when HUTT induces syncope. To find a simple and safe VVS diagnosis method can improve the VVS diagnosis efficiency. AIMS OF THE STUDY This was a prospective study. The study will explore the predictive value of urine specific gravity (USG) in the diagnosis of VVS in children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-seven cases (43 males and 54 females, aged 4 to 16 years old, with an average age of 10.91 ± 2.18 years old) hospitalized due to unexplained premonitory syncope or syncope and diagnosed with VVS through HUTT from September 2014 to September 2018 were selected as VVS group. During the same period, 91 cases of children and adolescents, including 45 males and 46 females, aged from 5 to 15 years old, who underwent a healthy examination were matched as a control (control group). USG was measured in both groups. RESULTS The USG of VVS group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01), and USG of females was lower than that of males in VVS group (P = 0.045). The sensitivity and specificity of USG in predicting VVS were evaluated by ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve was 0.751, standard error was 0.035, and 95% CI (0.683, 0.819) suggested that USG was of moderate predictive value in the diagnosis of VVS. As cut-off value of USG was 1.0185, the sensitivity and specificity and diagnostic coincidence rate of VVS were 74.39, 66.04 and 69.68%, respectively. CONCLUSION There are less USG in children and adolescents with VVS, especially lower USG in females. Therefore, USG has predictive value in the diagnosis of VVS in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xingfang Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wanzhen Mei
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Runmei Zou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Li SS, Yin MM, Zhou ZH, Chen HS. Dehydration is a strong predictor of long-term prognosis of thrombolysed patients with acute ischemic stroke. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00849. [PMID: 29201550 PMCID: PMC5698867 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dehydration was found to be involved in the poor prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether dehydration status before onset is related with prognosis of thrombolysed patients with acute ischemic stroke. If it is the case, quickly hydrating may improve the prognosis. The present study was designed to explore the issue. METHODS Eligible 294 patients with acute ischemic stroke after thrombolysis were enrolled in the present study according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. According to the modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days post stroke, the patients were divided into two groups: mRS 0-2 (n = 191) and mRS 3-6 (n = 103). In the present study, BUN/Cr ≥ 15 combined with USG > 1.010 or either of them were chosen as dehydration marker. Clinical data were analyzed between two groups. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. RESULTS Age, fibrinogen, blood glucose, BUN/Cr, NIHSS score at admission, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) before thrombolysis, dehydration status (BUN/Cr ≥ 15 plus USG > 1.010), hyperlipidemia, USG and D-dimer on admission day, and TOAST classification showed significant difference between two groups (p < .05). Further stratification analysis showed that BUN/Cr ≥ 15, NIHSS ≥ 6, blood glucose ≥8, and SBP > 150 were markedly associated with poor outcome (mRS 3-6, p < .05). After adjusting for age, fibrinogen, USG, D-dimer, dehydration status, NIHSS, blood glucose, SBP, hyperlipidemia, and BUN/Cr at admission, multivariate logistic regression showed that dehydration status, higher NIHSS, higher blood glucose, and higher SBP at admission were independent risk factors for predicting the long-term poor prognosis of thrombolysed patients. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that BUN/Cr ≥ 15 combined with USG > 1.010 as a marker of dehydration status was an independent risk factor for long-term poor prognosis of thrombolysed patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Li
- Jinzhou Medical University JinZhou China
| | - Ming-Ming Yin
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region Shen Yang China
| | - Zhong-He Zhou
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region Shen Yang China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region Shen Yang China
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Dubayova K, Luckova I, Sabo J, Karabinos A. A novel way to monitor urine concentration: fluorescent concentration matrices. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC11-4. [PMID: 25737974 PMCID: PMC4347065 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/8990.5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount of water found in urine is important diagnostic information; nevertheless it is not yet directly determined. Indirectly, the water content in urine is expressed by its density (specific gravity). However, without the diuresis value it is not possible to determine whether the increase in density of urine is due to a decrease in water secretion or an increase in the concentration of secreted substances. This problem can be solved by the use of fluorescent concentration 3D-matrices which characterise urine concentration through the pφ (or -logφ) value of the first fluorescence centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS The urine fluorescent concentration 3D-matrix was created by the alignment of the synchronous spectra of the dilution series of urine starting from undiluted (pφ = 0) to 1000-fold diluted urine (pφ = 3). RESULTS Using the fluorescence concentration 3D-matrix analysis of the urine samples from healthy individuals, a reference range was established for the value pφ, determining the normal, concentrated or diluted type of urine. The diagnostic potential of this approach was tested on urine samples from two patients with a chronic glomerulonephritis. CONCLUSION The pφ value of the urine fluorescence concentration 3D-matrix analysis determines whether the urine sample falls within the normal, concentrated or diluted type of urine. This parameter can be directly utilised in sportsmen's hydration state monitoring, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of serious diseases. An important advantage of this novel diagnostic approach is that a 12/24 h urine collection is not required, which predetermines it for use especially within paediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Dubayova
- SEMBID, Spolocnost s Rucenim Obmedzenym, Limited Liability Company, Research Center of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Luckova
- SEMBID, Spolocnost s Rucenim Obmedzenym, Limited Liability Company, Research Center of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Slovakia
| | - Jan Sabo
- Faculty, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic, Slovakia
| | - Anton Karabinos
- SEMBID, Spolocnost s Rucenim Obmedzenym, Limited Liability Company, Research Center of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Slovakia
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Kazama A, Takatsu S, Hasegawa H. Effect of increase in body temperature on cognitive function during prolonged exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.61.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lin LC, Fann WC, Chou MH, Chen HW, Su YC, Chen JC. Urine specific gravity as a predictor of early neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:11-4. [PMID: 21444157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that a blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratio>15 is an independent predictor of early neurological deterioration after acute ischemic stroke, which suggests that dehydration may be a cause of early deterioration. The aim of this study was to determine whether urine specific gravity, which is another indicator of hydration status and one that is more easily obtained, is also an independent predictor of early deterioration or stroke-in-evolution (SIE). Demographic and clinical data were recorded at admission from patients with acute ischemic stroke who were prospectively enrolled from October 2007 to June 2010. We compared patients with and without stroke-in-evolution (based on an increase of 3 points or more points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale within 3 days). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. A total of 317 patients (43 SIE and 274 non-SIE) were enrolled; the first 196 patients comprised the cohort of our previous study. The only two independent predictors of early deterioration or SIE were BUN/Cr>15 and urine specific gravity>1.010. After adjusting for age and gender, patients with a urine specific gravity>1.010 were 2.78 times more likely to develop SIE (95% CI=1.11-6.96; P=0.030). Urine specific gravity may be useful as an early predictor of early deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients with urine specific gravity ≤ 1.010 therefore may have a reduced likelihood of early neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
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Su SB, Wang BJ, Tai C, Chang HF, Guo HR. Higher prevalence of dry symptoms in skin, eyes, nose and throat among workers in clean rooms with moderate humidity. J Occup Health 2009; 51:364-9. [PMID: 19542676 DOI: 10.1539/joh.q8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether working under relative humidity (RH) around 55 +/- 5% may lead to dry symptoms among workers in tropical regions. METHODS We recruited 3,154 Taiwanese workers who had no history of skin diseases and compared dry symptoms between clean room workers (RH around 55 +/- 5%) and other workers (RH around 65 +/- 5%). RESULTS Clean room workers had higher prevalences of dry symptoms of the eye (odds ratio [OR]=1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40 to 1.86), nose and throat (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.66 to 2.79), and skin (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.73). In clean room workers, however, dry skin symptoms affected the palms (OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.39), which are covered by gloves, more frequently than the face (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.94), which is exposed to the room air. We found working in clean rooms (adjusted OR [AOR]=1.38, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.77), 24 to 30 yr of age (AOR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.99), family history of atopic diseases (AOR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.25), and skin moisturizer use (AOR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.06) were independent predictors of skin symptoms. In addition, working in clean rooms was an independent predictor of dry eye (AOR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.60) and dry nose and throat (AOR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.26) symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the humidity in such working environments is not very low, for workers living in a high humidity environment, the relatively low humidity may still cause dry symptoms of the eye, nose, and throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Bin Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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