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Sluyter R, Adriouch S, Fuller SJ, Nicke A, Sophocleous RA, Watson D. Animal Models for the Investigation of P2X7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098225. [PMID: 37175933 PMCID: PMC10179175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The study of animals has greatly advanced the investigation of P2X7 and helped to establish the numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles of this receptor in human health and disease. Following a short overview of the P2X7 distribution, roles and functional properties, this article discusses how animal models have contributed to the generation of P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies (including biologics), recombinant receptors and radioligands to study P2X7 as well as to the pharmacokinetic testing of P2X7 antagonists. This article then outlines how mouse and rat models have been used to study P2X7. These sections include discussions on preclinical disease models, polymorphic P2X7 variants, P2X7 knockout mice (including bone marrow chimeras and conditional knockouts), P2X7 reporter mice, humanized P2X7 mice and P2X7 knockout rats. Finally, this article reviews the limited number of studies involving guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys (rhesus macaques), dogs, cats, zebrafish, and other fish species (seabream, ayu sweetfish, rainbow trout and Japanese flounder) to study P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UniRouen, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy, (PANTHER), Univ Rouen Normandie, University of Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Qiao Y, Brodnik ZD, Zhao S, Trueblood CT, Li Z, Tom VJ, España RA, Hou S. Spinal Dopaminergic Mechanisms Regulating the Micturition Reflex in Male Rats with Complete Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:803-817. [PMID: 33297828 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes micturition dysfunction. We recently discovered a low level of spinally-derived dopamine (DA) that regulates recovered bladder and sphincter reflexes in SCI female rats. Considering substantial sexual dimorphic features in the lower urinary tract, it is unknown if the DA-ergic mechanisms act in the male. Histological analysis showed a similar distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the lower cord of male rats and the number increased following thoracic SCI. Subsequently, focal electrical stimulation in slices obtained from L6/S1 spinal segments of SCI rats elicited detectable DA release with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Using bladder cystometrogram and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography in SCI male rats, intravenous (i.v.) administration of SCH 23390, a D1-like receptor (DR1) antagonist, induced significantly increased tonic EUS activity and a trend of increased residual volume, whereas activation of these receptors with SKF 38393 did not influence the reflex. Meanwhile, blocking spinal D2-like receptors (DR2) with remoxipride had no effect but stimulating these receptors with quinpirole elicited EUS bursting to increase voiding volume. Further, intrathecal delivery of SCH 23390 and quinpirole resulted in similar responses to those with i.v. delivery, respectively, which indicates the central action regardless of delivery route. In addition, metabolic cage assays showed that quinpirole increased the voiding frequency and total voiding volume in spontaneous micturition. Collectively, spinal DA-ergic machinery regulates recovered micturition reflex following SCI in male rats; spinal DR1 tonically suppress tonic EUS activity to enable voiding and activation of DR2 facilitates voiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zachary D Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron T Trueblood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaoping Hou
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yu W, Hill WG, Robson SC, Zeidel ML. Role of P2X 4 Receptor in Mouse Voiding Function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1838. [PMID: 29382907 PMCID: PMC5789870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays an important role in the regulation of bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility, and P2X4 receptor is expressed in the bladder wall, where it may act by forming heteromeric receptors with P2X1, the major purinergic force-generating muscle receptor. To test this hypothesis, we examined mouse BSM contractile properties in the absence and presence of selective P2X1 (NF449 & NF279) and P2X4 antagonists (5-BDBD). These drugs inhibited BSM purinergic contraction only partially, suggesting the possibility of a heteromeric receptor. However, carefully controlled co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that P2X1 and P2X4 do not form physically linked heteromers. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that P2X4 is not present in mouse BSM per se, but in an unknown cellular structure among BSM bundles. To investigate whether deletion of P2X4 could impact voiding function in vivo, P2X4 null mice were characterized. P2X4 null mice had normal bladder weight and morphology, normal voiding spot size and number by voiding spot assay, normal voiding interval, pressure and compliance by cystometrogram, and normal BSM contractility by myography. In conclusion, these data strongly suggest that P2X4 is not present in mouse BSM cells, does not affect smooth muscle contractility and that mice null for P2X4 exhibit normal voiding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA.
| | - Warren G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
| | - Mark L Zeidel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
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Biophysical Processes in a Urinary Bladder Detrusor Smooth Muscle Cell during Rehabilitation Stimulation of Parasympathetic Efferents: a Simulation Study. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kochenov AV, Korogod SM. Impact of the Ratio of Metabotropic and Ionotropic Components of Parasympathetic Action on the Excitability of a Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell: a Simulation Study. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Svennersten K, Hallén-Grufman K, de Verdier PJ, Wiklund NP, Poljakovic M. Localization of P2X receptor subtypes 2, 3 and 7 in human urinary bladder. BMC Urol 2015; 15:81. [PMID: 26253104 PMCID: PMC4529706 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voiding dysfunctions are a common problem that has a severe negative impact on the quality of life. Today there is a need for new drug targets for these conditions. The role of ATP receptors in bladder physiology has been studied for some time, primarily in animal models. The aim of this work is to investigate the localization of the ATP receptors P2X2, P2X3 and P2X7 and their colocalization with vimentin and actin in the human urinary bladder. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on full-thickness bladder tissues from fundus and trigonum collected from 15 patients undergoing open radical cystectomy due to chronic cystitis, bladder cancer or locally advanced prostate cancer. Colocalization analyses were performed between the three different P2X subtypes and the structural proteins vimentin and actin. Specimens were examined using epifluorescence microscopy and correlation coefficients were calculated for each costaining as well as the mean distance from the laminin positive basal side of the urothelium to the vimentin positive cells located in the suburothelium. RESULTS P2X2 was expressed in vimentin positive cells located in the suburothelium. Less distinct labelling of P2X2 was also observed in actin positive smooth muscle cells and in the urothelium. P2X3 was expressed in vimentin positive cells surrounding the smooth muscle, and in vimentin positive cells located in the suburothelium. Weaker P2X3 labelling was seen in the urothelium. P2X7 was expressed in the smooth muscle cells and the urothelium. In the suburothelium, cells double positive for P2X2 and vimentin where located closer to the urothelium while cells double positive for P2X3 and vimentin where located further from the urothelium. CONCLUSION The results from this study demonstrate that there is a significant difference in the expression of the purinergic P2X2, P2X3 and P2X7 receptors in the different histological layers of the human urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Svennersten
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Hallén-Grufman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petra J de Verdier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - N Peter Wiklund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mirjana Poljakovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Patra PB, Patra S. Sex differences in the physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Curr Urol 2013; 6:179-88. [PMID: 24917740 DOI: 10.1159/000343536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is not only noticed in the prevalence of many diseases, but also in multiple physiological functions in the body. This review has summarized findings from published literature on the sex differences of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract (LUT) of humans and animals. Sex differences have been found in several key areas of the LUT, such as overactive bladder, expression and function of neurotransmitter receptors in the bladder and urethra, and micturition patterns in humans and animals. It is anticipated that this review will not only evoke renewed interest for further research on the mechanism of sex differences in the pathophysiology of the LUT (especially for overactive bladder), but might also open up the possibilities for gender-based drug development by pharmaceutical industries in order to find separate cures for men and women with diseases of the LUT.
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Ochodnicky P, Uvelius B, Andersson KE, Michel MC. Autonomic nervous control of the urinary bladder. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:16-33. [PMID: 23033838 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of the urinary bladder function. Under physiological circumstances, noradrenaline, acting mainly on β(3) -adrenoceptors in the detrusor and on α(1) (A) -adrenoceptors in the bladder outflow tract, promotes urine storage, whereas neuronally released acetylcholine acting mainly on M(3) receptors promotes bladder emptying. Under pathophysiological conditions, however, this system may change in several ways. Firstly, there may be plasticity at the levels of innervation and receptor expression and function. Secondly, non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis and release from the urothelium may occur during the storage phase, leading to a concomitant exposure of detrusor smooth muscle, urothelium and afferent nerves to acetylcholine and noradrenaline. This can cause interactions between the adrenergic and cholinergic system, which have been studied mostly at the post-junctional smooth muscle level until now. The implications of such plasticity are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ochodnicky
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - B. Uvelius
- Department of Urology; Skane University Hospital; Malmö; Sweden
| | - K.-E. Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Winston Salem; NC; USA
| | - M. C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz; Germany
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A possible role of the cholinergic and purinergic receptor interaction in the regulation of the rat urinary bladder function. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 32:421-31. [PMID: 22370867 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The contractile activation of the upper (dome) and lower (base) parts of the urinary bladder show some differences. Cellular mechanisms that might be responsible for cholinergic effects blocking non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contractions in the base of the rat urinary bladder were investigated. Smooth muscle cells were thus freshly isolated or cultured both from the dome and the base of the rat urinary bladder and the contribution from cholinergic and purinergic pathways to their Ca(2+) homeostasis was examined. The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) and P2X2 purinergic receptors on the cultured cells and on tissue sections was investigated. The ATP-evoked Ca(2+) transients in rat smooth muscle cells did not show any desensitization. However, when ATP was administered together with carbamylcholine (CCh), the latter essentially prevented ATP from evoking Ca(2+) transients in smooth muscle cells from the base (suppression to 12 ± 2.5% of control, n = 57; p < 0.01), but not from the dome (99 ± 5% of control, n = 52; p > 0.05) of the rat urinary bladder. While atropine was unable to modify (6 ± 3% of control, n = 14; p < 0.05), α-bungarotoxin (118 ± 12% of control, n = 20; p > 0.05) blocked the inhibitory effects of CCh. Additionally, α7 subunits of nAChR and P2X2 purinergic receptors were identified using immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot in cultured urinary bladder smooth muscle cells, in urinary bladder sections, and in urinary bladder muscle strips, respectively, suggesting that the activation of nAChR modifies the action of ATP.
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Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 Mutation Causes Urinary Bladder Disease and a Prune-Belly-like Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:668-74. [PMID: 22077972 PMCID: PMC3213389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder malformations associated with bladder outlet obstruction are a frequent cause of progressive renal failure in children. We here describe a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (CHRM3) (1q41-q44) homozygous frameshift mutation in familial congenital bladder malformation associated with a prune-belly-like syndrome, defining an isolated gene defect underlying this sometimes devastating disease. CHRM3 encodes the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which we show is present in developing renal epithelia and bladder muscle. These observations may imply that M3 has a role beyond its known contribution to detrusor contractions. This Mendelian disease caused by a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mutation strikingly phenocopies Chrm3 null mutant mice.
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Laminar shear stress modulates the activity of heterologously expressed P2X(4) receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2488-95. [PMID: 21798232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2X(4) receptors are involved in mechanotransduction processes, but it is unknown whether or not P2X(4) receptors form mechanosensitive ion channels. This study questioned, whether laminar shear stress (LSS) can modulate P2X(4) receptor activity. Mouse P2X(4) receptor was cloned and heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In two-electrode-voltage-clamp experiments the application of ATP (100μM) produced a transient inward current that was decreased by about 50% upon a second ATP application, corresponding to the desensitization behavior of P2X(4) receptors. In P2X(4) expressing oocytes LSS (shear forces of ~5.1dynes/cm(2)) did not produce any effect. However, LSS modulated the response of P2X(4) to ATP. With LSS (~5.1dynes/cm(2)) the desensitization of the current due to the second ATP application was diminished. Ivermectin (IVM), a compound which stabilizes the open state of P2X(4) receptors, mimicked the effect of LSS (~5.1dynes/cm(2)), since there was no additional effect of LSS after pre-incubation with IVM detected. This indicates that LSS like IVM stabilizes the open state of the receptor, although the particular mechanism remains unknown. These data demonstrate that LSS modulates the activity of P2X(4) receptors by eliminating the desensitization of the receptors in response to ATP probably by stabilizing the open state of the channel.
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Smith PP. Purinoceptors and Bladder Dysfunction. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-011-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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