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Xu S, Liang S, Pei Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Huang B, Li H, Li J, Tan B, Cao H, Guo S. TRPV1 Dysfunction Impairs Gastric Nitrergic Neuromuscular Relaxation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Gastroparesis Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:548-557. [PMID: 36740184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is characterized by delayed gastric emptying of solid food. Nitrergic neuron-mediated fundus relaxation and intragastric peristalsis are pivotal for gastric emptying and are impaired in DGP. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels are expressed in gastrointestinal vagal afferent nerves and have a potential role in relevant gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), associated with gastroparesis, were used to determine the role of TRPV1 in DGP. After feeding with HFD, mice exhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and delayed gastric emptying. Cholinergic- and nitrergic neuron-mediated neuromuscular contractions and relaxation were impaired. The antral tone of the DGP mice was attenuated. Interestingly, activating or suppressing TRPV1 facilitated or inhibited gastric fundus relaxation in normal mice. These effects were neutralized by using a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Activation or suppression of TRPV1 also increased or reduced NO release. TRPV1 was specifically localized with neuronal NOS in the gastric fundus. These data suggest that TRPV1 activation facilitates gastric fundus relaxation by regulating neuronal NOS and promoting NO release. However, these effects and mechanisms disappeared in mice with DGP induced by HFD diet. TRPV1 expression was only marginally decreased in the fundus of DGP mice. TRPV1 dysfunction may be a potential mechanism underlying the dysfunction of DGP gastric nitrergic neuromuscular relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochan Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiwen Li
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shaoju Guo
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhang S, Zhu C. Modified Liu-Jun-Zi decoction alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in functional dyspepsia by regulating EC cell-5HT3r signaling in duodenum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112468. [PMID: 31836517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Modified Liu-Jun-Zi (MLJZ) is derived from one of the most famous traditional Chinese prescription Liu-Jun-Zi. It exhibits therapeutic effects in functional dyspepsia (FD), but the underlying mechanisms remain not well understood. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells contribute to the pathogeneses of visceral hypersensitivity in functional gastrointestinal disorders. But whether and how EC cells in duodenum participate in the mechanism of FD remain unsettled. AIM OF THE STUDY To detect the crucial factors related to EC cells, and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MLJZ and to determine whether MLJZ relieves visceral hypersensitivity in FD by regulating EC cell-5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5HT3r) signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS FD rats were established by iodoacetamide gavage combined with tail clamping method. The verification of FD model and the evaluation of the therapeutic effect of MLJZ was taken place by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and visceral sensitivity measurement. The expression of EC cells and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) in duodenum was detected by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IHC staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were applied to measure the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1), paired box gene 4 (PAX4), transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential C4 (TRPC4) and 5HT3r. Duodenum sections were stained by double immunofluorescence (IF) to study the synthesis of 5HT in EC cells. RESULTS The gastric sensitivity increased in FD rats while MLJZ decoction significantly attenuated visceral hypersensitivity. The duodenum of FD rats displayed increased expressions of EC cells, 5HT, TPH1, PAX4 and 5HT3r. And the overexpression was reduced in response to MLJZ decoction treatment. CONCLUSIONS EC cell-5HT3r signaling pathway is abnormally active in FD with visceral hypersensitivity. And MLJZ decoction can alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in FD by regulating EC cell-5HT3r signaling in duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhao
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengsheng Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunyang Zhu
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Uchida M, Iwamoto C. Influence of amino acids on gastric adaptive relaxation (accommodation) in rats as evaluated with a barostat. J Smooth Muscle Res 2017; 52:56-65. [PMID: 27558952 PMCID: PMC5321853 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.52.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of selected straight alkyl chain,
hydroxylated chain and branched chain amino acids on gastric adaptive relaxation, as these
have previously been shown to have differing effects on gastric emptying. Materials and
Methods: Gastric adaptive relaxation was evaluated using a barostat in rats under urethane
anesthesia. The pressure within the balloon, introduced from the mouth to the stomach, was
changed stepwise from 1 to 8 mmHg. The increased volume just after the increase of balloon
pressure was defined as distension-induced gastric adaptive relaxation (accommodation).
Amino acids were administered orally or intravenously. Results: As compared with control
rats administered with distilled water, those rats that were orally administered amino
acids having straight alkyl chain and extra hydroxylated alkyl chain, such as glycine and
l-serine, had significantly enhanced gastric adaptive relaxation, but administration of
l-alanine and l-threonine did not. Branched chain amino acids, such as l-isoleucine,
l-leucine and l-valine, also did not significantly influence gastric adaptive relaxation.
Glycine and l-serine showed the same efficacy when administered intravenously. Conclusion:
Among the amino acids evaluated in the present study, glycine and l-serine significantly
enhanced gastric adaptive relaxation, suggesting that short alkyl chain amino acids may
enhance gastric adaptive relaxation as compared with the other amino acids. These findings
may suggest that glycine and l-serine would be useful in the therapy of functional
dyspepsia, especially for early satiety, because the dysfunction of adaptive relaxation is
one of the causes of early satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
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Uchida M, Kobayashi O, Saito C. Correlation Between Gastric Emptying and Gastric Adaptive Relaxation Influenced by Amino Acids. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:400-408. [PMID: 28335103 PMCID: PMC5503290 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Amino acids have many physiological activities. We report the correlation between gastric emptying and gastric adaptive relaxation using tryptophan and amino acids with a straight alkyl chain, hydroxylated chain, and branched chain. Here we sought to further clarify the correlation between gastric emptying and gastric adaptive relaxation by using other amino acids. Methods In Sprague-Dawley rats, gastric emptying was evaluated by a breath test using [1-13C] acetic acid. The expired 13CO2 pattern, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC120min values were used as evaluation items. Gastric adaptive relaxation was evaluated in a barostat experiment. Individual amino acids (1 g/kg) were administered orally 30 minutes before each breath test or barostat test. Results L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine did not influence gastric emptying. All other amino acids, ie, L-proline, L-histidine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-asparagine, L-arginine, L-glutamine, and L-lysine significantly delayed and inhibited gastric emptying. L-Cysteine and L-aspartic acid significantly enhanced and L-methionine and L-glutamine significantly inhibited gastric adaptive relaxation. L-Phenylalanine moved the balloon toward the antrum, suggesting strong contraction of the fundus. Tmax showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.709), and Cmax and AUC120min each showed negative correlations (r = 0.613 and 0.667, respectively) with gastric adaptive relaxation. Conclusion From the above findings, it was found that a close correlation exists between gastric emptying and adaptive relaxation, suggesting that enhanced gastric adaptive relaxation inhibits gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Meiji Co, Ltd, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Orie Kobayashi
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Meiji Co, Ltd, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chizuru Saito
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Meiji Co, Ltd, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Change in the Interstitial Cells of Cajal and nNOS Positive Neuronal Cells with Aging in the Stomach of F344 Rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169113. [PMID: 28045993 PMCID: PMC5207530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric accommodation reflex is an important mechanism in gastric physiology. However, the aging-associated structural and functional changes in gastric relaxation have not yet been established. Thus, we evaluated the molecular changes of interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the function changes in the corpus of F344 rats at different ages (6-, 31-, 74-wk and 2-yr). The proportion of the c-Kit-positive area in the submucosal border (SMB) and myenteric plexus (MP) layer was significantly lower in the older rats, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. The density of the nNOS-positive immunoreactive area also decreased with age in the SMB, circular muscle (CM), and MP. Similarly, the percent of nNOS-positive neuronal cells per total neuronal cells and the proportion of nNOS immunoreactive area of MP also decreased in aged rats. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of c-Kit and nNOS significantly decreased with age. Expression of stem cell factor (SCF) and the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5 mRNA was significantly lower in the older rats than in the younger rats. Barostat studies showed no difference depending on age. Instead, the change of volume was significantly decreased by L-NG63-nitroarginine methyl ester in the 2-yr-old rats compared with the 6-wk-old rats (P = 0.003). Taken together, the quantitative and molecular nNOS changes in the stomach might play a role in the decrease of gastric accommodation with age.
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Anethole restores delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric accommodation in rodents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:125-30. [PMID: 26915803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD), a functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by persistent or recurrent postprandial upper abdominal discomfort and epigastric pain. The high prevalence of FD and associated healthcare costs suggests that treatment of this condition by methods other than prescribed medicines, such as natural products, could be beneficial. Delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric accommodation play important roles in the development of FD. Anethole (1-methoxy-4-((E)-propenyl)-benzene), a major component of essential fennel oil, has been used as a flavoring, in alcoholic beverage production and in pharmaceutical formulations for many years. In this study, we examined the effects of anethole on delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric accommodation in rodents. Oral administration of anethole improved clonidine-induced delayed gastric emptying but did not affect normal gastric emptying in mice. Fennel oil and Anchu-san (a Japanese herbal medicine containing anethole) also restored delayed gastric emptying. Furthermore, oral administration of anethole stimulated gastric accommodation in rats. These results suggest that anethole could be beneficial for the treatment of FD.
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Uchida M, Iwamoto C. Effect of colonic distension on gastric adaptive relaxation in rats: barostatic evaluation using an orally introduced gastric balloon. J Smooth Muscle Res 2016; 50:78-84. [PMID: 26081370 PMCID: PMC5137303 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.50.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While the gastrocolonic reflex has been known, the cologastric relationship has not been
clarified especially with regard to gastric adaptive relaxation. Therefore, in this study
we have examined the correlation between gastric adaptive relaxation and colonic
distension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used after fasting for 18 h. Colonic distension
was performed by injecting 2.2 ml of air into a colonic balloon inserted into the colon
for 5 min in conscious state. After urethane anesthesia, gastric adaptive relaxation was
investigated by using a slightly modified gastric balloon introduced into the stomach
through the mouth. Gastric balloon volumes increased gradually just after an increment in
the gastric balloon pressure (1 to 8 mmHg), and reached a plateau within 1 min. This
increased volume was defined as gastric adaptive relaxation. In control rats, gastric
adaptive relaxation increased with pressure increments in a pressure dependent manner. In
the colon-distended rats, gastric adaptive relaxation increased also in a pressure
dependent manner, but was significantly inhibited as compared with control at 8 mmHg
(P<0.05). These findings show that colonic distension inhibits the
gastric adaptive relaxation and suggests the existence of a cologastric relationship in
rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co. Ltd., Japan
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Aldioxa improves delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric compliance, pathophysiologic mechanisms of functional dyspepsia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17519. [PMID: 26620883 PMCID: PMC4664916 DOI: 10.1038/srep17519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric accommodation (decreased gastric compliance) play important roles in functional dyspepsia (FD). Here we screen for a clinically used drug with an ability to improve delayed gastric emptying in rats. Oral administration of aldioxa (dihydroxyaluminum allantoinate) partially improved clonidine- or restraint stress-induced delayed gastric emptying. Administration of allantoin, but not aluminium hydroxide, restored the gastric emptying. Both aldioxa and allantoin inhibited clonidine binding to the α-2 adrenergic receptor, suggesting that antagonistic activity of the allantoin moiety of aldioxa on this receptor is involved in the restoration of gastric emptying activity. Aldioxa or aluminium hydroxide but not allantoin restored gastric compliance with restraint stress, suggesting that aluminium hydroxide moiety is involved in this restoration. We propose that aldioxa is a candidate drug for FD, because its safety in humans has already been confirmed and its ameliorating effect on both of delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric compliance are confirmed here.
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Uchida M, Kobayashi O, Iwamoto C. Effects of L-tryptophan on gastric emptying evaluated by breath test in relation to gastric accommodation evaluated by Barostat in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 127:229-31. [PMID: 25727962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying has been known to correlate the pyloric sphincter contractile function and distention-induced gastric relaxation (gastric accommodation). In the present study, the effects of L-tryptophan on the gastric emptying and accommodation were evaluated by breath test using [1-(13)C]acetic acid and Barostat study, respectively, in rats. L-Tryptophan significantly decreased Cmax and AUC120min and delayed Tmax, indicating the inhibition of gastric emptying. L-Tryptophan significantly enhanced the gastric accommodation. These findings show that L-tryptophan may inhibit the gastric emptying through the enhanced gastric accommodation. Therefore, L-tryptophan may be useful for the therapy of postprandial dyspepsia, especially for early satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Orie Kobayashi
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwamoto
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan
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