Use of telemedicine for children with special health care needs

"Can you hear me OK?": Caregivers of Children With Medical Complexity and Their Perspectives of Virtual Care During COVID-19

INTRODUCTION

The rapid and widespread shift to virtual care during COVID-19 created new opportunities and unique challenges for families of children with medical complexity (CMC). However, few studies have examined perceptions of virtual care during the pandemic in this population.

METHOD

To address this gap, the current study used a qualitative approach and semistructured interviews via Zoom to explore parent perspectives of virtual care. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 30 parents residing with their CMC (aged 0-18 years) in British Columbia, Canada.

RESULTS

The findings identified from the data included (1) advantages and opportunities, (2) concerns and challenges, and (3) parent choice and preference.

DISCUSSION

Our findings indicate the need for healthcare professionals to receive training to use virtual care in their practice effectively. In addition, policies about standards for virtual care and ensuring families have access to the necessary technology will help reduce barriers and improve equity and inclusion for this population.

Evaluation of the Claria sharesource system from the perspectives of patient/caregiver, physician, and nurse in children undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND

Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) is increasingly preferred worldwide. By using a software application (Homechoice with Claria sharesource system (CSS)) with a mod-M added to the APD device, details of the home dialysis treatment become visible for PD nurses and physicians, allowing for close supervision. We aimed to evaluate the perceptions of patients/caregivers, PD nurses, and physicians about the advantages and disadvantages of CSS.

METHODS

Three different web-based questionnaires for patients/caregivers, nurses, and physicians were sent to 15 pediatric nephrology centers with more than 1 year of experience with CSS.

RESULTS

Respective questionnaires were answered by 30 patients/caregivers, 22 pediatric nephrologists, and 15 PD nurses. Most of the nurses and physicians (87% and 73%) reported that CSS improved patient monitoring. A total of 73% of nurses suggested that CCS is not well known by physicians, while half of them reported reviewing CSS data for all patients every morning. Sixty-eight percent of physicians thought that CSS helps save time for both patients/caregivers and healthcare providers by reducing visits. However, only 20% of patients/caregivers reported reduced hospital visits. A total of 90% of patients/caregivers reported that being under constant monitoring made them feel safe, and 83% stated that the patient's sleep quality improved.

CONCLUSIONS

A remote monitoring APD system, CSS, can be successfully applied with children for increased adherence to dialysis prescription by giving shared responsibility and may help increase the patient's quality of life. This platform is more commonly used by nurses than physicians. Its potential benefits should be evaluated in further well-designed clinical studies with larger patient groups. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Implementation of Telehealth in a Pediatric Plastic Surgery Clinic: A Single Center's Response to COVID-19

BACKGROUND

With limitation of in-person clinical visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has emerged as an important platform to deliver healthcare. Satisfaction with telehealth has been examined previously in the adult plastic surgery population. However, studies examining its use and satisfaction in the pediatric plastic surgery population are limited. In this study, we explore patient/caregiver satisfaction with the rapid institution of telehealth in our pediatric plastic surgery clinic and factors affecting satisfaction scores.

METHODS

From March 2020 to February 2021, families of pediatric patients seen via video telehealth in the pediatric plastic surgery clinic at our center were invited to participate in a posttelehealth session survey. Telehealth visits encompassed both preliminary consultations as well as follow-up visits. After appropriate consent was obtained, patients' families completed a posttelehealth survey conveying demographics and satisfaction with telehealth via a 5-point Likert scale.

RESULTS

Seventy eight of 131 eligible families elected to participate. Visit types included the following: initial consultations (23.1%), preoperative visits (10.3%), postoperative visits (29.5%), and follow-up visits (37.1%). A total of 80.3% of the respondents were overall satisfied with their telehealth experience. A total of 85.3% of the respondents agreed that telehealth made it easier for them to see their doctor, and 96.7% of the respondents felt using telehealth saved them time in traveling to the clinic. A total of 89.5% of the respondents felt it important for the state of Utah to have a telehealth program available to pediatric patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Video telehealth is a useful adjunct in the care of pediatric plastic surgery patients with high caregiver satisfaction.

Parent Experience and Cost Savings Associated with a Novel Tele-physiatry Program for Children Living in Rural and Underserved Communities

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate parent and therapist experience and cost savings from the payer perspective associated with a novel tele-physiatry program for children living in rural and underserved communities.

DESIGN

We designed a noninferiority, cluster-randomized crossover study at 4 school-based clinics to evaluate parent experience and perceived quality of care between a telemedicine-based approach in which the physiatrist conducts the visit remotely with an in-person therapist and a traditional in-person physiatrist clinic.

SETTING

Four school-based clinics in Northern California.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 268 encounters (124 telemedicine and 144 in-person) were completed by 200 unique patients (N=200).

INTERVENTIONS

Not applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Parent and therapist experience scores.

RESULTS

For parents and therapists, experience and perceived quality of care were high with no significant differences between telemedicine and in-person encounters. For parents whose children received a telemedicine encounter, 40 (54.8%) reported no preference for their child's subsequent encounter, 21 (28.8%) preferred a physiatrist telemedicine visit, and 12 (16.4%) preferred a physiatrist in-person visit. From the payer perspective, costs were $100 higher for in-person clinics owing to physician mileage reimbursement.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that school-based tele-physiatry for children with special health care needs is not inferior to in-person encounters with regard to parent and provider experience and perceived quality of care. Tele-physiatry was also associated with an average cost savings of $100 per clinic to the payer.

Attitudes and Perceptions of Telemedicine in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Naïve Healthcare Providers

Introduction: Expansion of telemedicine enabled healthcare access during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to in-person visit restrictions, our institution trained >1,000 clinicians in telemedicine. Little is known about telemedicine-naïve pediatric healthcare provider's perceptions as they adopted telemedicine practice. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of clinicians after expanding telemedicine practice at an independent children's hospital. The survey assessed experience with, concerns about, and intentions to continue telemedicine. Outpatient providers were included if they were first trained for telemedicine in response to COVID-19 and conducted at least one video visit, 3/21/2020-6/30/2020. Descriptive statistics were calculated; perceptions were compared across telemedicine activity level quartiles (based on proportions of visits delivered by video in June 2020) using Fisher's exact tests. Results: Of 609 survey responses, 305 (50.1%) met inclusion criteria, representing various roles and disciplines. Over half (54.1%) conducted >20 video visits 3/21/2020-6/30/2020. More than 75% of providers found telemedicine easy to learn. Providers with greater proportions of video visits in a typical week in June reported greater ease of incorporating telemedicine into clinical practice and greater intention to continue telemedicine practice in 6 months. Nearly all providers endorsed concerns. Patient care experiences reinforced technology-related concerns and alleviated liability and privacy concerns. Payer reimbursement was the leading influencer of anticipated future use of telemedicine. Discussion: Providers who conducted more telemedicine encounters reported greater ease of incorporating telemedicine into practice. Provider concerns were influenced by patient care experiences. Targeted training and quality improvement strategies are needed to sustain a robust post-pandemic telemedicine program.

Impact of telemedicine on health outcomes in children with medical complexity: an integrative review

Children with medical complexity (CMC) are a high priority population with chronic illnesses dependent on the use of health services, on technological systems to support their vital functions and characterized by multiple health needs. One of the main challenges linked to chronic conditions is finding solutions to monitor CMC at home, avoiding re-hospitalization and the onset of complications. Telemedicine enables to remotely follow up patients and families. An integrative review was performed to assess whether telemedicine improves health outcomes for CMC. Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify studies describing the effect of using telemedicine systems on health outcomes for CMC. The PRISMA guidelines were used to select the papers. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated through the Johanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools and the Cochrane Collaboration ROB 2.0. A total of 17 papers met the quality criteria and were included. Specialized telemedicine systems (tele-visits), telehealth, and tele-monitoring have been reported to reduce unplanned hospitalizations and visits, decrease total costs for healthcare services and families, and increase satisfaction for family members. No effect was found on the quality of life in children and their families.Conclusion: Available evidence supporting the use of telemedicine in CMC is favorable but limited. High-quality methodological studies including other unexplored health outcomes such as mental health, hospital readmissions, mortality, caregiver competences, and self-efficacy are needed to confirm the effectiveness of telemedicine systems in improving health outcomes for CMC. What is Known: • CMC are an extremely fragile patient population with frequent access to healthcare services compared with other chronic conditions. • There is conflicting evidence of the effectiveness of telemedicine clinical outcomes, healthcare utilization, and costs in pediatrics. What is New: • There is some evidence that for CMC, telemedicine reduces unplanned hospitalizations, healthcare service costs, and financial burden for families, while increasing caregivers' satisfaction with care. • Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of telemedicine systems in improving health for CMC.

Achieving a Quintuple Aim for Telehealth in Pediatrics

Pediatric practice increasingly involves providing care for children with medical complexity. Telehealth offers a strategy for providers and health care systems to improve care for these patients and their families. However, lack of awareness related to the unintended negative consequences of telehealth on vulnerable populations--coupled with failure to intentional design best practices for telehealth initiatives--implies that these novel technologies may worsen health disparities in the long run. This article reviews the positive and negative implications of telehealth. In addition, to achieve optimal implementation of telehealth, it discusses 10 considerations to promote optimal care of children using these technologies.

Socioeconomic patient benefits of a pediatric neurosurgery telemedicine clinic

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine the socioeconomic benefits to the patients and families attending a regional pediatric neurosurgery telemedicine clinic (PNTMC).

METHODS

A PNTMC was organized by the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery of the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville based at Wolfson Children's Hospital and by the Children's Medical Services (CMS) to service the Southeast Georgia Health District. Monthly clinics are held with the CMS nursing personnel at the remote location. A retrospective review of the clinic population was performed, socioeconomic data were extracted, and cost savings were calculated.

RESULTS

Clinic visits from August 2011 through January 2017 were reviewed. Fifty-five patients were seen in a total of 268 initial and follow-up PNTMC appointments. The average round-trip distance for a family from home to the University of Florida Pediatric Neurosurgery (Jacksonville) clinic location versus the PNTMC remote location was 190 versus 56 miles, respectively. The families saved an average of 2.5 hours of travel time and 134 miles of travel distance per visit. The average transportation cost savings for all visits per family and for all families was $180 and $9711, respectively. The average lost work cost savings for all visits per family and for all families was $43 and $2337, respectively. The combined transportation and work cost savings for all visits totaled $223 per family and $12,048 for all families. Average savings of $0.68/mile and $48.50/visit in utilizing the PNTMC were calculated.

CONCLUSIONS

Managing pediatric neurosurgery patients and their families via telemedicine is feasible and saves families substantial travel time, travel cost, and time away from work.

Policies and Challenges on the Distribution of Specialists and Subspecialists in Rural Areas of Iran

Background and objectives: Having fair access to medical services may probably be a standard feature and indisputable right of all health policies. The health policy of Iran enunciates this right. Unfortunately, as may happen in many countries, the execution of this policy depends on different factors. Among these parameters, the suitable distribution of professionals, hospitals, and medical facilities should be quoted. On the other hand, in Iran, there are many other problems linked to accessing areas with natural hindrances. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and CINAHL libraries, specifically studies from 2010 to 2019. A Boolean operated medical subject headings (MeSH) term was used for the search. Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) scoring was adopted to assess the quality of each study. Results: A total of 118 studies were displayed, and among them, 102 were excluded due to duplication and study relevance. Study selection was made based on content classified into two groups: (1) shortage and unsuitable distribution of specialist and subspecialist physicians in Iran and (2) studies that explained the status of degradation in different areas of Iran. Outcomes demonstrated that Iran is generally suffering a shortage and unsuitable distribution of specialists and subspecialists. This lack is particularly crucial in deprived and areas far away from the cities. Conclusions: The present study analyzed in detail research studies regarding policies and challenges that reflect on the provision of specialists and subspecialists in Iranian rural areas.

Application of Telemedicine Technology to Facilitate Diagnosis of Pediatric Postintensive Care Syndrome

Background: Postintensive care syndrome (PICS) is well-defined in the adult literature but has not received much attention in pediatrics. Introduction: We sought to use a telemedicine platform for the characterization of PICS by creating a convenient and effective virtual follow-up clinic. Materials and Methods: Prospective single-center study in a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) of patients aged 4-17 years who underwent any invasive procedures while admitted to the ICU. Parents completed the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) based on baseline behaviors before ICU admission, with the scale readministered at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postdischarge via secure telehealth platform. Patients with a WFIRS baseline raw score of 10 or an interval increase of 2 were referred to psychiatry for evaluation and treatment. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled. Risk factors for PICS included number of procedural interventions, length of pediatric ICU stay, number of specialty consults, sex, race, and duration of sedation/airway instrumentation. In univariate analysis, age appeared to be the only statistically significant factor associated with the development of PICS. Variables associated with a higher change in WFIRS score showed a statistically significant correlation with the number of procedures completed, the number of specialists involved, and the need for a psychiatric referral. Only 34% of total telemedicine follow-ups were completed. Discussion: There is an association between age and the development of PICS and between change in WFIRS score and number of procedures, specialist involved, and psychiatric referral. Conclusions: The use of telemedicine did not result in an improved follow-up rate when compared to outpatient clinic studies.

Telemedicine in Pediatric Gastroenterology: An Overview of Utility

BACKGROUND

The availability of pediatric subspecialty services is a problem evident throughout the United States. Access to pediatric gastroenterology services, especially in rural areas, can be scarce. Telemedicine has been proposed as a tool capable of decreasing healthcare costs while extending medical care.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to review available literature regarding the utility of telemedicine as it applies to pediatric gastroenterology, specifically its role in eliminating healthcare disparities.

METHODS

Research articles were identified through a PubMed search with key words focusing on telemedicine initiatives in pediatric gastroenterology, pediatric subspecialty, rural pediatric care, and adult gastroenterology. Studies were categorized based on the following areas of application: financial, time management, communication/community, and patient health and satisfaction.

RESULTS

We reached the conclusion that evidence-supported trends in available literature provide a framework for pediatric gastroenterology telemedicine initiatives that can provide resource-sparing, community-enriching, and physician-improving services that ultimately serve to better patient health.

Comparison of Telemedicine to Traditional Face-to-Face Care for Children with Special Needs: A Quasiexperimental Study

BACKGROUND

Services for Children with Special Healthcare Needs (CSHCN) have been challenging in terms of cost and access to appropriate healthcare services.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to examine cost, caring, and family-centered care in relationship to pediatric specialty services integrating telemedicine visits compared to traditional face-to-face visits only for (CSHCN) in rural, remote, and medically underserved areas.

METHODS

This study used a prospective, quasiexperimental research design with 222 parents or legal guardians of CSHCN receiving pediatric specialty care. The traditional group (n = 110) included families receiving face-to-face pediatric specialty care and the telemedicine group (n = 112) included families who had telemedicine visits along with traditional face-to-face pediatric specialty care.

RESULTS

Results indicated no significant differences in family costs when the telemedicine group was compared to traditional face-to-face care. When the telemedicine group was asked to anticipate costs if telemedicine was not available, there were significant differences found across all variables, including travel miles, cost of travel, missed work hours, wages lost, child care cost, lodging cost, other costs, and total family cost (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the families' perceptions of care as caring. Parents/guardians perceived the system of care as significantly more family-centered when using telemedicine (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study underscore the importance of facilitating access to pediatric specialty care by use of telemedicine. We endorse efforts to increase healthcare access and decrease cost for CSHCN by expanding telemedicine and shaping health policy accordingly.

Clinical Update: Telepsychiatry With Children and Adolescents

This Clinical Update reviews the use of telepsychiatry to deliver psychiatric, mental health, and care coordination services to children and adolescents across settings as direct service and in collaboration with primary care providers or other clinicians. The update defines terms and presents the current status of telepsychiatry as a mode of health service delivery. The update presents procedures for conducting telepsychiatry services and optimizing the clinical experience.

Pediatric neurosurgery telemedicine clinics: a model to provide care to geographically underserved areas of the United States and its territories

OBJECTIVE The author describes the creation, structuring, and development of a pediatric neurosurgery telemedicine clinic (TMC) to provide telehealth across geographical, time, social, and cultural barriers. METHODS In July 2009 the University of Florida (UF) Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery received a request from the Southeast Georgia Health District (Area 9-2) to provide a TMC to meet regional needs. The Children's Medical Services (CMS) of the State of Georgia installed telemedicine equipment and site-to-site connectivity. Audiovisual connectivity was performed in the UF Pediatric Neurosurgery office, maintaining privacy and HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) requirements. Administrative steps were taken with documentation of onsite training of the secretarial and nursing personnel of the CMS clinic. Patient preregistration and documentation were performed as required by the UF College of Medicine-Jacksonville. Monthly clinics are held with the CMS nursing personnel presenting the pertinent clinical history and findings to the pediatric neurosurgeon in the presence of the patient/parents. Physical findings and diagnostic studies are discussed, and management decisions are made. RESULTS The first TMC was held in August 2011. A total of 40 TMC sessions have been held through January 2016, with a total of 43 patients seen: 13 patients once; 13 patients twice; 8 patients for 3 visits; 2 for 4 visits; 2 for 6 visits; 2 for 5 visits; 2 for 7 visits; and 1 patient has been seen 8 times. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients in areas of the continental US and its territories with limited access to pediatric neurosurgery services could benefit from this model, if other pediatric neurosurgery centers provide telehealth services.

Synchronous telehealth for outpatient allergy consultations: A 2-year regional experience

BACKGROUND

Telehealth continues to advance as a health care modality; however, reported experience for synchronous TeleAllergy is limited.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the percentage of new and follow-up visits conducted via TeleAllergy in a hospital-based clinic.

METHODS

A retrospective study evaluating the first 2 years of a synchronous patient-to-allergist TeleAllergy platform.

RESULTS

A total of 112 synchronous TeleAllergy encounters were conducted from January 2014 through December 2015; 66 (59%) of these were new consultations. The mean (SD) age was 26.9 (15.3) years, and 54% of the participants were female. Food allergy (30%), allergic rhinitis (20%), and urticaria (16%) represented the top 3 consultation reasons. Sixteen of 66 patients (24.2%) and 3 of 46 patients (6.5%) attending new and follow-up TeleAllergy visits, respectively, were recommended for an in-person appointment (P = .02). No difference was found between new and follow-up TeleAllergy visits regarding subsequent telephone communication (41% vs 26%, P = .11) or prescriptions ordered (50% vs 33%, P = .08). New TeleAllergy visits were more likely to have more than 1 laboratory test ordered (45% vs 17%, P = .002). On the basis of patient location, the 112 TeleAllergy visits resulted in an estimated savings of 200 workdays or schooldays, US$58,000 in travel-related costs, and 80,000 kilometers not driven.

CONCLUSION

Both new and follow-up visits to the allergist/immunologist were well received by patients and demonstrated significant indirect cost savings, with less than one fourth of the patients recommended for an in-person visit. This appears to be the first systematic assessment of TeleAllergy for new and follow-up patient encounters in a clinic-based allergy/immunology practice.

Nursing Home Provider Perceptions of Telemedicine for Reducing Potentially Avoidable Hospitalizations

OBJECTIVE

Potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAHs) of nursing home (NH) residents are common, costly, and can have significant economic consequences. Telemedicine has been shown to reduce emergency department and hospitalization of NH residents, yet adoption has been limited and little is known about provider's perceptions and desired functionality for a telemedicine program. The goal of this study was to survey a nationally representative sample of NH physicians and advanced practice providers to quantify provider perceptions and desired functionality of telemedicine in NHs to reduce PAHs.

DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/MEASUREMENT

We surveyed physicians and advanced practice providers who attended the 2015 AMDA-The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine Annual Conference about their perceptions of telemedicine and desired attributes of a telemedicine program for managing acute changes of condition associated with PAHs.

RESULTS

We received surveys from 435 of the 947 conference attendees for a 45.9% response rate. Providers indicated strong agreement with the potential for telemedicine to improve timeliness of care and fill existing service gaps, while disagreeing most with the ideas that telemedicine would reduce care effectiveness and jeopardize resident privacy. Responses indicated clear preferences for the technical requirements of such a program, such as high-quality audio and video and inclusion of an electronic stethoscope, but with varying opinions about who should be performing the consults.

CONCLUSION

Among NH providers, there is a high degree of confidence in the potential for a telemedicine solution to PAHs in NHs, as well as concrete views about features of such a solution. Such consensus could be used to drive an approach to telemedicine for PAHs in NHs that retains the theoretical strengths of telemedicine and reflects the needs of facilities, providers, and patients. Further research is needed to objectively study the impact of successful telemedicine implementations on patient, provider, and economic outcomes.

Utilizing Remote Real-Time Videoconferencing to Expand Access to Cancer Genetic Services in Community Practices: A Multicenter Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND

Videoconferencing has been used to expand medical services to low-access populations and could increase access to genetic services at community sites where in-person visits with genetic providers are not available.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of, patient feedback of, and cognitive and affective responses to remote two-way videoconferencing (RVC) telegenetic services at multiple sociodemographically diverse community practices without access to genetic providers.

METHODS

Patients at 3 community sites in 2 US states outside the host center completed RVC pretest (visit 1, V1) and post-test (visit 2, V2) genetic counseling for cancer susceptibility. Surveys evaluated patient experiences, knowledge, satisfaction with telegenetic and cancer genetics services, anxiety, depression, and cancer worry.

RESULTS

A total of 82 out of 100 (82.0%) approached patients consented to RVC services. A total of 61 out of 82 patients (74%) completed pretest counseling and 41 out of 61 (67%) proceeded with testing and post-test counseling. A total of 4 out of 41 (10%) mutation carriers were identified: BRCA2, MSH2, and PMS2. Patients reported many advantages (eg, lower travel burden and convenience) and few disadvantages to RVC telegenetic services. Most patients reported feeling comfortable with the video camera--post-V1: 52/57 (91%); post-V2: 39/41 (95%)--and that their privacy was respected--post-V1: 56/57 (98%); post-V2: 40/41 (98%); however, some reported concerns that RVC might increase the risk of a confidentiality breach of their health information--post-V1: 14/57 (25%); post-V2: 12/41 (29%). While the majority of patients reported having no trouble seeing or hearing the genetic counselor--post-V1: 47/57 (82%); post-V2: 39/41 (95%)--51 out of 98 (52%) patients reported technical difficulties. Nonetheless, all patients reported being satisfied with genetic services. Compared to baseline, knowledge increased significantly after pretest counseling (+1.11 mean score, P=.005); satisfaction with telegenetic (+1.74 mean score, P=.02) and genetic services (+2.22 mean score, P=.001) increased after post-test counseling. General anxiety and depression decreased after pretest (-0.97 mean anxiety score, P=.003; -0.37 mean depression score, P=.046) and post-test counseling (-1.13 mean anxiety score, P=.003; -0.75 mean depression score, P=.01); state anxiety and cancer-specific worry did not significantly increase.

CONCLUSIONS

Remote videoconferencing telegenetic services are feasible, identify genetic carriers in community practices, and are associated with high patient satisfaction and favorable cognitive and affective outcomes, suggesting an innovative delivery model for further study to improve access to genetic providers and services. Potential barriers to dissemination include technology costs, unclear billing and reimbursement, and state requirements for provider licensure.

Addressing health disparities in rural communities using telehealth

The regionalization of pediatric services has resulted in differential access to care, sometimes creating barriers to those living in underserved, rural communities. These disparities in access contribute to inferior healthcare outcomes among infants and children. We review the medical literature on telemedicine and its use to improve access and the quality of care provided to pediatric patients with otherwise limited access to pediatric subspecialty care. We review the use of telemedicine for the provision of pediatric subspecialty consultations in the settings of ambulatory care, acute and inpatient care, and perinatal and newborn care. Studies demonstrate the feasibility and efficiencies gained with models of care that use telemedicine. By providing pediatric subspecialty care in more convenient settings such as local primary care offices and community hospitals, pediatric patients are more likely to receive care that adheres to evidence-based guidelines. In many cases, telemedicine can significantly improve provider, patient, and family satisfaction, increase measures of quality of care and patient safety, and reduce overall costs of care. Models of care that use telemedicine have the potential to address pediatric specialists' geographic misdistribution and address disparities in the quality of care delivered to children in underserved communities.

Availability, spatial accessibility, utilisation and the role of telehealth for multi-disciplinary paediatric cerebral palsy services in Queensland

AIMS

The purpose of this study was to understand the methods of current delivery of health care services to cerebral palsy (CP) patients in Queensland, Australia. The study also examines the current use of telehealth by clinicians and their perceptions about telehealth use.

METHODS

Patient records during July 2013-July 2014 were accessed from the Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service (QPRS) to collect information relating to the service delivery for CP patients. Analysis was carried out to examine the patient locations and travel distances using ArcMap geoprocessing software. In addition, 13 face-to-face semi structured interviews were conducted with clinicians from the QPRS and the Cerebral Palsy Health Service (CPHS) to understand the perceptions of clinicians relating to the current level of health care delivery. We also examined the clinicians' current use of telehealth and their opinions about this method.

RESULTS

Records of 329 paediatric CP patients were accessed and reviewed. The majority of patients (96%, n = 307) who attended the clinics at the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), Brisbane, were from remote, rural or regional areas of Queensland. Only 4% of patients (n = 13) were from major cities. During 12 months, patients had attended nine outreach programmes that were conducted by the QPRS and CPHS. The study found that non-local patients were required to travel an average distance of 836 km to access QPRS and CPHS services in Brisbane. The average distance for receiving a consultation at an outreach clinic was 173 km. Clinicians perceived that access to health care services to CP patients in Queensland is inadequate. Nearly all clinicians interviewed had some experience in using telehealth. They had high satisfaction levels with the method.

CONCLUSIONS

Traditional methods of delivering services to CP patients do not meet their needs. Clinicians have found telehealth is a feasible and satisfactory delivery method. However, the use of telehealth is still limited.

Optimizing Telehealth Strategies for Subspecialty Care: Recommendations from Rural Pediatricians

BACKGROUND

Telehealth offers strategies to improve access to subspecialty care for children in rural communities. Rural pediatrician experiences and preferences regarding the use of these telehealth strategies for children's subspecialty care needs are not known. We elicited rural pediatrician experiences and preferences regarding different pediatric subspecialty telehealth strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventeen semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with rural pediatricians from 17 states within the United States. Interviewees were recruited by e-mails to a pediatric rural health listserv and to rural pediatricians identified through snowball sampling. Themes were identified through thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

RESULTS

Rural pediatricians identified several telehealth strategies to improve access to subspecialty care, including physician access hotlines, remote electronic medical record access, electronic messaging systems, live video telemedicine, and telehealth triage systems. Rural pediatricians provided recommendations for optimizing the utility of each of these strategies based on their experiences with different systems. Rural pediatricians preferred specific telehealth strategies for specific clinical contexts, resulting in a proposed framework describing the complementary role of different telehealth strategies for pediatric subspecialty care. Finally, rural pediatricians identified additional benefits associated with the use of telehealth strategies and described a desire for telehealth systems that enhanced (rather than replaced) personal relationships between rural pediatricians and subspecialists.

CONCLUSIONS

Rural pediatricians described complementary roles for different subspecialty care telehealth strategies. Additionally, rural pediatricians provided recommendations for optimizing individual telehealth strategies. Input from rural pediatricians will be crucial for optimizing specific telehealth strategies and designing effective telehealth systems.

Stuttering intervention in three service delivery models (direct, hybrid, and telepractice): two case studies

This study assessed outcomes in stuttering intervention across three service delivery models: direct, hybrid, and telepractice for two 11-year old children who stutter. The goal of the study was to investigate whether short-term goals were maintained through the telepractice sessions. The Stuttering Severity Instrument, Fourth Edition (SSI-4) was administered to each child before and after each intervention period and weekly fluency samples (percentage of stuttered syllables in a monologue) were obtained in each of the 10-week intervention periods. In addition, the Communication Attitudes Test-Revised was used to assess the children's attitudes toward speaking. Following the telepractice period, parents and children completed a questionnaire concerning the therapy experience via telepractice. Both children continued to improve fluency as measured by the weekly fluency samples. SSI-4 severity ratings improved for one child and remained consistent for the other. These outcomes appear to demonstrate that telepractice is viable for improving and maintaining fluency.

Teleconsultation from a secondary hospital for paediatric emergencies occurring at rural hospitals in Queensland

We reviewed telehealth consultations for acute paediatric patients presenting at rural sites in the Mackay district in 2012. Patient data and outcomes were collected prospectively, and a survey of the referring clinicians was undertaken. Thirty four patient consultations were conducted via telehealth with 14 referring clinicians. Most of the referrals were for respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis. We received feedback surveys for 16 consultations (57% response rate). In 47% of the cases, the paediatric team felt that transfer was avoided by using teleconsultation. In 80% of consultations, the referring clinicians felt that video consultation was more effective than telephone alone. In 30% of cases, the referring clinicians felt that the patient would have been transferred to higher facility in the absence of the telehealth facility. Clinicians thought that almost all consultations had educational value and reduced their anxiety in dealing with acute paediatric problems. There were no adverse outcomes or delayed transfers of patients staying at their rural sites. We recommend that telehealth consultation occur for all enquiries about acute paediatric patients at rural sites, especially if transfer of the patient is being considered.

Evaluating interactive videoconferencing for assessing symptoms of autism

BACKGROUND

Autism affects as many as 1 in 88 children. Best practices recommend early identification and intervention for optimal outcomes. Currently, a gap exists between time of first concern and diagnosis, particularly for families living in rural areas. Telemedicine as a tool for assessment and diagnosis of autism is one way to address this disparity. Emerging evidence suggests telemedicine as a viable option for assessing children with a variety of special needs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study expands upon the current literature by investigating clinicians' ability to assess autism via telemedicine. Using interactive videoconferencing, we simulated autism assessment procedures with families with an existing diagnosis (autism or developmental disability) using current gold-standard assessment tools. We compared diagnostic accuracy, item-by-item reliability on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)-Module 1, and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) as well as parent satisfaction in an in-person and interactive videoconferencing condition. Ten children (3-5 years old) with developmental delays and 11 children matched on chronological age with a diagnosis of autism were assigned to be assessed and interviewed either in-person or over videoconferencing. Clinicians observed both in-person and through videoconferencing regardless of patient assignment.

RESULTS

Results indicated no significant difference in reliability of diagnostic accuracy, ADOS observations, ratings for ADI-R parent report of symptoms, and parent satisfaction between conditions. Results indicate adequate clinician agreement and parent satisfaction regardless of observational condition.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research should include a larger sample size and assess children without an existing diagnosis.

Facilitating pediatric patient-provider communications using wireless technology in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease

INTRODUCTION

Use of wireless devices has the potential to transform delivery of primary care services for persons with sickle cell disease (SCD). The study examined text message communications between patients and an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) and the different primary care activities that emerged with use of wireless technology.

METHODS

Patients (N = 37; mean age 13.9 ± 1.8 years; 45.9% male and 54.1% female) engaged in intermittent text conversations with the APRN as part of the Wireless Pain Intervention Program. Content analyses were used to analyze the content of text message exchanges between patients and the APRN.

RESULTS

The primary care needs that emerged were related to pain and symptom management and sickle cell crisis prevention. Two primary care categories (collaborating and coaching), four primary care subcategories (screening, referring, informing, and supporting), and 16 primary care activities were evident in text conversations.

DISCUSSION

The use of wireless technology may facilitate screening, prompt management of pain and symptoms, prevention or reduction of SCD-related complications, more efficient referral for treatments, timely patient education, and psychosocial support in children and adolescents with SCD.

Can paediatric and adolescent gynecological care be delivered via Telehealth?

OBJECTIVE

Paediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) is an evolving subspecialty, with patients often having to travel large distances to access care. The goal of the present study was to assess whether Telehealth (TH) would be appropriate for PAG services in a tertiary care centre and to determine patient/family interest.

METHODS

The present study was a prospective observational study of patients who attended PAG clinics over the course of one year. Patient data collected on each visit included postal code, diagnosis, availability of a local hospital with TH, patient appropriateness for TH and patient/family reasons for accepting TH. Visits were stratified by diagnosis to determine if certain conditions were more amenable to TH.

RESULTS

From the total visits through the year (July 15, 2008 to July 15, 2009), 1541 (79.6%) patients were approached for participation; 8 (0.5%) declined. The final sample size was 1533 patient visits. Four hundred sixty-nine visits (30.6%) were potentially appropriate for TH based on geography. According to clinic physicians, only 51 of these 469 visits (10.9%) were appropriate for TH. The main reasons for being inappropriate were the need for physical examination (n=238, 57.0%), imaging (n=57, 13.6%), or issues regarding sexuality/privacy (n=45, 10.8%). Of the 51 appropriate visits, 28 patients/families (55.0%) expressed interest in TH. Of those not interested in TH, the main reasons included the desire for a face-to-face encounter and the need to coordinate with other health care appointments.

CONCLUSION

Of the patient visits considered for TH (based on the fact that patients lived a considerable distance from the hospital), 10.9% were deemed appropriate for TH by the PAG team, but 45.0% of families/patients in this group said they would prefer a traditional clinic visit. Currently, TH appears to be appropriate for only a small subset of patients/families.

Telehealth in developmental-behavioral pediatrics

Developmental-behavioral pediatrics (DBP) is recognized as one of the fields with the greatest shortages of pediatric subspecialists. Families who access care often must travel great distances to tertiary academic medical centers or endure long waiting lists. While the shortages are likely to persist due to limited provider availability and an increasing number of children with developmental and behavioral disorders being identified, our field must look to innovative ways to reduce the barriers to access. One such way is telehealth, the use of videoconferencing to deliver DBP services to underserved populations. We aim to describe the practical uses of telehealth for the delivery of diagnostic and management clinical services in a variety of settings and for the additional educational and research benefits of the modality. We will highlight the obstacles to setting up a successful DBP telehealth practice and direct readers to resources to address these in their communities. Most of all, we will demonstrate the benefit to families and children, practitioners, and health care systems of supplementing traditional in-person DBP services with telehealth modalities to enhance outreach and engagement with communities.

Practicing medicine without borders: tele-consultations and tele-mentoring for improving paediatric care in a conflict setting in Somalia?

OBJECTIVES

In a district hospital in conflict-torn Somalia, we assessed (i) the impact of introducing telemedicine on the quality of paediatric care, and (ii) the added value as perceived by local clinicians.

METHODS

A 'real-time' audio-visual exchange of information on paediatric cases (Audiosoft Technologies, Quebec, Canada) took place between clinicians in Somalia and a paediatrician in Nairobi. The study involved a retrospective analysis of programme data, and a perception study among the local clinicians.

RESULTS

Of 3920 paediatric admissions, 346 (9%) were referred for telemedicine. In 222 (64%) children, a significant change was made to initial case management, while in 88 (25%), a life-threatening condition was detected that had been initially missed. There was a progressive improvement in the capacity of clinicians to manage complicated cases as demonstrated by a significant linear decrease in changes to initial case management for meningitis and convulsions (92-29%, P = 0.001), lower respiratory tract infection (75-45%, P = 0.02) and complicated malnutrition (86-40%, P = 0.002). Adverse outcomes (deaths and lost to follow-up) fell from 7.6% in 2010 (without telemedicine) to 5.4% in 2011 with telemedicine (30% reduction, odds ratio 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.88, P = -0.001). The number needed to be treated through telemedicine to prevent one adverse outcome was 45. All seven clinicians involved with telemedicine rated it to be of high added value.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of telemedicine significantly improved quality of paediatric care in a remote conflict setting and was of high added value to distant clinicians.

Interfacility transfers of noncritically ill children to academic pediatric emergency departments

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to characterize the demographics, diagnoses, and management of transferred patients who were directly discharged from the emergency department (ED) or admitted less than 24 hours.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients classified as interfacility ED transfers over a 12-month period in the Pediatric Health Information System database, an administrative database of 42 tertiary care pediatric US hospitals. The primary study outcomes were ED resource utilization at the receiving facility with a focus on children who were discharged directly from the ED or admitted less than 24 hours.

RESULTS

Overall, 24,905 interfacility transfers were identified, accounting for 1.3% of the ED volume of these academic pediatric centers. Of these, 24.7% were discharged directly from the ED and 17.0% were admitted for less than 24 hours. Among those directly discharged from the ED, the 3 most common complaints were orthopedic problems, nonsurgical abdominal pain, and viral gastroenteritis; 20.7% received no medical or procedural intervention. Among those admitted for less than 24 hours, the 3 most common complaints were orthopedic problems, traumatic head injury, and gastrointestinal conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant proportion of interfacility transfers to academic pediatric EDs is discharged directly from the ED or is admitted for less than a day. These patients and their clinical outcomes provide insight into the educational needs and medical capabilities of referring hospitals and clinicians.

Conservation of Information (COI)

The authors review telemedicine and e-health from an organizational perspective. To evaluate their effectiveness, they review organizational and system theory along with field and laboratory results. Theory of the conservation of information (COI) provides the means to study tradeoffs across space and over time as telemedicine and e-health management make operational decisions for virtual communities users. With the authors’ three case studies, they evaluate COI for telemedicine and e-health networks operating in the state of Georgia. After analyzing the case studies with COI, the authors close with a review of future trends that includes an interaction rate equation, an agent-based model (ABM) using natural selection (machine learning), and a Monte Carlo simulation of return on investments (ROI).

Trends in telehealth versus on-site clinical genetics appointments in Manitoba: a comparative study

Telehealth involves the use of information and communications technology to deliver health services to patients over distance. Canada is well suited to benefit from telehealth since many individuals live in remote, rural and isolated locations. Manitoba is the easternmost prairie province and MBTelehealth is an active Canadian program that currently has 105 sites in 73 communities. Although studies of patient satisfaction comparing telehealth to on-site clinical visits have been conducted, a comparative study of the types of genetics patients seen via these two modalities has not been performed previously. In this study we: (1) examined the uptake of telehealth in Genetics in Manitoba; (2) contrasted telehealth usage in Genetics with other clinical programs; and (3) performed a comparative study of the types of Genetics referrals seen in 2008 on-site versus via telehealth. Results indicate the uptake of telehealth is increasing and has made genetics outreach clinics unnecessary. The Program of Genetics and Metabolism is consistently one of the top ten utilizers of telehealth within the province. With respect to discipline, chi square analysis revealed the trends were not significantly different for on-site and telehealth encounters, with prenatal referrals being the most common and Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer referrals being the least common. Referrals within each discipline varied depending on the need for fetal assessment and physical examination. Telehealth was utilized regularly for test results sessions across all disciplines.

Telerehabilitation: an adjunct service delivery model for early intervention services

Early Intervention (EI) services for children birth through two years of age are mandated by Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); however, personnel shortages, particularly in rural areas, limit access for children who qualify. Telerehabilitation has the potential to build capacity among caregivers and local providers as well as promote family-centered services through remote consultation. This article provides an overview of research related to telerehabilitation and early intervention services; discusses the feasibility of telerehabilitation within traditional EI service delivery models; examines telecommunications technology associated with telerehabilitation; and provides hypothetical case examples designed to illustrate potential applications of telerehabilitation in early intervention.

Telehealthcare for asthma

BACKGROUND

Healthcare systems internationally need to consider new models of care to cater for the increasing numbers of people with asthma. Telehealthcare interventions are increasingly being seen by policymakers as a potential means of delivering asthma care. We defined telehealthcare as being healthcare delivered from a distance, facilitated electronically and involving the exchange of information through the personalised interaction between a healthcare professional using their skills and judgement and the patient providing information.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness of telehealthcare interventions in people with asthma.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched in the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, and PsycINFO; this was supplemented by handsearching of respiratory journals. We also searched registers of ongoing and unpublished trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We selected completed randomised controlled trials of telehealthcare initiatives aiming to improve asthma care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently appraised studies for inclusion and extracted data and performed meta-analyses. We analysed dichotomous variables to produce an odds ratio (OR) and continuous variables to produce a mean difference.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 21 trials in this review. The 21 included studies investigated a range of technologies aiming to support the provision of care from a distance. These included: telephone (n = 9); video-conferencing (n = 2); Internet (n = 2); other networked communications (n = 6); text Short Messaging Service (n = 1); or a combination of text and Internet (n = 1). Meta-analysis showed that these interventions did not result in clinically important improvements in asthma quality of life (minimum clinically important difference = 0.5): mean difference in Juniper's Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.16). Telehealthcare for asthma resulted in a non-significant increase in the odds of emergency department visits over a 12-month period: OR 1.16 (95% CI 0.52 to 2.58). There was, however, a significant reduction in hospitalisations over a 12-month period: OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.61), the effect being most marked in people with more severe asthma managed predominantly in secondary care settings.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Telehealthcare interventions are unlikely to result in clinically relevant improvements in health outcomes in those with relatively mild asthma, but they may have a role in those with more severe disease who are at high risk of hospital admission. Further trials evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a range of telehealthcare interventions are needed.

Genetic counseling in a busy pediatric metabolic practice

Patients with inborn errors of metabolism and their families require unique clinical care including management of acute illnesses, screening for long term complications, discussion of the etiology of the condition, connections to social supports, and clarification of the recurrence risks and prenatal testing and treatment options. Our multidisciplinary pediatric metabolic clinic combines the skills of metabolic geneticists, pediatric dieticians, social workers, clinical pharmacists, nurses and genetic counselors to provide optimal and well-rounded care for our patients and their families. Given the inherited nature of most inborn errors of metabolism and the necessary long-term management for these disorders, the genetic counselor's role in this clinic setting is integral in providing ongoing support and education for patients and their families. This includes coping with the disease burden, helping patients and families adapt to a condition in the family and ensuring adequate understanding of the genetic risks and the available prenatal diagnostic and reproductive choices. Our clinic provides services to a large geographic area with many isolated populations where unique metabolic diseases are highly prevalent secondary to a founder effect. In this paper, we share our experience in providing longitudinal care to children with complex medical needs due to metabolic disorders and highlight the role of the genetic counselor in this clinic setting.

Sustainable rural telehealth innovation: a public health case study

OBJECTIVE

To examine adoption of telehealth in a rural public health district and to explain how the innovation became sustainable.

STUDY SETTING

Longitudinal, qualitative study (1988-2008) of the largest public health district in Georgia.

STUDY DESIGN

Case study design provided deep insights into the innovation's social dynamics. Punctuated equilibrium theory helped present and make sense of the process. We identified antecedent conditions and outcomes, and we distinguished between episodes and encounters based on the disruptive effects of events.

DATA COLLECTION

Twenty-five semistructured interviews with 19 decision makers and professionals, direct observations, published papers, grant proposals, technical specifications, and other written materials.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Strong collaboration within the district, with local community, and with external partners energized the process. Well-functioning outreach clinics made telehealth desirable. Local champions cultivated participation and generative capability, and overcame barriers through opportunistic exploitation of technological and financial options. Telehealth usage fluctuated between medical and administrative operations in response to internal needs and contextual dynamics. External agencies provided initial funding and supported later expansion.

CONCLUSIONS

Extensive internal and external collaboration, and a combination of technology push and opportunistic exploitation, can enable sustainable rural telehealth innovation.

Health information technology to facilitate communication involving health care providers, caregivers, and pediatric patients: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Pediatric patients with health conditions requiring follow-up typically depend on a caregiver to mediate at least part of the necessary two-way communication with health care providers on their behalf. Health information technology (HIT) and its subset, information communication technology (ICT), are increasingly being applied to facilitate communication between health care provider and caregiver in these situations. Awareness of the extent and nature of published research involving HIT interventions used in this way is currently lacking.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review was designed to map the health literature about HIT used to facilitate communication involving health care providers and caregivers (who are usually family members) of pediatric patients with health conditions requiring follow-up.

METHODS

Terms relating to care delivery, information technology, and pediatrics were combined to search MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for the years 1996 to 2008. Eligible studies were selected after three rounds of duplicate screening in which all authors participated. Data regarding patient, caregiver, health care provider, HIT intervention, outcomes studied, and study design were extracted and maintained in a Microsoft Access database. Stage of research was categorized using the UK's Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Quantitative and qualitative descriptive summaries are presented.

RESULTS

We included 104 eligible studies (112 articles) conducted in 17 different countries and representing 30 different health conditions. The most common conditions were asthma, type 1 diabetes, special needs, and psychiatric disorder. Most studies (88, 85%) included children 2 to 12 years of age, and 73 (71%) involved home care settings. Health care providers operated in hospital settings in 96 (92%) of the studies. Interventions featured 12 modes of communication (eg, Internet, intranets, telephone, video conferencing, email, short message service [SMS], and manual downloading of information) used to facilitate 15 categories of functions (eg, support, medication management, education, and monitoring). Numerous patient, caregiver, and health care relevant outcomes have been measured. Most outcomes concerned satisfaction, use, usability, feasibility, and resource use, although behavior changes and quality of life were also reported. Most studies (57 studies, 55%) were pilot phase, with a lesser proportion of development phase (24 studies, 23%) and evaluation phase (11 studies, 11%) studies. HIT interventions addressed several recurring themes in this review: establishing continuity of care, addressing time constraints, and bridging geographical barriers.

CONCLUSIONS

HIT used in pediatric care involving caregivers has been implemented differently in a range of disease settings, with varying needs influencing the function, form and synchronicity of information transfer. Although some authors have followed a phased approach to development, evaluation and implementation, a greater emphasis on methodological standards such as the MRC guidance for complex interventions would produce more fruitful programs of development and more useful evaluations in the future. This review will be especially helpful to those deciding on areas where further development or research into HIT for this purpose may be warranted.

Family-centered care for US children with special health care needs: who gets it and why?

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to examine racial/ethnic and language disparities in family-centered care (FCC) and in FCC components for children with special health care needs (CSHCN).

METHODS

Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of data from the 2005-2006 National Survey of CSHCN were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 66% of CSHCN with a health visit in the past year received FCC. In adjusted analyses, we found lower odds of FCC for Latino (odds ratio: 0.53 [95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.63]), African-American (odds ratio: 0.60 [95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.69]), and other (odds ratio: 0.58 [95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.78]) children, compared with white children, and for children in households with a non-English primary language (odds ratio: 0.48 [95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.64]), compared with those in households with English as the primary language. These disparities persisted after adjustment for child health (condition severity and emotional, behavioral, and developmental needs), socioeconomic (poverty level, parental education, household composition, and residing in a metropolitan statistical area), and access (insurance type, usual source of care, and having a personal physician) factors. Of these factors, only condition severity was significantly associated with the racial/ethnic disparities; none was significantly associated with the language disparities. Disparities were found for Latino and African-American children and children in households with a non-English primary language for the FCC components of time spent with the provider and sensitivity to the family's values and customs.

CONCLUSIONS

Robust FCC racial/ethnic and language disparities exist for CSHCN; initial efforts to address these disparities should focus on increasing provider time and cultural sensitivity.

Women's experience of telehealth cancer genetic counseling

Telegenetics offers an alternative model of delivering genetic counseling to rural and outreach areas; however there is a dearth of qualitative research into the patient's experience. Twelve women who had received telemedicine genetic counseling for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) within the previous 12 months participated in a semi-structured telephone interview. The interview explored women's experience with telegenetics, satisfaction, perceived advantages and disadvantages and quality of the interaction with their genetic professionals. Overall women were highly satisfied with telegenetics. Telegenetics offered them convenience and reduced travel and associated costs. The majority of women described feeling a high degree of social presence, or rapport, with the off-site genetic clinician. One woman with a recent cancer diagnosis, reported that telemedicine was unable to meet her needs for psychosocial support. This finding highlights the need to be mindful of the psychosocial support needs of women with a recent diagnosis being seen via telegenetics. Patients attending for HBOC genetic counseling are generally highly satisfied with the technology and the interaction. Care should be taken, however, with patients with more complex psychosocial needs.

Weight status of children and adolescents in a telepsychiatry clinic

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is approximately 32% among children and adolescents in the United States. Comorbid conditions associated with pediatric overweight and obesity include psychiatric conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents presenting for consultation from rural communities to the UC Davis Telemedicine Program (UCDTP), as well as to collect preliminary data to design an integrated disease management program for children and adolescents with obesity and mental illness. Patients aged 21 and under seen for psychiatric consultation at the UCDTP between 2004 and 2006 were included. Retrospective medical record review was conducted to determine the major psychiatric diagnoses, height, weight, body-mass index, and weight status (underweight/at risk for underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese) for each patient. Of the 230 patients referred, a total of 121 patients had both height and weight values documented. Three patients were underweight; 51 were normal weight; 28 were overweight; 39 were obese. The most common psychiatric diagnoses in the 121 patients were attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 40), bipolar disorder (n = 36), and depression (n = 31). The most common psychiatric diagnoses in patients with available weight and height data who were overweight and obese were bipolar disorder (n = 20), depression (n = 18), and ADHD (n = 17). Approximately 55% of child and adolescent patients seen for telepsychiatry consultation whose charts documented height and weight measurements were overweight or obese. Psychiatric diagnoses in overweight youngsters need to be researched further to determine whether the weight change is primary or secondary to mood and/or to treatments, such as medication. At such a high rate of comorbidity, monitoring the weight status of young psychiatric patients in this population is indicated.

Pediatric critical care telemedicine in rural underserved emergency departments

OBJECTIVE

A disparity in access to health care exists between rural and urban areas. Although 21% of children in the United States live in rural areas, only 3% of pediatric intensivists practice in rural areas. In an attempt to address this issue, we implemented a program of pediatric critical care telemedicine consultations in rural emergency departments (EDs) and report our results.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective evaluation of pediatric critical care consultations in rural EDs was undertaken March 2006 through March 2008. A referral area with a population of 1,000,000 in 19 rural counties in Vermont and upstate New York comprised the study area.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Sixty-three telemedicine consultations were performed in 10 rural EDs. The average number of consultations was 6.3 per site (range 2-17). Minor technical issues were identified in 18 consultations (29%). There were 12 primary diagnoses. Telemedicine was used to supervise the critical care transport team on 25 occasions (40%). Consulting intensivists made 236 specific recommendations. Consulting intensivists thought that telemedicine consultations improved patient care 89% of the time, were superior to telephone consultations 91% of the time, and provided good to very good provider-to-provider communications 98% of the time. Referring providers reported that telemedicine consultations improved patient care 88% of the time, were superior to telephone consultations 55% of the time, and provided good to very good communications 94% of the time.

CONCLUSIONS

With telemedicine, it is feasible to provide urgent subspecialty critical care for children in underserved rural EDs, improve patient care, and provide a high degree of provider satisfaction. Pediatric critical care telemedicine may help to address the disparities in the access to and the outcome of medical care between rural and urban areas.

Practice parameter for telepsychiatry with children and adolescents

This practice parameter discusses the use of telepsychiatry to provide services to children and adolescents. The parameter defines terms and reviews the status of telepsychiatry as a mode of health service delivery. Because many of the issues addressed are unique to telepsychiatry, the parameter presents principles for establishing a telepsychiatry service and optimizing clinical practice within that service. The principles presented are based on existing scientific evidence and clinical consensus. Telepsychiatry is still evolving, and this parameter represents a first approach to determining "best practices." The parameter emphasizes the integration of telepsychiatry within other practice parameters of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Telephone genetic counseling for high-risk women undergoing BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing: rationale and development of a randomized controlled trial

Genetic counseling and testing, particularly for adult onset conditions, has become increasingly available over the last decade, and it is expected that this trend will continue as additional genes are identified and as such testing diffuses into mainstream clinical care. To meet the increased demand for services, it will become necessary to explore alternative avenues to traditional face-to-face genetic counseling. One such modality is the use of telephone genetic counseling (TGC), which is easy to implement and still allows for comprehensive service delivery. Although TGC has been used with increased frequency, there is a paucity of data about its effectiveness and impact on important patient outcomes. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of telephone counseling in nongenetics and genetics settings. The rationale and aims of the largest randomized clinical trial to be performed with this mode of counseling in the context of cancer susceptibility testing for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also explained. In addition, procedural aspects of the genetic counseling intervention and the novel tools developed to facilitate this process and to ensure adequate counselor training and quality assurance are described.

Communicating with children and families: from everyday interactions to skill in conveying distressing information

Health care communication is a skill that is critical to safe and effective medical practice; it can and must be taught. Communication skill influences patient disclosure, treatment adherence and outcome, adaptation to illness, and bereavement. This article provides a review of the evidence regarding clinical communication in the pediatric setting, covering the spectrum from outpatient primary care consultation to death notification, and provides practical suggestions to improve communication with patients and families, enabling more effective, efficient, and empathic pediatric health care.

Pediatric teledermatology--a survey of current use

Demand for pediatric dermatologic care far exceeds the supply of pediatric dermatologists. Teledermatology has been proposed as a solution to improve access to care, however, data regarding teledermatology use for pediatric patients are lacking. Surveys assessing use and experience with teledermatology were administered to pediatric dermatologists attending the 2006 Society for Pediatric Dermatology Annual Meeting and to programs offering teledermatology identified in the American Telemedicine Association's 2003 Teledermatology Survey. Over half of the 76 pediatric dermatologists responding to the survey had previous experience with teledermatology and nearly half currently use some form of teledermatology. For most, this represents nonreimbursed, store-and-forward consultations. Respondents noted that teledermatology allows more accurate triage of dermatology patients, decreases travel and outpatient clinic visits, and provides an avenue for ongoing support and education for primary care physicians. While difficulties exist, overcoming obstacles to the use of pediatric teledermatology and reimbursement for such services could improve access to expert pediatric dermatologic care.