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Jeong H, Park YS, Yoon SS. A2 milk consumption and its health benefits: an update. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:491-503. [PMID: 38274187 PMCID: PMC10806982 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is a widely consumed nutrient-rich food containing protein variants such as casein A2 and A1. A1 differs from A2 in an amino acid at position 67 (Pro67 to His67). The breakdown of β-casein yields β-casomorphins (BCM), among which BCM-7 is extensively studied for its effects on the human body. Animal studies have shown that A1 β-casein milk increases digestive transit time and enhances myeloperoxidase activity. Individuals with lactose intolerance prefer A2 milk to conventional A1 milk, as BCM-7 in A1 milk can lead to inflammation and discomfort in sensitive individuals. A2 milk, which contains A2 β-casein, is believed to be more easily digestible than A1 β-casein. Its popularity has grown owing to reports linking A1 casein to diseases such as type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and autism. A2 milk has gained popularity as an alternative to A1 milk, primarily because of its potential benefits for individuals with certain diseases. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of A2 milk consumption and its health benefits. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of A2 milk consumption and its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
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Li A, Zheng J, Han X, Jiang Z, Yang B, Yang S, Zhou W, Li C, Sun M. Health implication of lactose intolerance and updates on its dietary management. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cieślińska A, Fiedorowicz E, Rozmus D, Sienkiewicz-Szłapka E, Jarmołowska B, Kamiński S. Does a Little Difference Make a Big Difference? Bovine β-Casein A1 and A2 Variants and Human Health-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15637. [PMID: 36555278 PMCID: PMC9779325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 20 years, bovine beta-casein has been a subject of increasing scientific interest because its genetic A1 variant during gastrointestinal digestion releases opioid-like peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). Since β-CM-7 is involved in the dysregulation of many physiological processes, there is a growing discussion of whether the consumption of the β-casein A1 variant has an influence on human health. In the last decade, the number of papers dealing with this problem has substantially increased. The newest clinical studies on humans showed a negative effect of variant A1 on serum glutathione level, digestive well-being, cognitive performance score in children, and mood score in women. Scientific reports in this field can affect the policies of dairy cattle breeders and the milk industry, leading to the elimination of allele A1 in dairy cattle populations and promoting milk products based on milk from cows with the A2A2 genotype. More scientific proof, especially in well-designed clinical studies, is necessary to determine whether a little difference in the β-casein amino acid sequence negatively affects the health of milk consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cieślińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dominika Rozmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Edyta Sienkiewicz-Szłapka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Beata Jarmołowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kamiński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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A2 Milk: New Perspectives for Food Technology and Human Health. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162387. [PMID: 36010390 PMCID: PMC9407547 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although milk consumption is increasing worldwide, in some geographical regions, its consumption has persistently declined in recent decades. This fact, together with the increase in milk production prices, has caused both milk producers and the dairy industry to be immersed in a major crisis. Some possible solutions to this problem are to get people who do not currently consume milk to start drinking it again, or to market milk and dairy products with a higher added value. In this context, a type of milk called A2 has recently received attention from the industry. This type of milk, characterized by a difference in an amino acid at position 67 of the β-casein polypeptide chain, releases much smaller amounts of bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin 7 upon digestion, which has been linked to harmful effects on human health. Additionally, A2 milk has been attributed worse technological properties in the production of some dairy products. Thus, doubts exist about the convenience for the dairy industry to bet on this product. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects on human health of A2 milk, as well as its different technological properties to produce dairy products.
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Beta-Casein Gene Polymorphism in Serbian Holstein-Friesian Cows and Its Relationship with Milk Production Traits. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The most common types of beta-casein in cow’s milk are A1 and A2, which differ in one amino acid. During the gastrointestinal proteolysis of A1 beta-casein in humans this difference results in the release of beta-casomorphin-7, an opioid which may lead to severe effects on human health, causing various ailments (type-1 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, gastrointestinal digestive discomfort, as well as increased gastrointestinal transit time). By contrast, A2 beta-casein cannot exert these effects owing to its different composition and metabolism. Furthermore, studies have shown that it can influence milk productivity traits. Our research aimed to screen the frequency of A1 and A2 alleles of beta-casein gene in a population of Serbian Holstein-Friesian cows and to detect how the genotypes influence milk production, and milk protein and fat yields. Out of 106 animals, 13 (12.26%) were of A1A1 genotype, 58 (54.72%) of A1A2, and 35 (33.02%) of A2A2 genotype. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to both A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes. Milk protein concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to A1A2 genotype, while milk fat concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to both A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes.
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Güngör D, Nadaud P, LaPergola CC, Dreibelbis C, Wong YP, Terry N, Abrams SA, Beker L, Jacobovits T, Järvinen KM, Nommsen-Rivers LA, O'Brien KO, Oken E, Pérez-Escamilla R, Ziegler EE, Spahn JM. Infant milk-feeding practices and diabetes outcomes in offspring: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:817S-837S. [PMID: 30982877 PMCID: PMC6500931 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project, the US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services initiated a review of evidence on diet and health in these populations. OBJECTIVES The aim of these systematic reviews was to examine the relation of 1) never versus ever feeding human milk, 2) shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding, 3) shorter versus longer durations of exclusive human milk feeding, and 4) feeding a lower versus higher intensity of human milk to mixed-fed infants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in offspring. METHODS The Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team conducted systematic reviews with external experts. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed for articles published January 1980-March 2016, dual-screened the results according to predetermined criteria, extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study, qualitatively synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence. RESULTS The 4 systematic reviews included 21, 37, 18, and 1 articles, respectively. Observational evidence suggests that never versus ever feeding human milk (limited evidence) and shorter versus longer durations of any (moderate evidence) and exclusive (limited evidence) human milk feeding are associated with higher type 1 diabetes risk. Insufficient evidence examined type 2 diabetes. Limited evidence suggests that the durations of any and exclusive human milk feeding are not associated with intermediate outcomes (e.g., fasting glucose, insulin resistance) during childhood. CONCLUSIONS Limited to moderate evidence suggests that feeding less or no human milk is associated with higher risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring. Limited evidence suggests no associations between the durations of any and exclusive human milk feeding and intermediate diabetes outcomes in children. Additional research is needed on infant milk-feeding practices and type 2 diabetes and intermediate outcomes in US populations, which may have distinct metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Güngör
- Panum Group, Bethesda, MD,Address correspondence to DG (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Terry
- National Institutes of Health Library, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steve A Abrams
- Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Leila Beker
- US Food and Drug Administration, contractor, College Park, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
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Küllenberg de Gaudry D, Lohner S, Schmucker C, Kapp P, Motschall E, Hörrlein S, Röger C, Meerpohl JJ. Milk A1 β-casein and health-related outcomes in humans: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:278-306. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Christine Schmucker
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kapp
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edith Motschall
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Hörrlein
- Competence Center for Nutrition, Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Röger
- Competence Center for Nutrition, Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg J Meerpohl
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Iggman D, Birgisdottir B, Ramel A, Hill J, Thorsdottir I. Differences in cow’s milk composition between Iceland and the other Nordic countries and possible connections to public health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11026480310018537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Iggman
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - B. Birgisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A. Ramel
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - J. Hill
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - I. Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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RANGEL AHDN, SALES DC, URBANO SA, GALVÃO JÚNIOR JGB, ANDRADE NETO JCD, MACÊDO CDS. Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Health effects of cow’s milk consumption in infants up to 3 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:293-307. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo summarize the best available evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cow’s milk intake in healthy, full-term infants up to 3 years of age.DesignWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.SettingWe searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Library between 1960 and July 2013 and manually reviewed reference lists of pertinent articles. Two researchers independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted relevant data.SubjectsWe included (randomized/non-randomized) controlled trials and observational studies.ResultsWe included data from twenty-three studies (one randomized controlled trial, four non-randomized controlled trials, eight case–control studies and ten cohort studies) for the evidence synthesis. Pooled results of four studies revealed a higher risk of Fe-deficiency anaemia for infants consuming cow’s milk compared with those consuming follow-on formula (relative risk=3·76; 95 % CI 2·73, 5·19). For type 1 diabetes mellitus, six out of seven case–control studies did not show a difference in the risk of developing this disease based on the age of introduction of cow’s milk. We did not find negative associations for other health effects.ConclusionsCow’s milk consumption in infancy is associated with an increased risk of developing Fe-deficiency anaemia. Limiting cow’s milk consumption may be important to ensure an adequate Fe intake for infants and toddlers. High-quality patient information for caregivers is needed on how infants’ Fe requirements can be met.
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Przyrembel H. Timing of Introduction of Complementary Food: Short- and Long-Term Health Consequences. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012; 60 Suppl 2:8-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000336287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cieślińska A, Kostyra E, Kostyra H, Oleński K, Fiedorowicz E, Kamiński S. Milk from cows of different β-casein genotypes as a source of β-casomorphin-7. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:426-30. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.634785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Nutrition and Iron Status of 1-Year Olds following a Revision in Infant Dietary Recommendations. Anemia 2011; 2011:986303. [PMID: 21785718 PMCID: PMC3139868 DOI: 10.1155/2011/986303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study showed low iron status in 12-month-old Icelandic infants associated most strongly with cow's milk intake and growth. Infant dietary recommendations were revised in 2003. This study investigated nutrition and iron status in a new infant cohort. Subjects/Methods. Randomly selected infants were prospectively investigated for diet, anthropometry, and iron status (n = 110–141). Results. Breastfeeding initiation rate was 98%; 38% of 5-month olds were exclusively and 20% of 12-month olds partially breastfed. Formula was given to 21% of 6-month olds and 64% of 12-month olds, but cow's milk to 2.5% and 54.4% of 6- and 12-month olds, respectively. Iron depletion (serum ferritin < 12 μg/L) affected 5.8%, 1.4% were also iron deficient (MCV < 74 fl), and none were anemic (Hb < 105 g/l). Iron status associated negatively with growth and breastfeeding duration and positively with meat and formula intake at 9–12 months, but not with cow's milk. Conclusion. Improved iron status might be explained by a shift from cow's milk to formula in the diet of Icelandic 6–12-month olds. Dietary changes altered associations between foods and iron status.
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Adler K, Mueller DB, Achenbach P, Krause S, Heninger AK, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. Insulin autoantibodies with high affinity to the bovine milk protein alpha casein. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:42-9. [PMID: 21361910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) can appear in children within months of introducing solid foods to the diet and before clinical type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether infant dietary antigens could be immunizing agents of IAA. To this end, IAA binding to [(125) I]insulin was competed with food preparations and extracts of foods encountered in the infant diet (milk formulas, bovine milk, wheat flour, fowl meal). Bovine milk powder extracts inhibited IAA-positive samples from six of 53 children (age 0·3-14·0 years) participating in German prospective cohorts. Inhibition in these sera ranged from 23 to 100%. Competition was abolished when hydrolyzed milk powder was used. Competition with protein components of bovine milk found that two of the six milk-reactive sera were inhibited strongly by alpha- and beta-casein; none were inhibited by the milk proteins bovine serum albumin or lactoglobulins. The two casein-reactive sera had high affinity to alpha-casein (1·7×10(9) ; 3·1×10(9) l/mol), and lesser affinity to beta-casein (4·0×10(8) ; 7·0×10(7) l/mol) and insulin (2·6×10(8) ; 1·6×10(8) l/mol). No children with milk-reactive IAA developed autoantibodies to other islet autoantigens or diabetes (median follow-up 9·8 years). These results suggest that autoimmunity to insulin can occur infrequently via cross-reactivity to food proteins, but this form of IAA immunization does not appear to be associated with progression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adler
- Diabetes Research Institute, Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich Center for Regenerative Therapies - Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Ashraf AP, Eason NB, Kabagambe EK, Haritha J, Meleth S, McCormick KL. Dietary iron intake in the first 4 months of infancy and the development of type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:58. [PMID: 20854668 PMCID: PMC2949812 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impact of iron intake on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). METHODS Case-control study with self-administered questionnaire among families of children with T1DM who were less than 10 years old at the time of the survey and developed diabetes between age 1 and 6 years. Data on the types of infant feeding in the first 4 months of life was collected from parents of children with T1DM (n = 128) and controls (n = 67) <10 years old. Because some cases had sibling controls, we used conditional logistic regression models to analyze the data in two ways. First we performed a case-control analysis of all 128 cases and 67 controls. Next, we performed a case-control analysis restricted to cases (n = 59) that had a sibling without diabetes (n = 59). Total iron intake was modeled as one standard deviation (SD) increase in iron intake. The SD for iron intake was 540 mg in the total sample and 539 mg in the restricted sample as defined above. RESULTS The median (min, max) total iron intake in the first 4 months of life was 1159 (50, 2399) mg in T1DM cases and 466 (50, 1224) mg among controls (P < 0.001). For each one standard deviation increase in iron intake, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for type 1 diabetes was 2.01 (1.183, 3.41) among all participants (128 cases and 67 controls) while it was 2.26 (1.27, 4.03) in a restricted sample of T1 D cases with a control sibling (59 cases and 59 controls) in models adjusted for birth weight, age at the time of the survey, and birth order. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, high iron intake in the first 4 months of infancy is associated with T1DM. Whether iron intake is causal or a marker of another risk factor warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika P Ashraf
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | - Edmond K Kabagambe
- The Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Josna Haritha
- UAB school of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Sreelatha Meleth
- The Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kenneth L McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Post-weaning effects of milk and milk components on the intestinal mucosa in inflammation. Mutat Res 2009; 690:64-70. [PMID: 20036674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many milk-derived components have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, and some of these reduce intestinal inflammation when orally administered to animal models of colitis. However, the potential for ruminant milk or milk components to benefit people with intestinal inflammatory disorders (such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease) has not been well-researched. This review describes published research into mechanisms by which ruminant milk and its components may have beneficial effects when consumed by people who have intestinal inflammation.
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Merriman TR. Type 1 diabetes, the A1 milk hypothesis and vitamin D deficiency. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83:149-56. [PMID: 19100644 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The 'A1' genetic variant of beta-casein in milk has been linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D). The keystone piece of supporting evidence is an ecological study positively correlating the incidence of T1D with amount of A1 beta-casein consumption per capita. Of relevance, A1 beta-casein consumption is also positively correlated with latitude, itself implicated in T1D through vitamin D deficiency. Ecological and biological evidence convincingly implicate vitamin D deficiency in T1D. Latitude is a confounder of the ecological data that underpin the hypothesis that A1 beta-casein in cow's milk is a causative factor in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Lindeberg S. Modern Human Physiology with Respect to Evolutionary Adaptations that Relate to Diet in the Past. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9699-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kamiński S, Cieslińska A, Kostyra E. Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet 2007; 48:189-98. [PMID: 17666771 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteins in bovine milk are a common source of bioactive peptides. The peptides are released by the digestion of caseins and whey proteins. In vitro the bioactive peptide beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM-7) is yielded by the successive gastrointestinal proteolytic digestion of bovine beta-casein variants A1 and B, but this was not seen in variant A2. In hydrolysed milk with variant A1 of beta-casein, BCM-7 level is 4-fold higher than in A2 milk. Variants A1 and A2 of beta-casein are common among many dairy cattle breeds. A1 is the most frequent in Holstein-Friesian (0.310-0.660), Ayrshire (0.432-0.720) and Red (0.710) cattle. In contrast, a high frequency of A2 is observed in Guernsey (0.880-0.970) and Jersey (0.490-0.721) cattle. BCM-7 may play a role in the aetiology of human diseases. Epidemiological evidence from New Zealand claims that consumption of beta-casein A1 is associated with higher national mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease. It seems that the populations that consume milk containing high levels of beta-casein A2 have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. BCM-7 has also been suggested as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, seem to be associated with milk consumption and a higher level of BCM-7. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to that protein polymorphism, and deeper research is needed to verify the range and nature of its interactions with the human gastrointestinal tract and whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Kamiński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury, M. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Thorsson AV, Thorsdottir I. Lower consumption of cow milk protein A1 beta-casein at 2 years of age, rather than consumption among 11- to 14-year-old adolescents, may explain the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland than in Scandinavia. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2006; 50:177-83. [PMID: 16407643 DOI: 10.1159/000090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the consumption of the cow milk proteins A1 and B beta-casein among children and adolescents in Iceland and Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland) as this might explain the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes (per 100,000/year, 0-14 years) in Iceland. METHODS The consumption of A1 beta-casein in each country among 2- and 11- to 14-year-old children was calculated from results on food intake and on cow milk protein concentration. The consumption values were then compared and evaluated against the incidence of type 1 diabetes. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the consumption of A1 (p = 0.034) as well as the sum of A1 and B (p = 0.021) beta-casein in Iceland and Scandinavia for 2-year-old children. In the same age group, consumption of A1 beta-casein correlated with the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the countries (r = 0.9; p = 0.037). No significant difference in consumption of A1 or the sum of A1 and B beta-casein was found for 11- to 14-year-old adolescents. CONCLUSION This study supports that lower consumption of A1 beta-casein might be related to the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland than in Scandinavia. Additionally it indicates that consumption in young childhood might be of more importance for the development of the disease incidence than consumption in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Birgisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital & Department of Food Science, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Thorsdottir I, Hill J, Ramel A. Omega-3 fatty acid supply from milk associates with lower type 2 diabetes in men and coronary heart disease in women. Prev Med 2004; 39:630-4. [PMID: 15313105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acids may prevent type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated these fatty acids in Nordic cow's milk and whether their supply from milk associates with type 2 diabetes prevalence and CHD mortality in the Nordic countries. METHODS Samples (N = 84) of consumers' milk were collected in five Nordic countries four times during 1 year. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography. Fatty acids supply from milk fat was calculated using national food balance sheets. RESULTS The omega-3 fatty acids content was higher and omega-6 fatty acid content was lower in Icelandic milk when compared with milk from other Nordic countries. Type 2 diabetes prevalence in men correlated inversely with the supply of omega-3 fatty acids and eicosapentaenic acid, but positively with omega-6/omega-3 ratio in milk. CHD mortality in women correlated inversely with the supply of eicosapentaenic acid but positively with the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Milk fatty acids content can depend upon the origin of the milk. The higher supply of omega-3 fatty acids from milk might explain the lower type 2 diabetes prevalence and CHD mortality in Iceland compared to the other Nordic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital and Department of Food Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland.
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Virtanen SM, Knip M. Nutritional risk predictors of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 78:1053-67. [PMID: 14668264 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease characterized by a preclinical prodrome during which beta cell autoimmunity proceeds at a variable rate. Large geographic differences and a conspicuous increase in incidence, especially among young children since the 1950s, and the relatively low concordance in identical twins are factors that favor a critical role of environmental factors in the etiology of this disease. Only approximately 5% or fewer subjects with HLA-conferred genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes actually develop the clinical disease. Breastfeeding, nicotinamide, zinc, and vitamins C, D, and E have been reported as possibly protecting against type 1 diabetes, whereas N-nitroso compounds, cow milk, increased linear growth, and obesity may increase the risk. Thus far, only the significance of infant feeding, cow milk, and vitamin D have been studied in both case-control and cohort settings. The major shortcoming of most studies done so far is that only single dietary exposures have been assessed at single time points. Putative nutritional and other confounding factors have received little attention as have the limitations of the dietary methods used. There is little firm evidence of the significance of nutritional factors in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. The availability of good markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes and of genetic risk have decreased the sample sizes needed and made longitudinal cohort studies of the assessment of children's diets feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi M Virtanen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Thorsdottir I, Ramel A. Dietary Intake of 10- to 16-Year-Old Children and Adolescents in Central and Northern Europe and Association with the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2003; 47:267-75. [PMID: 14520022 DOI: 10.1159/000072399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2002] [Accepted: 02/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The highest incidence of type 1 diabetes is among 10- to 15-year-old adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between the dietary intake of this group and the incidence of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Dietary intake data of 10- to 16-year-old adolescents (n = 4,701) from 11 European countries and the incidence rates of type 1 diabetes were used to examine the relation between food and the disease. RESULTS The incidence of type 1 diabetes correlated with the consumption of total fat (r = 0.674; p = 0.023), saturated fatty acids (r = 0.714; p = 0.047) and the intake of fruits and vegetables (r = 0.786; p = 0.036). Fruit intake or vegetable intake alone did not correlate with the incidence. Cow's milk and animal product consumption correlated with the incidence when Icelandic data were excluded (r = 0.829; p = 0.042 and r = 0.999; p = 0.001). A negative correlation of borderline significance was found between sugar intake and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (r = -0.721; p = 0.068). CONCLUSION The results indicate for the first time that an adolescent's diet high in fat and fruits and vegetables is associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Fruit or vegetable intake separately was not associated with type 1 diabetes. It is important to characterize and minimize diabetogenic factors in fruits and vegetables as the general health benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables are well known and such a diet is therefore recommended. This study supports previous research about the importance of cow's milk and animal products in the aetiology of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Department of Food Science, Landspitali-University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Thorsdottir I, Gunnarsson BS, Atladottir H, Michaelsen KF, Palsson G. Iron status at 12 months of age -- effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:505-13. [PMID: 12700611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2002] [Revised: 04/06/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of growth and food intake in infancy on iron status at the age of 12 months in a population with high birth weight and high frequency of breast-feeding. DESIGN In a longitudinal observational study infants' consumption and growth were recorded. Weighed 2 day food records at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to analyse food and nutrient intake. SETTING Healthy-born participants were recruited from four maternity wards. Blood samples and growth data were collected from healthcare centres and food consumption data at home. SUBJECTS Newborn infants (n=180) were selected randomly according to the mother's domicile and 77% (n=138) participated, of them, 83% (n=114), or 63% of original sample, came in for blood sampling. RESULTS Every fifth child was iron-deficient (serum ferritin <12 microg/l and mean corpuscular volume<74 fl) and 2.7% were also anaemic (Hb<105 g/l). Higher weight gain from 0 to 12 months was seen in infants who were iron-deficient at 12 months (6.7+/-0.9 kg) than in non-iron-deficient infants (6.2+/-0.9 kg) (P=0.050). Serum transferrin receptors at 12 months were positively associated with length gain from 0 to 12 months (adjusted r(2)=0.14; P=0.045) and mean corpuscular volume negatively to ponderal index at birth (adjusted r(2)=0.14; P=0.019) and 12 months (adjusted r(2)=0.17; P=0.006). Iron-deficient infants had shorter breast-feeding duration (5.3+/-2.2 months) than non-iron-deficient (7.9+/-3.2 months; P=0.001). Iron status indices were negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9-12 months, significant above 460 g/day, but were positively associated with iron-fortified breakfast cereals, fish and meat consumption. CONCLUSIONS : In a population of high birth weight, iron deficiency at 12 months is associated with faster growth and shorter breast-feeding duration from 0 to 12 months of age. The results suggest that a diet of 9-12-month-olds should avoid cow's milk above 500 g/day and include fish, meat and iron-fortified breakfast cereals to improve iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thorsdottir
- Landspitali University Hospital and Department of Food Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Abstract
Food proteins play important roles in food functionality, nutrition, and human health. For these reasons, new analytical methods are continually being developed to separate and characterize these important proteins. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is one of the latest analytical methods to be applied to the separation of food proteins. This review covers methods and applications for the separation of three major groups of food proteins, meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bean
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
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