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Diantini A, Alfaqeeh M, Permatasari LI, Nurfitriani M, Durotulailah L, Wulandari W, Sitorus TDR, Wilar G, Levita J. Clinical Toxicology of OTC Cough and Cold Pediatric Medications: A Narrative Review. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2024; 15:243-255. [PMID: 39011322 PMCID: PMC11249067 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s468314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cough and cold symptoms (CCS) are common pediatric conditions often treated with over-the-counter (OTC) medications. However, the available knowledge regarding the safety and toxicity of these medications in children is inadequate. Therefore, understanding their clinical toxicology is crucial for safeguarding children's well-being. This narrative review highlights the importance of clinical toxicology in evaluating the safety and toxicity profile of OTC medications for treating CCS in pediatric patients. The pharmacology, clinical features, and adverse effects of various drug classes commonly found in cough and cold medications are briefly discussed. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are also examined to understand the interactions between these drugs and the body. OTC cough and cold medications often contain active ingredients such as antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and analgesics-antipyretics. The combination of multiple ingredients in these products significantly increases the risk of adverse effects and unintentional overdoses. Several case studies have reported significant toxicity and even fatalities associated with the use of these medications in children. This review underscores the critical importance of clinical toxicology in evaluating the safety and toxicity profile of OTC medications employed for treating CCS in pediatric patients. The findings highlight the significance of informed clinical practice and public health policies to ensure the well-being of children using OTC cough and cold medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeng Diantini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran. University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Mohammed Alfaqeeh
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Lanny Indah Permatasari
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Mirna Nurfitriani
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Lela Durotulailah
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Wening Wulandari
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Truly Deti Rose Sitorus
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Gofarana Wilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran. University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Jutti Levita
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran. University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
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Vedha Vivigdha A, Senthil Murugan P, Santhosh Kumar MP, Khuntia S. Effectiveness of promethazine on preoperative and intraoperative sequelae in cleft palate surgeries. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27 Suppl 1:109-114. [PMID: 38265116 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety and nosocomial infection are the most common reported problems in children undergoing cleft surgeries. Research shows that there is an enigma in the use of antihistamine therapy in children for the management of upper respiratory tract infection. 'Promethazine' is a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, and antihistamine also has strong sedative effects. Our study aims at evaluating the Effectiveness of Promethazine (Phenergan) in preoperative and intra operative sequelae in cleft surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a single-centre, parallel, randomized, double-blinded randomized control clinical trial, which was conducted among 128 children between 2 and 4 years of age undergoing cleft palate surgery under general anaesthesia. After randomization, the case group was subjected to promethazine syrup 1 mg/kg body weight twice a day, orally for 3 days. The primary outcomes were preoperative anxiety levels which were recorded by children fear scale. The secondary outcomes include preoperative sleep quality and cough rate of children which are recorded by using sleep and cough objective scale respectively. The intraoperative heart rate is monitored with an ECG connected to a monitor. RESULTS Promethazine causes a reduction in the anxiety level by 70%, 64% reduction in cold and cough, improvement in sleep score by 70% and the heart rate was found to be stable throughout the surgery when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION As the benefits of promethazine in cleft palate surgery rule over its adverse effects, promethazine is considered safe to be used as premedication for children undergoing cleft palate surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vedha Vivigdha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Oral Cancer Institute, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamli Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Murugan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamli Nadu, India
| | - M P Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamli Nadu, India
| | - Sibasish Khuntia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamli Nadu, India
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Pavelka MM, Kohr R. Potential Dextromethorphan-Induced Serotonin Syndrome Leading to Homicide and Suicide. Acad Forensic Pathol 2024; 14:21-25. [PMID: 38505641 PMCID: PMC10947710 DOI: 10.1177/19253621231224531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Limited case reports have been published regarding serotonin syndrome due to the combined effects of supratherapeutic levels of dextromethorphan and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. We report a case of an adolescent with postmortem findings suggestive of a diagnosis of serotonin syndrome-induced psychosis associated with a double homicide and suicide. Postmortem toxicology of the suicide victim was remarkable for elevated serotonergic metabolites of fluoxetine and dextromethorphan in a 14-year-old male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Pavelka
- Matthew M. Pavelka, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, IN 46202,
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Costantino RC, Leonard J, Gorman EF, Ventura D, Baltz A, Gressler LE. Benzonatate Safety and Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:1221-1236. [PMID: 36688284 DOI: 10.1177/10600280221135750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the available literature regarding the treatment effects and efficacy of benzonatate needed to better inform patients, providers, and regulators evaluating its role in modern medical therapies. DATA SOURCES Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), Cochrane Library, and Scopus for original research articles evaluating the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety profile of benzonatate from January 1956 through August 2022. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION The identified studies were screened for relevance and then assessed for inclusion through a full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment by multiple reviewers using the online software Covidence. DATA SYNTHESIS The selection process resulted in 37 articles consisting of 21 cohort studies, 5 experimental studies, and 11 case studies and series. Initial clinical studies exploring potential therapeutic benefits collected data from very small populations and limited clinical settings. Safety is primarily assessed in terms of toxicity due to overdose or inappropriate use. Quality assessment raised concerns for high degrees of biases primarily related to the limited sample size, data collection, generalizability, and study design. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE This review reveals substantial limitations within existing evidence pertaining to the safety and clinical effectiveness of benzonatate and thus, a need for large observational studies or randomized trials to better characterize its role and value in modern medical practice. CONCLUSIONS Rising safety concerns should bring closer scrutiny upon the prescription of benzonatate whose approval is founded upon evidence that would not stand up to current regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Costantino
- Enterprise Intelligence and Data Solutions Program Management Office, Program Executive Office, Defense Healthcare Management Systems, Rosslyn, VA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Leonard
- Maryland Poison Center, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily F Gorman
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Alan Baltz
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Markova RM, Tzotcheva IS, Perenovska P, Mangarov A, Nikolaeva-Glomb L, Hadjiev V. Efficacy and safety of Aviron Rapid® in adolescents and children with viral acute upper respiratory tract infection: a multi-center, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2023; 65:546-568. [PMID: 37655373 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.65.e108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTIs) are associated with a significant burden on society attributed to medical care and loss of productivity. Novel therapies that are able to shorten disease duration, while providing symptom relief and being well tolerated, are an unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iren S Tzotcheva
- NI Pirogov University Hospital for Emergency Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Perenovska
- Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Mangarov
- Prof. I. Kirov University Hospital for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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A VV, P SM, MP SK, Krishnan M, Alladi S. Effect of promethazine in cleft surgeries among Indian children. Bioinformation 2023; 19:790-794. [PMID: 37885787 PMCID: PMC10598356 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antihistamine therapy in children for the management of upper respiratory tract infections remains a topic of debate. In this study, we focused on evaluating the effectiveness of promethazine (Phenergan), a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist and sedative, in addressing preoperative and intra-operative sequelae in cleft surgeries. A single-centered, parallel, randomized, double-blinded controlled clinical trial was conducted on 128 children aged 2 to 4 years undergoing cleft palate surgery under general anesthesia. The case group received Phenergan syrup orally twice a day for three days, while the control group received a placebo. Primary outcomes measured preoperative anxiety levels using a children's fear scale, while secondary outcomes assessed preoperative sleep quality and cough rate through objective scales. Intraoperative heart rate was monitored using an ECG connected to a monitor. The results demonstrated that the administration of promethazine resulted in a 34% reduction in anxiety levels, a 46% reduction in cold and cough, a 38% improvement in sleep score, and stable heart rates throughout the surgery compared to the control group. Based on these findings, promethazine is considered a safe premedication option for children undergoing cleft palate surgeries; given its benefits outweigh its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedha Vivigdha A
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Senthil Murugan P
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar MP
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Murugesan Krishnan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sneha Alladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Maurer JJ, Choi A, An I, Sathi N, Chung S. Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder: Animal models, neural mechanisms, and therapeutics. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100095. [PMID: 37188242 PMCID: PMC10176270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for brain development. Sleep disturbances are prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Strikingly, these sleep problems are positively correlated with the severity of ASD core symptoms such as deficits in social skills and stereotypic behavior, indicating that sleep problems and the behavioral characteristics of ASD may be related. In this review, we will discuss sleep disturbances in children with ASD and highlight mouse models to study sleep disturbances and behavioral phenotypes in ASD. In addition, we will review neuromodulators controlling sleep and wakefulness and how these neuromodulatory systems are disrupted in animal models and patients with ASD. Lastly, we will address how the therapeutic interventions for patients with ASD improve various aspects of sleep. Together, gaining mechanistic insights into the neural mechanisms underlying sleep disturbances in children with ASD will help us to develop better therapeutic interventions.
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Kim I, Goulding M, Tian F, Karami S, Pham T, Cheng C, Biehl A, Muñoz M. Benzonatate Exposure Trends and Adverse Events. Pediatrics 2022; 150:189946. [PMID: 36377394 PMCID: PMC9732921 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adverse events (AE), including death, occur in children with benzonatate use. This study aims to understand recent trends in benzonatate exposure and clinical consequences in pediatric patients. METHODS This retrospective analysis of data from IQVIA pharmacy drug dispensing, National Poison Data System, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance Project, FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, and the medical literature evaluated exposure trends and medication-related AEs with benzonatate. Trends for comparator narcotic and nonnarcotic antitussive medications were analyzed where possible for context. RESULTS During the study period, pediatric benzonatate prescription utilization increased but remained low compared with pediatric utilization of dextromethorphan-containing prescription antitussive medications. Among the 4689 pediatric benzonatate exposure cases reported to US poison control centers from 2010 to 2018, 3727 cases (80%) were for single-substance exposures. Of these, 3590 cases (77%) were unintentional exposures and most involved children 0 to 5 years old (2718 cases, 83%). Cases involving intentional benzonatate exposure increased among children 10 to 16 years old with a more pronounced increase for multiple-substance exposures. Most benzonatate cases involving misuse or abuse were for children 10 to 16 years old (59 cases, 61%). The proportion of cases with serious adverse effects was low. There were few cases annually of serious AEs with benzonatate in children. CONCLUSIONS There were rising patterns of unintentional ingestion of benzonatate in children 0 to 5 years old and intentional benzonatate ingestion in children 10 to 16 years old. Rational prescribing and improved provider and caregiver awareness of benzonatate toxic effects may reduce risks associated with benzonatate exposure.
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Nishimura T, Muta H, Hosaka T, Ueda M, Kishida K. Multicentre, randomised study found that honey had no pharmacological effect on nocturnal coughs and sleep quality at 1-5 years of age. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:2157-2164. [PMID: 35927828 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The World Health Organization has listed honey as a potential treatment for coughs, but there is little evidence to support its use for coughs associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This study evaluated how effective honey was for treating nocturnal coughs and sleep difficulties. METHODS This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study focused on patients aged 1-5 years with URTIs and coughs for up to 7 days. They were recruited from 13 general paediatric community clinics in Japan. The participants were given acacia honey or a honey-flavoured syrup placebo in the hour before they were put down to sleep on 2 consecutive nights. Their nocturnal cough and sleep difficulties were assessed on both nights using a 7-point Likert scale. RESULTS The data collection for 161 patients took place between 20 November 2021 and 28 February 2022, with 78 randomly allocated to the honey group and 83 to the syrup placebo group. Both groups showed improvements on both the first and second nights, with no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION Both groups showed improvements in their nocturnal coughs and sleep difficulties during the 2-night study, but honey was no more effective than the syrup placebo.
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Efficacy and Safety of Ganduqing Granules in Treating the Common Cold: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5105503. [PMID: 35722165 PMCID: PMC9203204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background There is no clear evidence-based medicine that points to the most effective drug treatments for the common cold. In view of its ability to relieve symptoms and shorten the disease course, as well as its minimal side effects, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used to treat the common cold. However, there is a lack of strong evidence to support the clinical efficacy of TCM. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ganduqing granules in the treatment of the common cold based on the network pharmacology analysis. Methods In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 eligible subjects will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the placebo group. The intervention group will be treated with Ganduqing granules, while the placebo group will be treated with placebo. After 5 days of intervention, the efficacy and safety of Ganduqing granules in the treatment of the common cold will be observed. The primary outcome is the time to clearance of all symptoms. The secondary outcomes included the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, SOD, and MDA in the peripheral blood, time to disappearance of primary symptoms and secondary symptoms, clinical symptom remission rate, and change in TCM syndrome score. Results Sixty participants completed the study. Ganduqing granules showed a greater effect on the time to clearance of all symptoms (P < 0.0001), nasal discharge (P=0.0124), fatigue and lack of strength (P=0.0138), dryness of the pharynx (P < 0.0001), pharyngalgia or dysphagia (P < 0.0001), and expectoration (P < 0.0431) compared with the placebo group. Participants in the intervention group had a greater decrease of IL-6 levels compared with the placebo group (P < 0.007); similar results were observed for the SOD (P < 0.033). However, the change in TNF-α and MDA levels in the intervention group was not significantly different from the placebo group. In addition, participants in the intervention group had a greater decrease of TCM syndrome score compared with the placebo group (P < 0.040). Conclusion Ganduqing granules could improve common cold symptoms, shorten the disease course, attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress, and provided objective evidence for the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal medicine in treating the common cold.
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Gabaldón-Figueira JC, Keen E, Rudd M, Orrilo V, Blavia I, Chaccour J, Galvosas M, Small P, Grandjean Lapierre S, Chaccour C. Longitudinal Passive Cough Monitoring and Its Implications for Detecting Changes in Clinical Status. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00001-2022. [PMID: 35586452 PMCID: PMC9108969 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00001-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Research QuestionWhat is the impact of the duration of cough monitoring on its accuracy in detecting changes in the cough frequency?Materials and MethodsThis is a statistical analysis of a prospective cohort study. Participants were recruited in the city of Pamplona (Northern Spain) and their cough frequency was passively monitored using smartphone-based acoustic artificial intelligence software. Differences in cough frequency were compared using a one-tailed Mann-Whitney U test and a randomisation routine to simulate 24-h monitoring.Results616 participants were monitored for an aggregated duration of over 9 person-years and registered 62 325 coughs. This empiric analysis found that an individual's cough patterns are stochastic, following a binomial distribution. When compared to continuous monitoring, limiting observation to 24 h can lead to inaccurate estimates of change in cough frequency, particularly in persons with low or small changes in rate.InterpretationDetecting changes in an individual's rate of coughing is complicated by significant stochastic variability within and between days. Assessing change based solely on intermittent sampling, including 24-h, can be misleading. This is particularly problematic in detecting small changes in individuals who have a low rate and/or high variance in cough pattern.
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Gerlitz M, Voitl P, Voitl JJM, Diesner-Treiber SC. Non-prescription treatments for childhood infections: an Austrian, monocentric, cross-sectional questionnaire study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:154. [PMID: 35331197 PMCID: PMC8943939 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases like the common cold, otitis media, or gastroenteritis frequently occur in childhood. In addition to prescription drugs, parents often use supplementary over-the-counter (OTC) products recommended by pharmacists and other non-medical professionals to relieve their children’s symptoms. However, the efficacy of such alternative treatments lacks conclusive evidence. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of OTC products and related active ingredients in children, and the motivations behind this choice. Methods The present study included 215 children aged between 1 and 14 years with an acute respiratory tract infection, e.g., common cold, bronchitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, or gastroenteritis. During their visit to the pediatric practice, parents filled in a self-administered questionnaire about their child’s diagnosis, additional treatment options, and motivations to integrate supplementary medicinal products after their first visit for acute infection or follow-up examination. Children with chronic illnesses and patients visiting for a routine maternal and child health program check-up were excluded. Results The study included 111 (51.6%) males and 104 (48.4%) females. Median age was 3.00 (IQR 2.0 – 5.0) years. The most common reason for a visit was a respiratory tract infection (78.6%). Out of 215 parents, 182 (84.7%) resorted to non-prescription remedies to alleviate their child’s symptoms. Teas (45.1%), and home remedies (43.3%) were the most popular. At total 133 (74.3%) followed recommendations from friends and family regarding additional medications usage. Parents with previous experience with complementary medicine tended to prefer this approach to treat their children (p.adjust = 0.08). Conclusion The use of non-prescription medicine is increasing as well as the range of related information sources. Evidence-based recommendations in this field might improve pediatric care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03220-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gerlitz
- First Vienna Pediatric Medical Center, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Voitl
- First Vienna Pediatric Medical Center, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Donau-City Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian J M Voitl
- First Vienna Pediatric Medical Center, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria
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De Sutter AI, Eriksson L, van Driel ML. Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 1:CD004976. [PMID: 35060618 PMCID: PMC8780136 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004976.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although combination formulas containing antihistamines, decongestants, and/or analgesics are sold over-the-counter in large quantities for the common cold, the evidence for their effectiveness is limited. This is an update of a review first published in 2012. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations compared with placebo or other active controls (excluding antibiotics) in reducing the duration of symptoms and alleviating symptoms (general feeling of illness, nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and cough) in children and adults with the common cold. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE via EBSCOhost, Embase, CINAHL via EBSCOhost, LILACS, and Web of Science to 10 June 2021. We searched the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov on 10 June 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations compared with placebo, other active treatment (excluding antibiotics), or no treatment in children and adults with the common cold. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We categorised the included trials according to the active ingredients. MAIN RESULTS We identified 30 studies (6304 participants) including 31 treatment comparisons. The control intervention was placebo in 26 trials and an active substance (paracetamol, chlorphenindione + phenylpropanolamine + belladonna, diphenhydramine) in six trials (two trials had placebo as well as active treatment arms). Reporting of methods was generally poor, and there were large differences in study design, participants, interventions, and outcomes. Most of the included trials involved adult participants. Children were included in nine trials. Three trials included very young children (from six months to five years), and five trials included children aged 2 to 16. One trial included adults and children aged 12 years or older. The trials took place in different settings: university clinics, paediatric departments, family medicine departments, and general practice surgeries. Antihistamine-decongestant: 14 trials (1298 participants). Eight trials reported on global effectiveness, of which six studies were pooled (281 participants on active treatment and 284 participants on placebo). The odds ratio (OR) of treatment failure was 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.48; moderate certainty evidence); number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 3.9 (95% CI 3.03 to 5.2). On the final evaluation day (follow-up: 3 to 10 days), 55% of participants in the placebo group had a favourable response compared to 70% on active treatment. Of the two trials not pooled, one showed some global effect, whilst the other showed no effect. Adverse effects: the antihistamine-decongestant group experienced more adverse effects than the control group: 128/419 (31%) versus 100/423 (13%) participants suffered one or more adverse effects (OR 1.58, 95%CI 0.78 to 3.21; moderate certainty of evidence). Antihistamine-analgesic: four trials (1608 participants). Two trials reported on global effectiveness; data from one trial were presented (290 participants on active treatment and 292 participants on ascorbic acid). The OR of treatment failure was 0.33 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.46; moderate certainty evidence); NNTB 6.67 (95% CI 4.76 to 12.5). Forty-three per cent of participants in the control group and 70% in the active treatment group were cured after six days of treatment. The second trial also showed an effect in favour of the active treatment. Adverse effects: there were not significantly more adverse effects in the active treatment group compared to placebo (drowsiness, hypersomnia, sleepiness 10/152 versus 4/120; OR 1.64 (95 % CI 0.48 to 5.59; low certainty evidence). Analgesic-decongestant: seven trials (2575 participants). One trial reported on global effectiveness: 73% of participants in the analgesic-decongestant group reported a benefit compared with 52% in the control group (paracetamol) (OR of treatment failure 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.52; moderate certainty evidence; NNTB 4.7). Adverse effects: the decongestant-analgesic group experienced significantly more adverse effects than the control group (199/1122 versus 75/675; OR 1.62 95% CI 1.18 to 2.23; high certainty evidence; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH 17). Antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant: six trials (1014 participants). Five trials reported on global effectiveness, of which two studies in adults could be pooled: global effect reported with active treatment (52%) and placebo (34%) was equivalent to a difference of less than one point on a four- or five-point scale; the OR of treatment failure was 0.47 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.67; low certainty evidence); NNTB 5.6 (95% CI 3.8 to 10.2). One trial in children aged 2 to 12 years, and two trials in adults found no beneficial effect. Adverse effects: in one trial 5/224 (2%) suffered adverse effects with the active treatment versus 9/208 (4%) with placebo. Two other trials reported no differences between treatment groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found a lack of data on the effectiveness of antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant combinations for the common cold. Based on these scarce data, the effect on individual symptoms is probably too small to be clinically relevant. The current evidence suggests that antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant combinations have some general benefit in adults and older children. These benefits must be weighed against the risk of adverse effects. There is no evidence of effectiveness in young children. In 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about adverse effects associated with the use of over-the-counter nasal preparations containing phenylpropanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Im De Sutter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Herston Health Sciences Library, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mieke L van Driel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Baša M, Sovtić A. Treatment of the most common respiratory infections in children. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-37857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections are the most common group of infective diseases in the pediatric population. Although the improvement of health care and vaccination program has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of certain respiratory infections, the combination of a high prevalence in vulnerable pediatric categories and uncritical prescription of antibiotics, due to the inability to adequately distinguish between viruses and bacterial etiology, still represents a significant challenge for the public health system. In order to promote rational antibiotic therapy with an overall improvement of both diagnostic and therapeutic principles, acute respiratory diseases have been the subject of consideration in numerous publications and national guidelines. Nonspecific clinical manifestations with pathogen heterogeneity and both anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child's respiratory system during growth and development have created the need for individualized therapy. Since the guidelines emphasize the undoubtful and crucial benefits of symptomatic therapy (e.g. analgesics in acute otitis media, supplemental oxygen in lower respiratory tract infections with hypoxemia), the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids is indicated in selected cases with a severe clinical picture. The choice of antibiotic depends on the clinical condition, presumed causative agent, and local epidemiologic circumstances. Respiratory support (oxygen therapy and/or artificial ventilation) is reserved for inpatient treatment of cases with a particularly severe clinical picture and associated complications.
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15
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Tomić M, Pecikoza U. Medications and non-pharmacological measures to alleviate the symptoms of respiratory tract infections in the pediatric population. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-38025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pediatric population, acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common reason for seeking professional help from a physician or a pharmacist. Alleviation of symptoms is the only therapeutic measure in viral RTIs and is an adjunct to antibiotic therapy in bacterial RTIs. This article discusses pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for treating nasal congestion, cough, fever and sore throat in RTIs and clinical evidence on their efficacy and safety in the pediatric population. In general, clinical studies conducted in children for most of these drug groups are few or nonexistent, making it difficult to create evidence-based recommendations. Nasal decongestants, cough suppressants, mucolytics, expectorants, antipyretics/analgesics and sore throat local preparations are available in suitable pharmaceutical forms and strengths for the certain age. As many of them are over-the-counter (OTC) preparations, it is necessary to strictly take into account the age of the child in whom they may be used and dose properly. Multicomponent preparations carry the risk of taking unnecessary medications and of their side effects. The use of multiple OTC medicines is associated with the risk of an overdose of a component that may be present in different preparations. Appropriate non-pharmacological measures (e.g. oral hydration, nasal saline application or irrigation, honey) may be helpful and should be used whenever possible due to their safety.
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16
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Acute cough remedies for children: so many options, not enough evidence. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-021-00848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Lam SHF, Homme J, Avarello J, Heins A, Pauze D, Mace S, Dietrich A, Stoner M, Chumpitazi CE, Saidinejad M. Use of antitussive medications in acute cough in young children. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2021; 2:e12467. [PMID: 34179887 PMCID: PMC8212563 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cough, a common complaint in young children, is often the result of a viral upper respiratory infection. Cough and cold remedies generate billions of dollars in annual sales in the United States, despite a lack of evidence of their efficacy and multiple warnings by the US Food and Drug Administration. The current article begins with the best available evidence for common over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription antitussive remedies in children. The article concludes with a discussion of the pros and cons for the use of antitussives in children with cough. In general, OTC antitussive medications should not be routinely used in children under 2 years of age. In certain cases, antitussives with minimal adverse profile and some evidence of benefit may be recommended after informed counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. F. Lam
- Department of Emergency MedicineSutter Medical Center SacramentoSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - James Homme
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Alan Heins
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of South Alabama College of MedicineMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Denis Pauze
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine & PediatricsAlbany Medical CenterAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Sharon Mace
- Department of Emergency MedicineMetro Health Medical CenterCleveland Clinic Emergency Medicine ResidencyCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Ann Dietrich
- Department of PediatricsOhio University Heritage College of MedicineDublinOhioUSA
| | - Michael Stoner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's HospitalThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Corrie E. Chumpitazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mohsen Saidinejad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAThe Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLATorranceCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Hyder A, Sanam Memon S, Memon S, Sirajuddin, Memon ZUA, Bux Rajpar D, Gul Shaikh S, Ahmed Buledi J. A highly discerning p-tetranitrocalix[4]arene (p-TNC4) functionalized copper nanoparticles: A smart electrochemical sensor for the selective determination of Diphenhydramine drug. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Manti S, Tosca MA, Licari A, Brambilla I, Foiadelli T, Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL. Cough Remedies for Children and Adolescents: Current and Future Perspectives. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:617-634. [PMID: 32929686 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cough is a widespread symptom in children and adolescents. Despite advances in scientific knowledge about the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the cough reflex, the best therapeutic approaches for children and adolescents who cough remain unclear, and many needs are still unmet. Many remedies for cough are self-prescribed, reflecting strong demand, but significant evidence of their efficacy and safety is missing in pediatric populations. Moreover, as most coughs are part of self-limited illnesses, treatment could be considered unnecessary in some patients. Drug therapy to relieve cough and other symptoms is an essential part of treating a child with cough. However, unfortunately, the number of studies in each category of cough medications is minimal, and dosing and treatment duration varies significantly among studies. Some treatments have been shown to be no more effective than placebo. Lack of clear indications for dosing and treatment duration, the number of available drugs, the numerous active ingredients in products, and multiple caregivers administering medication to children have been considered contributors to an increased risk of inappropriate prescribing, accidental overdosing, and adverse events. This review presents the most recent evidence on the safety and efficacy of available cough remedies, focusing on the pediatric age group, and includes H1 receptor antagonists, mucolytics and expectorants, drugs acting peripherally on the cough reflex, drugs acting centrally on the cough reflex, drugs acting both peripherally and centrally on the cough reflex, and other compounds, including menthol, glycerol, honey, and medical devices composed of complex natural substances. Future perspectives on new therapeutic targets are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ciprandi
- Allergy Clinic, Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Via P. Boselli 5, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Wang GS, Green JL, Reynolds KM, Banner W, Bond GR, Kauffman RE, Palmer RB, Paul IM, Rapp-Olsson M, Dart RC. Trends in adverse events and related health-care facility utilization from cough and cold medication exposures in children. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:351-354. [PMID: 32914676 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1815761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Initial research following regulatory changes addressing the pediatric safety of cough and cold medications (CCMs) demonstrated decreases in adverse events (AEs). Using a national multi-source surveillance system, we studied subsequent CCM-related AE case rate trends and associated health-care facility (HCF) evaluation in children. METHODS Data were collected from 2009 to 2016. Case eligibility included: age <12 years; exposure to an over-the-counter product containing ≥1 CCM pharmaceutical ingredient; ≥1 significant AE that occurred in the United States. RESULTS About 4756 (72.6%) cases were determined at least potentially related to an index ingredient. Accidental unsupervised ingestions (AUIs; 3134; 65.9%) were the most common case type. Nearly half of AE cases involved children 2 to <4 years old (2,159; 45.4%). The AE case rate did not change significantly over time (p = 0.22). The proportion of AE cases resulting in HCF admission increased from 32.4% (207) in 2009 to 43.4% (238) in 2016 (p < 0.01). Exposures to diphenhydramine (1,305; 67.3%) and/or dextromethorphan (591; 30.5%) were involved in the majority of HCF admissions. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of AE cases resulting in HCF admission increased from 2009 to 2016. Efforts to prevent AUIs such as packaging innovation and engineering controls, particularly for diphenhydramine and dextromethorphan-containing products, should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sam Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jody L Green
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kate M Reynolds
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - William Banner
- Oklahoma Center for Poison and Drug Information, Oklahoma University College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - G Randall Bond
- Faculté de Médecine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Ralph E Kauffman
- Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robert B Palmer
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ian M Paul
- Pediatrics & Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Malin Rapp-Olsson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Richard C Dart
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
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21
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Alam MI, Siddiqui AUR, Khanam N, Kamaruddin SJ. A multivariate quantification of Box-Behnken design assisted method development and validation of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and desloratadine simultaneously by reverse-phase HPLC in in-house syrup formulation. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3597-3606. [PMID: 32683784 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An innovative high-performance liquid chromatography assay method was developed and validated for quantification of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and desloratadine simultaneously in monophasic liquid formulation by preparing syrup containing 30 mg/5 mL of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and 1.2 mg/mL of desloratadine. The chromatographic severance was executed by gradient solution A and B. The composition of buffer solution A contained 0.05 M monobasic potassium, then 1 mL triethylamine was added to it and the pH was adjusted to 2.3 with orthophosphoric acid. Methanol was used as solution B. The gradient elution was executed with Kromasil C8 (250 mm × 4.6 mm) column having 1.5 mL/min flow rate and 20 µL injection volume with UV-estimation at 254 nm for dextromethorphan hydrobromide and DES. The present research was planned according to Box-Behnken design by utilizing design expert software, using four factors such as column temperature (A), flow rate (B), mobile phase-organic phase (C), and pH (D); correspondingly the selected response variables were resolution between A and B, that is, desloratadine and methyl paraben (Y1), tailing of dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Y2), and tailing of desloratadine (Y3). The parameters such as system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and ruggedness were analyzed to validate the developed method in accordance with current regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Irshad Alam
- United States Pharmacopeia-India (P) Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Y B Chavan College of Pharmacy affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aquil Ur-Rahim Siddiqui
- Shri Bhagwan College of Pharmacy affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nazia Khanam
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shaikh Jalil Kamaruddin
- United States Pharmacopeia-India (P) Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Sugitate R, Okubo Y, Nariai H, Matsui A. The effects of antihistamine on the duration of the febrile seizure: A single center study with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Dev 2020; 42:103-112. [PMID: 31677915 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have investigated the potential effects of antihistamines on febrile seizure. However, these findings are inconsistent across the studies. METHOD A retrospective observational study was conducted on a total of 434 consecutive patients aged between 6 months and 5 years with the diagnosis of febrile seizure. Patients with chronic medical conditions were excluded. Multivariable generalized linear models were conducted to ascertain the effects of antihistamine use on duration of febrile seizure. Also, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of the medical literatures to calculate the pooled estimates using random effects models. RESULTS The adjusted mean duration of febrile seizure in the antihistamine group was 4.9 min shorter than that in the non-user group (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4-9.5). The risk of duration in febrile seizure >5 min among antihistamine users was also 0.83 times that among the non-users (95%CI, 0.58-1.19), whereas the risk of duration in febrile seizure >10 min among first-generation antihistamine users was 1.21 times that among non-users (95%CI, 0.69-2.13). According to the systematic review of the literature, 8 observational studies were included in the meta-analyses. Comparing to non-users, the antihistamine users had prolonged duration of febrile seizure by 1.07 min (95%CI, -1.13 to 3.27), elevated risk of duration in febrile seizure >5 min (Risk ratio, 1.16; 95%CI, 0.90-1.49), and similar duration from fever to febrile seizure onset (pooled mean difference, -0.01 h; -1.43 to 1.41), but these estimates were imprecise. Similar results were obtained when we stratified the data by types of antihistamine (first vs. second generation). CONCLUSIONS Our study may indicate the effects of antihistamine on prolonging febrile seizure duration, but they are still controversial given the limited evidence, highly heterogeneous results, and concerns of the internal and external validities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sugitate
- Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okubo
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, LA, CA, USA; Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Nariai
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center, LA, CA, USA
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Gunma, Japan
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23
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Mohammadi H, Samadani AA, Steele C, Chau T. Automatic discrimination between cough and non-cough accelerometry signal artefacts. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Cots JM, Moragas A, García-Sangenís A, Morros R, Gomez-Lumbreras A, Ouchi D, Monfà R, Pera H, Pujol J, Bayona C, de la Poza-Abad M, Llor C. Effectiveness of antitussives, anticholinergics or honey versus usual care in adults with uncomplicated acute bronchitis: a study protocol of an open randomised clinical trial in primary care. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028159. [PMID: 31101700 PMCID: PMC6530348 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the frequent use of therapies in acute bronchitis, the evidence of their benefit is lacking, since only a few clinical trials have been published, with low sample sizes, poor methodological quality and mainly in children. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three symptomatic therapies (dextromethorphan, ipratropium or honey) associated with usual care and the usual care in adults with acute bronchitis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, open randomised trial. Patients aged 18 or over with uncomplicated acute bronchitis, with cough for less than 3 weeks as the main symptom, scoring ≥4 in either daytime or nocturnal cough on a 7-point Likert scale, will be randomised to one of the following four groups: usual care, dextromethorphan 30 mg three times a day, ipratropium bromide inhaler 20 µg two puffs three times a day or honey 30 mg (a spoonful) three times a day, all taken for up to 14 days. The exclusion criteria will be pneumonia, criteria for hospital admission, pregnancy or lactation, concomitant pulmonary disease, associated significant comorbidity, allergy, intolerance or contraindication to any of the study drugs or admitted to a long-term residence. SAMPLE 668 patients. The primary outcome will be the number of days with moderate-to-severe cough. All patients will be given a paper-based symptom diary to be self-administered. A second visit will be scheduled at day 2 or 3 for assessing evolution, with two more visits at days 15 and 29 for clinical assessment, evaluation of adverse effects, re-attendance and complications. Patients still with symptoms at day 29 will be called 6 weeks after the baseline visit. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Ethical Board of IDIAP Jordi Gol (reference number: AC18/002). The findings of this trial will be disseminated through research conferences and peer-review journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03738917; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Cots
- Primary Healthcare Centre La Marina, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ana Moragas
- Primary Healthcare Centre Jaume I, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia
| | - Ana García-Sangenís
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Catalonia
- UICEC IDIAP Jordi Gol, Plataforma SCReN, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Rosa Morros
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Catalonia
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Ainhoa Gomez-Lumbreras
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Dan Ouchi
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Ramon Monfà
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Helena Pera
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Catalonia
- UICEC IDIAP Jordi Gol, Plataforma SCReN, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | | | | | | | - Carl Llor
- Primary Healthcare Centre Barcelona-2B (via Roma), Barcelona, Catalonia
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25
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Seifert G, Brandes-Schramm J, Zimmermann A, Lehmacher W, Kamin W. Faster recovery and reduced paracetamol use - a meta-analysis of EPs 7630 in children with acute respiratory tract infections. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:119. [PMID: 31014293 PMCID: PMC6477747 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fever is a very common adaptive immune response in acute respiratory tract disorders during infancy. Antipyretic / analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) are widely used to improve the comfort of the child but may cause medically unneeded antipyresis and rare but potentially serious side effects. We assess whether treatment with Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs 7630 reduces the administration of paracetamol in children with acute tonsillopharyngitis (ATP) or acute bronchitis (AB). DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials. METHODS We searched clinical trial registries (ISRCTN, ClinicalTrials.gov ) and medical literature (MEDLINE, EMBASE), for randomised, placebo-controlled trials investigating the administration of EPs 7630 to children with ATP or AB and reporting the co-administration of paracetamol. Based on the individual participant data of the eligible trials, study populations were characterized according to sex and age, and meta-analyses were performed for cumulative paracetamol use and ability to attend school at treatment end. RESULTS Six trials including a total of 523 children aged 6-10 years (EPs 7630: 265; placebo: 258) and suffering from non-β-hemolytic streptococcal ATP (3 trials) or from AB (3 trials) were identified and eligible. Children received EPs 7630 or placebo for 6 (ATP) or 7 days (AB). Compared to placebo, EPs 7630 reduced the cumulative dose of paracetamol in 5 out of the 6 trials, by an average of 244 mg (Hedges' g; - 0.28; 95% confidence interval: [- 0.53; - 0.02]; p < 0.03). At treatment end, 30.2% (EPs 7630) and 74.4% (placebo) of the children were still unable to attend school (risk ratio: 0.43; 95% confidence interval: [0.29; 0.65]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In children aged 6-10 years with AB or ATP, EPs 7630 alleviated the symptom burden and accelerated recovery. Although EPs 7630 has no known antipyretic effect, concomitant use of paracetamol was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Seifert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Clinic for Paediatrics, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Zimmermann
- Clinical Research Department, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Walter Lehmacher
- Emeritus -; University of Cologne, Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics und Epidemiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kamin
- Clinic for Paediatrics, Evangelic Hospital Hamm, Hamm, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Tharakan T, Bent J, Tavaluc R. Honey as a Treatment in Otorhinolaryngology: A Review by Subspecialty. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 128:193-207. [PMID: 30501505 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418815188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an up-to-date review of honey's effectiveness and potential applications in otorhinolaryngology. METHODS A literature search of the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were identified within head and neck surgery (n = 23, 36%); pediatric otolaryngology (n = 18, 29%); rhinology, sinus, and skull base surgery (n = 11, 17%); otology (n = 6, 10%), facial plastic and reconstructive surgery (n = 3, 5%); and laryngology (n = 2, 3%). Studies included 6 meta-analyses, 44 randomized control trials, 5 case reports, and 8 animal models or in vitro studies. Of 55 clinical studies, 50 reported Level 1 evidence (prospective randomized control trials), and 5 reported Level 4 evidence (case series). The evidence level by subspecialty was: head and neck surgery (Level 1 n = 23), pediatrics (Level 1 n = 18), rhinology (Level 1 n = 7, level 4 n = 1), otology (Level 1 n = 1, Level 4 n = 3), facial plastics and reconstructive surgery (Level 4 n = 1), and laryngology (Level 1 n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Honey can be used for a variety of otolaryngology conditions. The highest quality meta-analyses support oral honey for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients, cough associated with upper respiratory infection in children, and pain control after tonsillectomy. Further research will likely justify broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Bent
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Raluca Tavaluc
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Öncel S. Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.348505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Krummrich P, Kline B, Krival K, Rubin M. Parent perception of the impact of using thickened fluids in children with dysphagia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1486-1494. [PMID: 28436603 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs in children without known neurological disorders, increasing their risk for respiratory problems and inadequate intake. Clinicians may recommend thickening nutritive fluids; however, there is little research regarding the impact of thickening nutritive fluids on clinical outcomes in children. METHODS We used a parental reporting tool to determine whether parents identified changes in signs of dysphagia or volume of intake when thickened fluids were incorporated into an individualized feeding program for dysphagic children without known neurological problems. Fifty-five children diagnosed with dysphagia, for whom thickened fluids had been recommended per radiographic and clinical exam, qualified for the study. Parents of 44 children (24 females, 20 males) aged 2 weeks to 14 months completed baseline and post-thickening (within 90 days) rating scales. RESULTS Compared to baseline, parents reported significant decreases in the frequency of apnea (W = -219, P < 0.0001, r = 0.399), congestion (W = -450, P < 0.0001, r = 0.579), coughing/choking with drinking (W = -485, P < 0.0001, r = 0.603), resistance to feeding (W = -344.5, P < 0.0001, r = 0.476), vomiting during feeding (W = -409, P < 0.0001, r = 0.565), and wheezing (W = -337, P < 0.001, r = 0.449). For those children whose parents initially reported inadequate levels of intake, there was a significant (Z = 3.15, P = 0.0029, r = 0.47) increase (+49.63 mm) in the rated adequacy of liquid intake, as well as a significant increase (+1.41 oz.) in the estimated volume per feeding (Z = 224, P = 0.29, r = 0.33). CONCLUSION These results provide information for clinicians and physicians to incorporate when considering the use of thickened fluids in the dysphagia management of children without a known neurological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Kline
- Department of Speech Pathology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Kate Krival
- Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Radiology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
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Cohen HA, Hoshen M, Gur S, Bahir A, Laks Y, Blau H. Efficacy and tolerability of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup as compared to carbocysteine syrup for children with colds: a randomized, single-blinded, multicenter study. World J Pediatr 2017; 13:27-33. [PMID: 27457790 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-016-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available pediatric treatments for acute cough are limited by lack of demonstrated efficacy. The objective of this trial is to compare the effects of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup, and carbocysteine syrups on nocturnal and daytime cough associated with childhood upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). METHODS Using a single-blind randomization design, the study recruited children from 4 general pediatric community clinics. Participants included 150 children aged 2 to 5 years with an URI, nocturnal and daytime cough and illness duration of ≤7 days. To be eligible, children had to be free of medication on the day before presentation. A survey was administered to parents on 4 consecutive days beginning from the day of presentation in clinic. Children received the study preparation on the first evening and then 3 times per day for 3 further days. Main outcome measures were cough frequency, cough severity, bothersome nature of cough, and quality of sleep for both child and parent. RESULTS Both preparations were well tolerated and cough improved over the study period. After one night and on all survey days, there was a significantly better result for polysaccharide-resin-honey (P<0.05) for all the main outcome measures. The trend of improvement over the 4 days was steeper for polysaccharide-resin-honey (P<0.05) with regards to all cough parameters. CONCLUSIONS Both polysaccharide-resin-honey and carbocysteine cough syrups were well tolerated in children over 2 years of age. The polysaccharide-resin-honey syrup was associated with a more rapid and greater improvement in all clinical cough symptoms measured, beginning from the first night of therapy. Both nocturnal and daytime cough improved, as did sleep quality for both children and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Avner Cohen
- , P.O.Box 187, 56000, Yehud, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
| | - Moshe Hoshen
- Clalit Research Institute, Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Gur
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Kefar Saba, Israel
| | - Arie Bahir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Bat Yam, Israel
| | - Yoseph Laks
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Hannah Blau
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pulmonary Institute, Schneider Children Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Ayazi P, Mahyar A, Yousef-Zanjani M, Allami A, Esmailzadehha N, Beyhaghi T. Comparison of the Effect of Two Kinds of Iranian Honey and Diphenhydramine on Nocturnal Cough and the Sleep Quality in Coughing Children and Their Parents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170277. [PMID: 28103276 PMCID: PMC5245888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coughing in a child induced by upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) can be a problem, both for the child and its parents. Current studies show a lack of proven efficacy for over-the counter (OTC) medications, but promising data support the use of honey for children. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two kinds of Iranian honey with diphenhydramine (DPH) on nocturnal pediatric coughs and the sleep quality of children and their parents. This was a clinical trial (registered in IRCT; No.: 28.20.7932, 15 October 2013). The study consisted of 87 patients. All the parents completed a standard previously validated questionnaire. The children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group 1, Honey type 1 (Kimia Company, Iran) (n = 42), Group 2, Honey type 2 (Shahde-Golha, Iran) (n = 25), and Group 3, DPH (n = 20). Each group received double doses of the respective treatments on two successive nights. A second survey was then administered via a telephone interview in which the parents were asked the same questions. The mean scores for all aspects of coughs were significantly decreased in each group before and after the treatment. All three treatments improved the cough and sleep scores. Honey type 1 was superior to DPH in improving all aspects of coughs, except the frequency, and Honey type 2 was more effective than DPH in improving all aspects of coughs, except the sleep quality of the child. There was no significant difference between Honey type 1 and 2 in any aspects of cough relief in the present study. The results suggest that honey may provide better cough relief than DPH in children and improve the sleep quality of children and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Ayazi
- Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Abolfazl Mahyar
- Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Allami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Neda Esmailzadehha
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Taraneh Beyhaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Lui CT. Prescription practice of antihistamines for acute upper respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients in a local emergency department in Hong Kong. World J Emerg Med 2017; 8:47-54. [PMID: 28123621 PMCID: PMC5263036 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently there is very limited data in the literature assessing the prevalence of antihistamine prescription, and there is no local prevalence data about the prescription of antihistamine agents among primary practitioner and emergency physicians. The objectives are 1) to report the prevalence of antihistamine prescription for children less than 6 years old with acute upper respiratory infection and 2) to explore the associated factors for the prescription practice. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. All consecutive cases of paediatric patients aged 6 or below who presented to the emergency department during a study period of one week from April 1 to July 4, 2009 with diagnosis of acute upper respiratory infection were included. Totally 162 patients were included. RESULTS Among the 162 cases, 141 (87%) patients were prescribed one antihistamine of any group. Sixty (37%) patients were prescribed two or more antihistamines. In multivariate logistic regression model, age was found to be significantly (P<0.001) associated with multiple antihistamine prescription (OR=1.042, 95%CI=1.02 to 1.06). Years of graduation of attending physician for more than 5 years was also a strong predictor of multiple antihistamine prescription (OR=4.654, 95%CI=2.20 to 9.84, P<0.001). CONCLUSION In the local emergency department, patients' age and the years of graduation from medical school of the attending physician were predictors of multiple antihistamine prescription for acute upper respiratory infections for children aged less than 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tat Lui
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Role of honey in modern medicine. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 24:975-978. [PMID: 28663690 PMCID: PMC5478293 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of honey has a very long history. Honey has been used since ancient time due to its nutritional and therapeutic values. There had been varied ways of consumption honey including its use as a sweetener and flavoring agent. Honey is produced all over the world. The most important nutriment of honey is carbohydrates present in the form of monosaccharides, fructose and glucose. Honey plays an important role as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial agent and augments the adherence of skin grafts and wound healing process. The role of honey has been acknowledged in the scientific literature and there is convincing evidence in support of its antioxidant and antibacterial nature, cough prevention, fertility and wound healing properties. However, its use has been controversially discussed and has not been well accepted in the modern medicine. The aim of this review was explore and highlight the role of honey in modern medicine.
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Peixoto DM, Rizzo JA, Schor D, Silva AR, Oliveira DCD, Solé D, Sarinho E. Use of honey associated with Ananas comosus (Bromelin) in the treatment of acute irritative cough. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [PMID: 27181342 PMCID: PMC5176060 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppede.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the immediate improvement rate of irritative cough in patients treated with the combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). Methods: Pragmatic, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study with children aged between 2 and 15 years, with irritative cough for at least 24hours. The double-blind assessment of cough was through the number of observed coughing episodes and intensity score for a period of 10minutes of observation. The decrease of one point in the mean total score was considered as a therapeutic effect. Results: There was a reduction in coughing episodes in both groups, as well as in the cough score after 30minutes of drug or honey administration. The change in clinical score above two points, which could indicate marked improvement, occurred in five patients in the bromelin group and only in one in the placebo group, but without significant difference. There were no adverse events. Conclusions: The immediate improvement rate of irritative cough was similar in patients treated with combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). It is possible that honey has a therapeutic effect on mucus and cough characteristics (Clinical Trials: NCT01356693).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Schor
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Dirceu Solé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Emanuel Sarinho
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brasil.
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Peixoto DM, Rizzo JA, Schor D, Silva AR, Oliveira DCD, Solé D, Sarinho E. Use of honey associated with Ananas comosus (Bromelin) in the treatment of acute irritative cough. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2016; 34:412-417. [PMID: 27181342 PMCID: PMC5176060 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immediate improvement rate of irritative cough in patients treated with the combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). METHODS Pragmatic, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study with children aged between 2 and 15 years, with irritative cough for at least 24hours. The double-blind assessment of cough was through the number of observed coughing episodes and intensity score for a period of 10minutes of observation. The decrease of one point in the mean total score was considered as a therapeutic effect. RESULTS There was a reduction in coughing episodes in both groups, as well as in the cough score after 30minutes of drug or honey administration. The change in clinical score above two points, which could indicate marked improvement, occurred in five patients in the bromelin group and only in one in the placebo group, but without significant difference. There were no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The immediate improvement rate of irritative cough was similar in patients treated with combination of Ananas comosus extract and honey (Bromelin®) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group). It is possible that honey has a therapeutic effect on mucus and cough characteristics (Clinical Trials: NCT01356693).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Schor
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Dirceu Solé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Emanuel Sarinho
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brasil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough in children is a commonly experienced symptom that is associated with increased health service utilisation and burden to parents. The presence of chronic (equal to or more than four weeks) cough in children may indicate a serious underlying condition such as inhaled foreign body or bronchiectasis. Codeine (and derivative)-based medications are sometimes used to treat cough due to their antitussive properties. However, there are inherent risks associated with the use of these medications such as respiratory drive suppression, anaesthetic-induced anaphylaxis, and addiction. Metabolic response and dosage variability place children at increased risk of experiencing such side effects. A systematic review evaluating the quality of the available literature would be useful to inform management practices. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of codeine (and derivatives) in the treatment of chronic cough in children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Register of Trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1946 to 8 June 2016), EMBASE (1974 to 8 June 2016), the online trials registries of the World Health Organization and ClinicalTrials.gov, and the bibliographic references of publications. We imposed no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered studies eligible for analysis when: the participant population included children aged less than 18 years with chronic cough (duration equal to or more than four weeks at the time of intervention); and the study design evaluated codeine or codeine-based derivatives against placebo through a randomised controlled trial. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the search results to determine eligibility against a standardised criteria, and we had a pre-planned method for analysis. MAIN RESULTS We identified a total of 556 records, of which 486 records were excluded on the basis of title and abstract. We retrieved the remaining 70 references in full to determine eligibility. No studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review, and thus we found no evidence to support or oppose the use of codeine or derivatives as antitussive agents for chronic cough in children.While chronic cough is not the same as acute cough, systematic reviews on the use of codeine efficacy for acute cough in children conclude an overall lack of evidence to support or oppose the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications containing codeine (or derivatives) for treatment of acute cough in children. The lack of sufficient evidence to support the use of these medications has been consistently reaffirmed by medical experts in international chronic cough guidelines and by governing medical and pharmaceutical authorities in the USA, Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence to support efficacy, and the known risks associated with use - in particular the increased risks for children - these medications are now not recommended for children less than 12 years of age and children between 12 to 18 years with respiratory conditions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review has highlighted the absence of any randomised controlled trials evaluating codeine-based medications in the treatment of childhood chronic cough. Given the potential adverse events of respiratory suppression and opioid toxicity, national therapeutic regulatory authorities recommend the contraindication of access to codeine in children less than 12 years of age. We suggest that clinical practice adhere to clinical practice guidelines and thus refrain from using codeine or its derivatives to treat cough in children. Aetiological-based management practices continue to be advocated for children with chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Gardiner
- Queensland University of TechnologyInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Queensland University of TechnologyInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin UniversityChild Health DivisionPO Box 41096DarwinNorthern TerritoriesAustralia0811
| | | | - Helen L Petsky
- Queensland University of TechnologyInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Comparison of Zataria multiflora Extract Syrup and Diphenhydramine in the Treatment of Common Cold-Induced Cough in Children: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.35495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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[Parental representations of children's cough and expectations on its management]. Arch Pediatr 2016; 23:348-52. [PMID: 26971137 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing medications for the management of acute cough in infants less than 24 months, a frequent reason for medical consultation, has recently been reduced by the contraindication of various antitussive specialties in France. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the expectations and fears of coughing infants' parents, to determine their representations of coughing, and to quantify the use of self-medication and the risk of a deferral requests to prescribe other drug classes. METHODS An opinion and cross-survey was carried out with parents of infants under 24 months of age. A multiple-choice questionnaire was proposed to them in day care centers and Mother and Infant Welfare centers. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and using the Chi(2) test. Logistic regression enabled us to interpret some of the results. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of parents expect an antitussive treatment from the doctor. For most parents, lifestyle modifications are well integrated (nasal irrigation, considered effective cough relief, hydration, smoking cessation). For 33 % of parents, corticosteroids are an alternative therapy to stop cough. Nearly half (43 %) of parents have sought treatment from their doctor, usually nasal suspensions, corticosteroids, and saline irrigation. Regarding self-medication, 30 % of parents have already given cough syrup or an antitussive suppository without a prescription, in order to stop the cough rapidly for 66 % of them. These parents seem more worried by coughing than other parents (P=0.0110, CI: 0.217; 1.751) as did those who had only one child (P=0.0029, CI: 0.120; 0.582). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a large majority of parents understand and accept the new recommendations. But one-third of parents are still worried, not knowing what to do without prescribed medications, which led them to give nonprescription cough syrups and ask for inappropriate treatments. It seems essential to inform parents about the natural history of infant coughing and educate them on lifestyle rules to reduce the risk of deferral prescription.
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Tapiainen T, Aittoniemi J, Immonen J, Jylkkä H, Meinander T, Nuolivirta K, Peltola V, Salo E, Seuri R, Walle SM, Korppi M. Finnish guidelines for the treatment of laryngitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis in children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:44-9. [PMID: 26295564 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Evidence-based guidelines are needed to harmonise and improve the diagnostics and treatment of children's lower respiratory tract infections. Following a professional literature search, an interdisciplinary working group evaluated and graded the available evidence and constructed guidelines for treating laryngitis, bronchitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis. CONCLUSION Currently available drugs were not effective in relieving cough symptoms. Salbutamol inhalations could relieve the symptoms of wheezing bronchitis and should be administered via a holding chamber. Nebulised adrenaline or inhaled or oral glucocorticoids did not reduce hospitalisation rates or relieve symptoms in infants with bronchiolitis and should not be routinely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Tapiainen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit - Research Unit for Pediatrics; Dermatology; Clinical Genetics; Obstetrics and Gynecology; and Medical Research Center; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | | | | | - Heli Jylkkä
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Tuula Meinander
- Department of Internal Medicine; Tampere University Hospital and the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim; Tampere Finland
| | | | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Pediatrics; Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Eeva Salo
- Department of Pediatrics; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Raija Seuri
- HUS Imaging; Children′s Hospital; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Matti Korppi
- Department of Pediatrics; Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
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Bloomer RJ, MacDonnchadh JJ, Moran RG, Timmcke JQ, Qin B. Impact of a Dietary Supplement Containing Rosemary and Daylily on Biochemical Markers of Cognitive Health, Sleep Quality and Related Variables in Men and Women. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.813132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Therapie des unspezifischen Hustens bei Kindern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-015-3384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effect of multiple honey doses on non-specific acute cough in children. An open randomised study and literature review. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43:449-55. [PMID: 25201759 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honey is recommended for non-specific acute paediatric cough by the Australian guidelines. Current available randomised clinical trials evaluated the effects of a single evening dose of honey, but multiple doses outcomes have never been studied. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of wildflower honey, given for three subsequent evenings, on non-specific acute paediatric cough, compared to dextromethorphan (DM) and levodropropizine (LDP), which are the most prescribed over-the-counter (OTC) antitussives in Italy. METHODS 134 children suffering from non-specific acute cough were randomised to receive for three subsequent evenings a mixture of milk (90ml) and wildflower honey (10ml) or a dose of DM or LDP adjusted for the specific age. The effectiveness was evaluated by a cough questionnaire answered by parents. Primary end-point efficacy was therapeutic success. The latter was defined as a decrease in cough questionnaire score greater than 50% after treatment compared with baseline values. RESULTS Three children were excluded from the study, as their parents did not complete the questionnaire. Therapeutic success was achieved by 80% in the honey and milk group and 87% in OTC medication group (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS Milk and honey mixture seems to be at least as effective as DM or LDP in non-specific acute cough in children. These results are in line with previous studies, which reported the health effects of honey on paediatric cough, even if placebo effect cannot be totally excluded.
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Lowry JA, Leeder JS. Over-the-Counter Medications: Update on Cough and Cold Preparations. Pediatr Rev 2015; 36:286-97; quiz 298. [PMID: 26133304 DOI: 10.1542/pir.36-7-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lowry
- Section of Clinical Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovations, Children's Mercy Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri - School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovations, Children's Mercy Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
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Anderson-James S, Newcombe PA, Marchant JM, O'Grady KAF, Acworth JP, Stone DG, Turner CT, Chang AB. An acute cough-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for children: Development and validation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1179-85.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cantrell FL, Clark AK, McKinley M, Qozi M. Retrospective review of unintentional pediatric ingestions of doxylamine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:178-80. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1006400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD001831. [PMID: 25420096 PMCID: PMC7061814 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001831.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cough due to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a common symptom. Non-prescription, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are frequently recommended as a first-line treatment, but there is little evidence as to whether these drugs are effective. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of oral OTC cough preparations for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March week 3 2014), EMBASE (January 1974 to March 2014), CINAHL (January 2010 to March 2014), LILACS (January 2010 to March 2014), Web of Science (January 2010 to March 2014) and the UK Department of Health National Research Register (March 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral OTC cough preparations with placebo in children and adults suffering from acute cough in community settings. We considered all cough outcomes; secondary outcomes of interest were adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened potentially relevant citations, extracted data and assessed study quality. We performed quantitative analysis where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS Due to the small numbers of trials in each category, the limited quantitative data available and the marked differences between trials in terms of participants, interventions and outcome measurement, we felt that pooling of the results was inappropriate.We included 29 trials (19 in adults, 10 in children) involving 4835 people (3799 adults and 1036 children). All studies were placebo-controlled RCTs. However, assessment of the risk of bias of the included studies was limited by poor reporting, particularly for the earlier studies.In the adult studies, six trials compared antitussives with placebo and had variable results. Three trials compared the expectorant guaifenesin with placebo; one indicated significant benefit, whereas the other two did not. One trial found that a mucolytic reduced cough frequency and symptom scores. Two studies examined antihistamine-decongestant combinations and found conflicting results. Four studies compared other combinations of drugs with placebo and indicated some benefit in reducing cough symptoms. Three trials found that antihistamines were no more effective than placebo in relieving cough symptoms.In the child studies, antitussives (data from three studies), antihistamines (data from three studies), antihistamine-decongestants (two studies) and antitussive/bronchodilator combinations (one study) were no more effective than placebo. No studies using expectorants met our inclusion criteria. The results of one trial favoured active treatment with mucolytics over placebo. One trial tested two paediatric cough syrups and both preparations showed a 'satisfactory response' in 46% and 56% of children compared to 21% of children in the placebo group. One new trial indicated that three types of honey were more effective than placebo over a three-day period.Twenty-one studies reported adverse effects. There was a wide range across studies, with higher numbers of adverse effects in participants taking preparations containing antihistamines and dextromethorphan. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The results of this review have to be interpreted with caution because the number of studies in each category of cough preparations was small. Availability, dosing and duration of use of over-the-counter cough medicines vary significantly in different countries. Many studies were poorly reported making assessment of risk of bias difficult and studies were also very different from each other, making evaluation of overall efficacy difficult. There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medicines in acute cough. This should be taken into account when considering prescribing antihistamines and centrally active antitussive agents in children; drugs that are known to have the potential to cause serious harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Smith
- RCSI Medical SchoolHRB Centre for Primary Care Research, Department of General Practice123 St Stephens GreenDublin 2Ireland
| | - Knut Schroeder
- Department of Community Based MedicineAcademic Unit of Primary Health CareUniversity of BristolCotham HouseCotham HillBristolUKBS6 6JL
| | - Tom Fahey
- RCSI Medical SchoolHRB Centre for Primary Care Research, Department of General Practice123 St Stephens GreenDublin 2Ireland
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Cotton M, Innes S, Jaspan H, Madide A, Rabie H. Management of upper respiratory tract infections in children. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2014; 50:6-12. [PMID: 21603094 DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2008.10873685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) occurs commonly in both children and adults and is a major cause of mild morbidity. It has a high cost to society, being responsible for absenteeism from school and work and unnecessary medical care, and is occasionally associated with serious sequelae. URTIs are usually caused by several families of virus; these are the rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, enterovirus and the recently discovered bocavirus. This review will mainly focus on the rhinovirus, where significant advances have been made in understanding the epidemiology, natural history and relationship with other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mf Cotton
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University
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Dicpinigaitis PV, Morice AH, Birring SS, McGarvey L, Smith JA, Canning BJ, Page CP. Antitussive drugs--past, present, and future. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:468-512. [PMID: 24671376 PMCID: PMC11060423 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough remains a serious unmet clinical problem, both as a symptom of a range of other conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and as a problem in its own right in patients with chronic cough of unknown origin. This article reviews our current understanding of the pathogenesis of cough and the hypertussive state characterizing a number of diseases as well as reviewing the evidence for the different classes of antitussive drug currently in clinical use. For completeness, the review also discusses a number of major drug classes often clinically used to treat cough but that are not generally classified as antitussive drugs. We also reviewed a number of drug classes in various stages of development as antitussive drugs. Perhaps surprising for drugs used to treat such a common symptom, there is a paucity of well-controlled clinical studies documenting evidence for the use of many of the drug classes in use today, particularly those available over the counter. Nonetheless, there has been a considerable increase in our understanding of the cough reflex over the last decade that has led to a number of promising new targets for antitussive drugs being identified and thus giving some hope of new drugs being available in the not too distant future for the treatment of this often debilitating symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Dicpinigaitis
- King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 100 Stamford St., London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Yancy WS, McCrory DC, Coeytaux RR, Schmit KM, Kemper AR, Goode A, Hasselblad V, Heidenfelder BL, Sanders GD. Efficacy and tolerability of treatments for chronic cough: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2014; 144:1827-1838. [PMID: 23928798 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the comparative effectiveness of treatments for patients with unexplained or refractory cough is important to increase awareness of proven therapies and their potential adverse effects in this unique population. METHODS We performed a literature search for English-language studies published up to June 2012 that compared symptomatic therapies for chronic cough. Two investigators screened each abstract and full-text article for inclusion, abstracted data, and rated quality. Meta-analysis with random-effects models was used to summarize effects of treatments. RESULTS We identified 49 studies (3,067 patients) comprising 68 therapeutic comparisons. Of the studied agents, opioid and certain nonopioid and nonanesthetic antitussives had demonstrated efficacy for chronic cough in adults. Compared with placebo, effect sizes (standardized mean differences for cough severity and rate ratios for cough frequency) for opioids were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.38-0.72; P < .0001) and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.36-0.91; P = .0260), respectively. For dextromethorphan, effect sizes were 0.37 (95% CI, 0.19-0.56; P = .0008) and 0.40 (95% CI, 0.18-0.85; P = .0248), respectively. The overall strength of evidence was limited by inconsistency and imprecision of results and by small numbers of direct comparisons. Nonpharmacologic therapies and the management of cough in children were infrequently studied. CONCLUSIONS Although evidence is limited, opioid and certain nonopioid and nonanesthetic antitussives demonstrated efficacy for treating chronic cough in adults. There is a need for further studies in patients with unexplained or refractory cough as well as for more systematic study designs, assessment of patient-centered outcomes, and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Yancy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Douglas C McCrory
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Evidence-based Practice Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Remy R Coeytaux
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Evidence-based Practice Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Kristine M Schmit
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Alex R Kemper
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Adam Goode
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Victor Hasselblad
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Gillian D Sanders
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Evidence-based Practice Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
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