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Danilchenko VY, Zytsar MV, Maslova EA, Posukh OL. Selection of Diagnostically Significant Regions of the SLC26A4 Gene Involved in Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113453. [PMID: 36362242 PMCID: PMC9655724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening pathogenic variants in the SLC26A4 gene is an important part of molecular genetic testing for hearing loss (HL) since they are one of the common causes of hereditary HL in many populations. However, a large size of the SLC26A4 gene (20 coding exons) predetermines the difficulties of its complete mutational analysis, especially in large samples of patients. In addition, the regional or ethno-specific prevalence of SLC26A4 pathogenic variants has not yet been fully elucidated, except variants c.919-2A>G and c.2168A>G (p.His723Arg), which have been proven to be most common in Asian populations. We explored the distribution of currently known pathogenic and likely pathogenic (PLP) variants across the SLC26A4 gene sequence presented in the Deafness Variation Database for the selection of potential diagnostically important parts of this gene. As a result of this bioinformatic analysis, we found that molecular testing ten SLC26A4 exons (4, 6, 10, 11, 13−17 and 19) with flanking intronic regions can provide a diagnostic rate of 61.9% for all PLP variants in the SLC26A4 gene. The primary sequencing of these SLC26A4 regions may be applied as an initial effective diagnostic testing in samples of patients of unknown ethnicity or as a subsequent step after the targeted testing of already-known ethno- or region-specific pathogenic SLC26A4 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Yu. Danilchenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina V. Zytsar
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Maslova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga L. Posukh
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Connexin Mutations and Hereditary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084255. [PMID: 35457072 PMCID: PMC9027513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited diseases caused by connexin mutations are found in multiple organs and include hereditary deafness, congenital cataract, congenital heart diseases, hereditary skin diseases, and X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT1X). A large number of knockout and knock-in animal models have been used to study the pathology and pathogenesis of diseases of different organs. Because the structures of different connexins are highly homologous and the functions of gap junctions formed by these connexins are similar, connexin-related hereditary diseases may share the same pathogenic mechanism. Here, we analyze the similarities and differences of the pathology and pathogenesis in animal models and find that connexin mutations in gap junction genes expressed in the ear, eye, heart, skin, and peripheral nerves can affect cellular proliferation and differentiation of corresponding organs. Additionally, some dominant mutations (e.g., Cx43 p.Gly60Ser, Cx32 p.Arg75Trp, Cx32 p.Asn175Asp, and Cx32 p.Arg142Trp) are identified as gain-of-function variants in vivo, which may play a vital role in the onset of dominant inherited diseases. Specifically, patients with these dominant mutations receive no benefits from gene therapy. Finally, the complete loss of gap junctional function or altered channel function including permeability (ions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), Ca2+, glucose, miRNA) and electric activity are also identified in vivo or in vitro.
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Insights into National Laboratory Newborn Screening and Future Prospects. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020272. [PMID: 35208595 PMCID: PMC8879506 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) is a group of tests that check all newborns for certain rare conditions, covering several genetic or metabolic disorders. The laboratory NBS is performed through blood testing. However, the conditions that newborn babies are screened for vary from one country to another. Since NBS began in the 1960s, technological advances have enabled its expansion to include an increasing number of disorders, and there is a national trend to further expand the NBS program. The use of mass spectrometry (MS) for the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) obviously helps in the expansion of the screening panels. This technology allows the detection of different metabolic disorders at one run, replacing the use of traditional techniques. Analysis of the targeted pathogenic gene variant is a routine application in the molecular techniques for the NBS program as a confirmatory testing to the positive laboratory screening results. Recently, a lot of molecular investigations, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), have been introduced in the routine NBS program. Nowadays, NGS techniques are widely used in the diagnosis of IMD where its results are rapid, confirmed and reliable, but, due to its uncertainties and the nature of IEM, it necessitates a holistic approach for diagnosis. However, various characteristics found in NGS make it a potentially powerful tool for NBS. A range of disorders can be analyzed with a single assay directly, and samples can reduce costs and can largely be automated. For the implementation of a robust technology such as NGS in a mass NBS program, the main focus should not be just technologically biased; it should also be tested for its long- and short-term impact on the family and the child. The crucial question here is whether large-scale genomic sequencing can provide useful medical information beyond what current NBS is already providing and at what economical and emotional cost? Currently, the topic of newborn genome sequencing as a public health initiative remains argumentative. Thus, this article seeks the answer to the question: NGS for newborn screening- are we there yet?
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Nisenbaum E, Prentiss S, Yan D, Nourbakhsh A, Smeal M, Holcomb M, Cejas I, Telischi F, Liu XZ. Screening Strategies for Deafness Genes and Functional Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Patients. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:180-187. [PMID: 33885265 PMCID: PMC9237809 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current state of knowledge about the influence of specific genetic mutations that cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on cochlear implant (CI) functional outcomes, and how this knowledge may be integrated into clinical practice. A multistep and sequential population-based genetic algorithm suitable for the identification of congenital SNHL mutations before CI placement is also examined. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION A review was performed of the English literature from 2000 to 2019 using PubMed regarding the influence of specific mutations on CI outcomes and the use of next-generation sequencing for genetic screening of CI patients. CONCLUSION CI is an effective habilitation option for patients with severe-profound congenital SNHL. However, it is well known that CI outcomes show substantial inter-patient variation. Recent advances in genetic studies have improved our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships for many of the mutations underlying congenital SNHL, and have explored how these relationships may account for some of the variance seen in CI performance outcomes. A sequential genetic screening strategy utilizing next-generation sequencing-based population-specific gene panels may allow for more efficient mutation identification before CI placement. Understanding the relationships between specific mutations and CI outcomes along with integrating routine comprehensive genetic testing into pre-CI evaluations will allow for more effective patient counseling and open the door for the development of mutation-specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nisenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sandra Prentiss
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Aida Nourbakhsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Molly Smeal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Meredith Holcomb
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ivette Cejas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Fred Telischi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Downie L, Amor DJ, Halliday J, Lewis S, Martyn M, Goranitis I. Exome Sequencing for Isolated Congenital Hearing Loss: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E2371-E2377. [PMID: 33382469 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To assess the relative cost-effectiveness of exome sequencing for isolated congenital deafness compared with standard care. STUDY DESIGN Incremental cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses were undertaken from the perspective of the Australian healthcare system using an 18-year time horizon. METHODS A decision tree was used to model the costs and outcomes associated with exome sequencing and standard care for infants presenting with isolated congenital deafness. RESULTS Exome sequencing resulted in an incremental cost of AU$1,000 per child and an additional 30 diagnoses per 100 children tested. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was AU$3,333 per additional diagnosis. The mean societal willingness to pay for exome sequencing was estimated at AU$4,600 per child tested relative to standard care, resulting in a positive net benefit of AU$3,600. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the cost-effectiveness of exome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of exome sequencing in congenital hearing loss, through increased diagnostic rate and consequent improved process of care by reducing or ceasing diagnostic investigation or facilitating targeted further investigation. We recommend equitable funding for exome sequencing in infants presenting with isolated congenital hearing loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A. Laryngoscope, 131:E2371-E2377, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Downie
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Halliday
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Lewis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Martyn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilias Goranitis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The prevalence of deafness-associated mutations in neonates: A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 121:99-108. [PMID: 30878560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The causative genes associated with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) have been identified, in order of prevalence are GJB2, SLC26A4, MYO15A, OTOF, CDH23, and TMC1. To evaluate the prevalence of deafness-associated mutations in neonates and the clinical value of screening, we performed a meta-analysis of clinical trials. METHODS The main criteria used to select articles was that the studies were designed to detect deafness genetic mutations in Chinese's neonates, and the screening kits were designed to detect 9 or 20 sites in four deafness-causative genes. The combined effect of genetic screening was measured by the pooled prevalence of mutations with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The Random Model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of mutations. RESULTS We included 18 studies (a total of 261766 neonates) from studies using 9-mutation screening kit, and 15 studies (a total of 131158 neonates) from studies using the 20-mutation screening kit to conduct meta-analysis. The Random Model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of mutations due to large heterogeneity (9 sites: I2 = 89.1%, P = 0.0000; 20 sites: I2 = 97.3%, P = 0.0002). The pooled prevalence of mutations in 9 sites group was 0.043 (95%CI:0.039-0.047, Z = 21.49, P = 0.000)and 20 sites group was 0.047(95%CI:0.041-0.053, Z = 15.84, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of deafness-associated mutations in neonates in China is 4.7%; Based on the current detection technology and deafness genetics knowledge, it may be more reasonable to offer 1494C > T and 1555A > G mutation screening to pregnant women. Decision makers should think about how to use the current deafness genetic screening to amplify the effectiveness of hearing screening.
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Establishment of a Gene Detection System for Hotspot Mutations of Hearing Loss. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6828306. [PMID: 29707576 PMCID: PMC5863321 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6828306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss is an etiologically heterogeneous trait with a high incidence in China. Though conventional newborn hearing screening program has been widely adopted, gene detection can significantly improve the means of early discovering genetic risk factors. Thus, simple and efficient methods with higher sensitivity and lower cost for detecting hotspot mutations of hearing loss are urgently requested. Here we established a mutation detection system based on multiple fluorescent probe technique, which can detect and genotype nine hotspot mutations of four prominent hearing loss-related genes in two reactions on a four-channel real-time PCR instrument, including GJB2 (rs750188782, rs80338943, rs1110333204, and rs80338939), GJB3 (rs74315319), SLC26A4 (rs111033313 and rs121908362), and mtDNA 12S rRNA (rs267606617 and rs267606619). This system is with high sensitivity that enables detecting as low as 10 DNA copies samples per reaction. A comparison study in 268 clinical samples showed that the detection system had 100% concordance to Sanger sequencing. Besides, blood and saliva samples can be directly detected without DNA extraction process, which greatly simplifies the manipulation. The new system with high sensitivity, accuracy, and specimen type compatibility can be expectedly a reliable tool in clinical application.
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del Castillo FJ, del Castillo I. DFNB1 Non-syndromic Hearing Impairment: Diversity of Mutations and Associated Phenotypes. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:428. [PMID: 29311818 PMCID: PMC5743749 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner ear is a very complex sensory organ whose development and function depend on finely balanced interactions among diverse cell types. The many different kinds of inner ear supporting cells play the essential roles of providing physical and physiological support to sensory hair cells and of maintaining cochlear homeostasis. Appropriately enough, the gene most commonly mutated among subjects with hereditary hearing impairment (HI), GJB2, encodes the connexin-26 (Cx26) gap-junction channel protein that underlies both intercellular communication among supporting cells and homeostasis of the cochlear fluids, endolymph and perilymph. GJB2 lies at the DFNB1 locus on 13q12. The specific kind of HI associated with this locus is caused by recessively-inherited mutations that inactivate the two alleles of the GJB2 gene, either in homozygous or compound heterozygous states. We describe the many diverse classes of genetic alterations that result in DFNB1 HI, such as large deletions that either destroy the GJB2 gene or remove a regulatory element essential for GJB2 expression, point mutations that interfere with promoter function or splicing, and small insertions or deletions and nucleotide substitutions that target the GJB2 coding sequence. We focus on how these alterations disrupt GJB2 and Cx26 functions and on their different effects on cochlear development and physiology. We finally discuss the diversity of clinical features of DFNB1 HI as regards severity, age of onset, inner ear malformations and vestibular dysfunction, highlighting the areas where future research should be concentrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. del Castillo
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio del Castillo
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Concomitant imaging and genetic findings in children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2017; 131:688-695. [PMID: 28651654 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215117001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the concomitant imaging and genetic findings in children diagnosed with non-syndromic unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 60 children diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2015 in a tertiary-level paediatric institution. RESULTS Average age at diagnosis was 4.3 years. All children were considered non-syndromic. Hearing loss was categorised as mild (17 children), moderate (17 children), severe (7 children) or profound (19 children). Imaging was performed in 43 children (71.66 per cent). Nineteen patients (44.2 per cent) had positive computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings. Genetic testing was performed in 51 children (85 per cent). Sixteen children (31 per cent) tested positive to connexin 26 (GJB2); 1 patient (2 per cent) had a homozygous mutation of GJB2 and 15 were heterozygous carriers. Amongst children who tested positive as heterozygous carriers of a GJB2 mutation, there was a high rate of positive imaging findings (47 per cent compared to 37.2 per cent in the total cohort). A genetic abnormality was confirmed in 50 per cent of children with positive imaging findings who underwent genetic testing. CONCLUSION Rates of concomitant imaging and genetic findings suggest that both investigations are of value in the study of these patients.
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Han R, Li L, Duan L, Xia Y, Kuyaxi P, Zhao J, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Chen Y. Efficiency of microarray and SNPscan for the detection of hearing loss gene in 71 cases with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017. [PMID: 28640090 PMCID: PMC5484198 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to screen the mutations of 3 hearing loss (HL) genes (GJB2, SLC26A4, and 12S rRNA) in 71 cases with nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) using microarray and SNPscan, and identify the roles of nonhotspot mutation of these genes in the screening of NSHL. Seventy-one cases with moderate or severe neurosensory deafness confirmed in our department from July 2014 to December 2015 including 25 Uyghur minorities and 46 Han Chinese were included in this study. The type of mutations in GJB2, SLC26A4, and 12S rRNA genes were detected using microarray and SNPscan, respectively. Statistical difference was noticed in the detection rate of the HL genes in 71 cases. Using microassay, deafness genes were identified in 10 subjects (14.08%), while 22 cases (30.98%) were confirmed with the presence of deafness genes using the SNPscan. Compared with the microarray, remarkable difference was noticed in the detection rate of SNPscan (P < .05). Nonhotspot mutation in GJB2, SLC26A4, and 12S rRNA genes played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NSHL. SNPscan contributed to elevation of detection rate of NSHL in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linge Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Pilidong Kuyaxi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Rapid and Reliable Detection of Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss Mutations by Multicolor Melting Curve Analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42894. [PMID: 28225033 PMCID: PMC5320477 DOI: 10.1038/srep42894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common birth defect worldwide. The GJB2, SLC26A4, MT-RNR1 and MT-TS1 genes have been reported as major pathogenic genes in nonsyndromic hearing loss. Early genetic screening is recommended to minimize the incidence of hearing loss. We hereby described a multicolor melting curve analysis (MMCA)-based assay for simultaneous detection of 12 prevalent nonsyndromic hearing loss-related mutations. The three-reaction assay could process 30 samples within 2.5 h in a single run on a 96-well thermocycler. Allelic types of each mutation could be reproducibly obtained from 10 pg ~100 ng genomic DNA per reaction. For the mitochondrial mutations, 10% ~ 20% heteroplasmic mutations could be detected. A comparison study using 501 clinical samples showed that the MMCA assay had 100% concordance with both SNaPshot minisequencing and Sanger sequencing. We concluded that the MMCA assay is a rapid, convenient and cost-effective method for detecting the common mutations, and can be expectedly a reliable tool in preliminary screening of nonsyndromic hearing loss in the Chinese Han population.
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12
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Pandya A. Genetic hearing loss: the journey of discovery to destination - how close are we to therapy? Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:583-587. [PMID: 27896280 PMCID: PMC5118202 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Pandya
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina
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13
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The Yield of Multigene Testing in the Management of Pediatric Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:1066-70. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Wu H, Feng Y, Jiang L, Pan Q, Liu Y, Liu C, He C, Chen H, Liu X, Hu C, Hu Y, Mei L. Application of a New Genetic Deafness Microarray for Detecting Mutations in the Deaf in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151909. [PMID: 27018795 PMCID: PMC4809548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the GoldenGate microarray as a diagnostic tool and to elucidate the contribution of the genes on this array to the development of both nonsyndromic and syndromic sensorineural hearing loss in China. Methods We developed a microarray to detect 240 mutations underlying syndromic and nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. The microarray was then used for analysis of 382 patients with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (including 15 patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome), 21 patients with Waardenburg syndrome, and 60 unrelated controls. Subsequently, we analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of this new approach after Sanger sequencing-based verification, and also determined the contribution of the genes on this array to the development of distinct hearing disorders. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the microarray chip were 98.73% and 98.34%, respectively. Genetic defects were identified in 61.26% of the patients with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss, and 9 causative genes were identified. The molecular etiology was confirmed in 19.05% and 46.67% of the patients with Waardenburg syndrome and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome, respectively. Conclusion Our new mutation-based microarray comprises an accurate and comprehensive genetic tool for the detection of sensorineural hearing loss. This microarray-based detection method could serve as a first-pass screening (before next-generation-sequencing screening) for deafness-causing mutations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Feng
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Pan
- National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chufeng He
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xueming Liu
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Hu
- ENT Department, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingyun Mei
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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The pathological effects of connexin 26 variants related to hearing loss by in silico and in vitro analysis. Hum Genet 2016; 135:287-98. [PMID: 26749107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are intercellular channels associated with cell-cell communication. Connexin 26 (Cx26) encoded by the GJB2 gene forms GJs of the inner ear, and mutations of GJB2 cause congenital hearing loss that can be syndromic or non-syndromic. It is difficult to predict pathogenic effects using only genetic analysis. Using ionic and biochemical coupling tests, we evaluated the pathogenic effects of Cx26 variants using computational analyses to predict structural abnormalities. For seven out of ten variants, we predicted the variation would result in a loss of GJ function, whereas the others would completely fail to form GJs. Functional studies demonstrated that, although all variants were able to function normally as hetero-oligomeric GJ channels, six variants (p.E47K, p.E47Q, p.H100L, p.H100Y, p.R127L, and p.M195L) did not function normally as homo-oligomeric GJ channels. Interestingly, GJs composed of the Cx26 variant p.R127H were able to function normally, even as homo-oligomeric GJ channels. This study demonstrates the particular location and property of an amino acid are more important mainly than the domain where they belong in the formation and function of GJ, and will provide information that is useful for the accurate diagnosis of hearing loss.
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Abou Tayoun AN, Al Turki SH, Oza AM, Bowser MJ, Hernandez AL, Funke BH, Rehm HL, Amr SS. Improving hearing loss gene testing: a systematic review of gene evidence toward more efficient next-generation sequencing-based diagnostic testing and interpretation. Genet Med 2015; 18:545-53. [PMID: 26562227 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With next generation sequencing technology improvement and cost reductions, it has become technically feasible to sequence a large number of genes in one diagnostic test. This is especially relevant for diseases with large genetic and/or phenotypic heterogeneity, such as hearing loss. However, variant interpretation remains the major bottleneck. This is further exacerbated by the lack in the clinical genetics community of consensus criteria for defining the evidence necessary to include genes on targeted disease panels or in genomic reports, and the consequent risk of reporting variants in genes with no relevance to disease. METHODS We describe a systematic evidence-based approach for assessing gene-disease associations and for curating relevant genes for different disease aspects, including mode of inheritance, phenotypic severity, and mutation spectrum. RESULTS By applying this approach to clinically available hearing loss gene panels with a total of 163 genes, we show that a significant number (45%) of genes lack sufficient evidence of association with disease and thus are expected to increase uncertainty and patient anxiety, in addition to intensifying the interpretation burden. Information about all curated genes is summarized. Our retrospective analysis of 539 hearing loss cases tested by our previous OtoGenomeV2 panel demonstrates the impact of including genes with weak disease association in laboratory wet-bench and interpretation processes. CONCLUSION Our study is, to our knowledge, the first to highlight the urgent need for defining the clinical validity of gene-disease relationships for more efficient and accurate clinical testing and reporting.Genet Med 18 6, 545-553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Abou Tayoun
- Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saeed H Al Turki
- Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea M Oza
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Bowser
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy L Hernandez
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Birgit H Funke
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sami S Amr
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Zaidieh T, Habbal W, Monem F. Screening of GJB6 Gene Large Deletions Among Syrians with Congenital Hearing Impairment. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:405-7. [PMID: 25989237 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zaidieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Wafa Habbal
- Clinical Laboratories Department, Al-Assad Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Fawza Monem
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- Clinical Laboratories Department, Al-Assad Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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A novel truncation mutation in GJA1 associated with open angle glaucoma and microcornea in a large Chinese family. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:972-7. [PMID: 25976645 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify genetic defects in a large family with open angle glaucoma (OAG) and microcornea. METHODS Genomic DNA was prepared from leukocytes of 15 individuals from three generations of a Chinese family, including seven individuals with OAG and microcornea, one with microcornea alone, and seven healthy individuals. Whole exome sequencing was performed on genomic DNA of the proband. Candidate variants were obtained through multiple steps of bioinformatics analysis and validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. RESULTS Exome sequencing detected a candidate variant in GJA1, a novel truncation mutation (c.791_792delAA, p.K264Ifs*43). This mutation was present in all seven individuals with OAG and microcornea and the individual with microcornea alone, but not in the seven unaffected relatives in the family. It was not present in 1394 alleles from 505 unrelated controls without glaucoma and 192 normal controls. Extraocular signs were not observed in seven out of the eight individuals; only one was affected with dental enamel hypoplasia and syndactyly. CONCLUSIONS A novel truncation mutation in GJA1 is associated with OAG and microcornea in a Chinese family. This suggests that GJA1 should be included as a candidate gene for glaucoma.
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Chakchouk I, Ben Said M, Jbeli F, Benmarzoug R, Loukil S, Smeti I, Chakroun A, Gibriel AA, Ghorbel A, Hadjkacem H, Masmoudi S. NADf chip, a two-color microarray for simultaneous screening of multigene mutations associated with hearing impairment in North African Mediterranean countries. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:155-61. [PMID: 25560255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing impairment (HI) is the most frequent sensory defect. Genetic causes are involved in two thirds of prelingual cases. Moreover, the autosomal recessive HI frequency is increased in countries where there is a high rate of consanguinity, such as in North African Mediterranean countries. This population shares several features, including history and social behavior, that promote the spread of founder mutations. HI is characterized by tremendous heterogeneity in both the genetic and clinical aspects. The identification of the causal mutation is important for early diagnosis, clinical follow-up, and genetic counseling. Addressing the extreme genetic heterogeneity of HI using classic molecular methods would be expensive and time-consuming. We designed a cost-effective North African Deafness chip for rapid and simultaneous analysis of 58 mutations using multiplex PCR coupled with dual-color arrayed primer extension. These mutations are found in North African HI patients and are distributed over 31 exons and five introns in 21 distinct genes. Assay specificity was initially optimized using 103 archived DNA samples of known genotypes. Blind validation of HI-unrelated patients revealed mutant alleles in 13 samples, and these mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The North African Deafness chip allows for simultaneous genotyping of eight different samples, at a minimal cost and in a single day, and is therefore amenable to large-scale molecular screening of HI in North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Chakchouk
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben Said
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fida Jbeli
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Benmarzoug
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Loukil
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibtihel Smeti
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amine Chakroun
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdullah Ahmed Gibriel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelmonem Ghorbel
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Hadjkacem
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Processes Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Haraksingh RR, Jahanbani F, Rodriguez-Paris J, Gelernter J, Nadeau KC, Oghalai JS, Schrijver I, Snyder MP. Exome sequencing and genome-wide copy number variant mapping reveal novel associations with sensorineural hereditary hearing loss. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1155. [PMID: 25528277 PMCID: PMC4367882 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic diversity of loci and mutations underlying hereditary hearing loss is an active area of investigation. To identify loci associated with predominantly non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, we performed exome sequencing of families and of single probands, as well as copy number variation (CNV) mapping in a case–control cohort. Results Analysis of three distinct families revealed several candidate loci in two families and a single strong candidate gene, MYH7B, for hearing loss in one family. MYH7B encodes a Type II myosin, consistent with a role for cytoskeletal proteins in hearing. High-resolution genome-wide CNV analysis of 150 cases and 157 controls revealed deletions in genes known to be involved in hearing (e.g. GJB6, OTOA, and STRC, encoding connexin 30, otoancorin, and stereocilin, respectively), supporting CNV contributions to hearing loss phenotypes. Additionally, a novel region on chromosome 16 containing part of the PDXDC1 gene was found to be frequently deleted in hearing loss patients (OR = 3.91, 95% CI: 1.62-9.40, p = 1.45 × 10-7). Conclusions We conclude that many known as well as novel loci and distinct types of mutations not typically tested in clinical settings can contribute to the etiology of hearing loss. Our study also demonstrates the challenges of exome sequencing and genome-wide CNV mapping for direct clinical application, and illustrates the need for functional and clinical follow-up as well as curated open-access databases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1155) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr,, M-344A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Hearing impairment in Estonia: an algorithm to investigate genetic causes in pediatric patients. Adv Med Sci 2014; 58:419-28. [PMID: 24222258 DOI: 10.2478/ams-2013-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was initiated to establish the etiological causes of early onset hearing loss (HL) among Estonian children between 2000-2009. METHODS The study group consisted of 233 probands who were first tested with an arrayed primer extension assay, which covers 199 mutations in 7 genes (GJB2, GJB6, GJB3, SLC26A4, SLC26A5 genes, and two mitochondrial genes - 12S rRNA, tRNASer(UCN)). From probands whose etiology of HL remained unknown, DNA analysis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and G-banded karyotype and/or chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were performed. RESULTS In 110 (47%) cases, the etiology of HL was genetic and in 5 (2%) congenital CMV infection was diagnosed. We found mutations with clinical significance in GJB2 (100 children, 43%) and in 2 mitochondrial genes (2 patients, 1%). A single mutation in SLC26A4 gene was detected in 5 probands (2.2%) and was considered diagnostic. In 4 probands a heterozygous IVS2-2A>G change in the SLC26A5 gene was found. We did not find any instances of homozygosity for this splice variant in the probands. CMA identified in 4 probands chromosomal regions with the loss of one allele. In 2 of them we were able to conclude that the found abnormalities are definitely pathogenic (12q13.3-q14.2 and 17q22-23.2 microdeletion), but the pathogenity of 2 other findings (3p26.2 and 1p33 microdeletion) remained unknown. CONCLUSION This practical diagnostic algorithm confirmed the etiology of early onset HL for 115 Estonian patients (49%). This algorithm may be generalized to other populations for clinical application.
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Vele O, Schrijver I. Inherited hearing loss: molecular genetics and diagnostic testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:231-48. [PMID: 23495655 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition with major medical and social consequences. It affects up to 8% of the general population. OBJECTIVE This review recapitulates the principles of auditory physiology and the molecular basis of hearing loss, outlines the main types of non-syndromic and syndromic deafness by mode of inheritance, and provides an overview of current clinically available genetic testing. METHODS This paper reviews the literature on auditory physiology and on genes, associated with hearing loss, for which genetic testing is presently offered. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The advent of molecular diagnostic assays for hereditary hearing loss permits earlier detection of the underlying causes, facilitates appropriate interventions, and is expected to generate the data necessary for more specific genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Vele
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, L235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA +1 650 724 2403 ; +1 650 724 1567 ;
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Linden Phillips L, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Lench N, Steel KP, Langford C, Dawson SJ, Davis A, Simpson S, Packer C. The future role of genetic screening to detect newborns at risk of childhood-onset hearing loss. Int J Audiol 2013; 52:124-33. [PMID: 23131088 PMCID: PMC3545543 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2012.733424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the future potential of genetic screening to detect newborns at risk of childhood-onset hearing loss. DESIGN An expert led discussion of current and future developments in genetic technology and the knowledge base of genetic hearing loss to determine the viability of genetic screening and the implications for screening policy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Despite increasing pressure to adopt genetic technologies, a major barrier for genetic screening in hearing loss is the uncertain clinical significance of the identified mutations and their interactions. Only when a reliable estimate of the future risk of hearing loss can be made at a reasonable cost, will genetic screening become viable. Given the speed of technological advancement this may be within the next 10 years. Decision-makers should start to consider how genetic screening could augment current screening programmes as well as the associated data processing and storage requirements. CONCLUSION In the interim, we suggest that decision makers consider the benefits of (1) genetically testing all newborns and children with hearing loss, to determine aetiology and to increase knowledge of the genetic causes of hearing loss, and (2) consider screening pregnant women for the m.1555A> G mutation to reduce the risk of aminoglycoside antibiotic-associated hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Linden Phillips
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Horizon Scanning Centre, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Cabanillas Farpón R, Cadiñanos Bañales J. Hereditary Hearing Loss: Genetic Counselling. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shearer AE, Hildebrand MS, Sloan CM, Smith RJ. Deafness in the genomics era. Hear Res 2011; 282:1-9. [PMID: 22016077 PMCID: PMC3230685 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of hereditary hearing loss has greatly improved since the discovery of the first human deafness gene. These discoveries have only accelerated due to the great strides in DNA sequencing technology since the completion of the human genome project. Here, we review the immense impact that these developments have had in both deafness research and clinical arenas. We review commonly used genomic technologies as well as the application of these technologies to the genetic diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss and to the discovery of novel deafness genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Eliot Shearer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Christina M. Sloan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Richard J.H. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Wu CC, Liu TC, Wang SH, Hsu CJ, Wu CM. Genetic characteristics in children with cochlear implants and the corresponding auditory performance. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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[Hereditary hearing loss: genetic counselling]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2011; 63:218-29. [PMID: 21514544 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of hereditary hearing loss, with special attention to the etiological diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss, the genes most frequently mutated in our environment, the techniques available for their analysis and the clinical implications of genetic diagnosis. More than 60% of childhood sensorineural hearing loss is genetic. In adults, the percentage of hereditary hearing loss is unknown. Genetic testing is the highest yielding test for evaluating patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The process of genetic counselling is intended to inform patients and their families of the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic diseases, as well as the risks, benefits and limitations of genetic testing. The implementation of any genetic analysis must be always preceded by an appropriate genetic counselling process.
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Oitmaa E, Peters M, Vaidla K, Andreson R, Mägi R, Slavin G, Velthut A, Tõnisson N, Reimand T, Remm M, Schneider M, Ounap K, Salumets A, Metspalu A. Molecular diagnosis of Down syndrome using quantitative APEX-2 microarrays. Prenat Diagn 2011; 30:1170-7. [PMID: 20949644 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new rapid and high-throughput microarray-based prenatal diagnostic test for the detection of trisomy 21 (T21). METHODS The T21 arrayed primer extension-2 (APEX-2) assay discriminates between trisomy and euploid DNA samples by comparing the signal intensities of allelic fractions of heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after APEX reaction. After preliminary validation using DNA samples from Down syndrome patients, we analyzed DNA samples from cultured and uncultured amniocytes and chorionic villus for 90 SNPs with high heterozygosity from the 21(q21.1q22.2) region. Differences in allelic ratios of heterozygous SNPs in normal and T21 individuals were verified by t-test. RESULTS Analysis of the T21 APEX-2 assay results revealed that 90 SNPs were sufficient for reliable discrimination between T21 and euploid DNA samples (P≤0.05 for one or both strands). Using 134 clinical samples from cultured or uncultured fetal cells, both the sensitivity and the specificity of the assay were 100%. CONCLUSION Our study provides a proof of principle demonstration of the use of the modified APEX-2 assay as a new, fast and reliable method for prenatal diagnosis of fetal T21.
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Teek R, Kruustük K, Zordania R, Joost K, Reimand T, Möls T, Oitmaa E, Kahre T, Tõnisson N, Ounap K. Prevalence of c.35delG and p.M34T mutations in the GJB2 gene in Estonia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:1007-12. [PMID: 20708129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of c.35delG and p.M34T mutations in the GJB2 gene among children with early onset hearing loss and within a general population of Estonia. METHODS Using an arrayed primer extension assay, we screened 233 probands with early childhood onset hearing loss for 107 different mutations in the GJB2 gene. We then looked for the two most common mutations, c.35delG and p.M34T, in a population of 998 consecutively born Estonian neonates to determine the frequency of these mutations in the general population. RESULTS In 115 (49%) of the patients with early onset hearing loss, we found a mutation in at least one allele of the GJB2 gene. Seventy-three (31%) were homozygous for the c.35delG mutation, seven (3%) were homozygous for the p.M34T mutation, and five (2%) had c35delG/p.M34T compound heterozygosity. Other six identified mutations in GJB2 gene occurred rarely. Among the 998 anonymous newborn samples, we detected 45 who were heterozygous for c.35delG, 2 individuals homozygous for c.35delG, and 58 who were heterozygous for p.M34T. Additionally, we detected two c.35delG/p.M34T compound heterozygotes. CONCLUSION The most common GJB2 gene mutations in Estonian children with early onset hearing loss were c.35delG and p.M34T, with c.35delG accounting for 75% of GJB2 alleles. The carrier frequency for c.35delG and p.M34T in a general population of Estonia was 1 in 22 and 1 in 17, respectively, and was higher than in most other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Teek
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Rodriguez-Paris J, Pique L, Colen T, Roberson J, Gardner P, Schrijver I. Genotyping with a 198 mutation arrayed primer extension array for hereditary hearing loss: assessment of its diagnostic value for medical practice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11804. [PMID: 20668687 PMCID: PMC2909915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic testing of individuals with congenital sensorineural hearing loss typically begins with DNA sequencing of the GJB2 gene. If the cause of the hearing loss is not identified in GJB2, additional testing can be ordered. However, the step-wise analysis of several genes often results in a protracted diagnostic process. The more comprehensive Hereditary Hearing Loss Arrayed Primer Extension microarray enables analysis of 198 mutations across eight genes (GJB2, GJB6, GJB3, GJA1, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, MTRNR1 and MTTS1) in a single test. To evaluate the added diagnostic value of this microarray for our ethnically diverse patient population, we tested 144 individuals with congenital sensorineural hearing loss who were negative for biallelic GJB2 or GJB6 mutations. The array successfully detected all GJB2 changes previously identified in the study group, confirming excellent assay performance. Additional mutations were identified in the SLC26A4, SLC26A5 and MTRNR1 genes of 12/144 individuals (8.3%), four of whom (2.8%) had genotypes consistent with pathogenicity. These results suggest that the current format of this microarray falls short of adding diagnostic value beyond the customary testing of GJB2, perhaps reflecting the array's limitations on the number of mutations included for each gene, but more likely resulting from unknown genetic contributors to this phenotype. We conclude that mutations in other hearing loss associated genes should be incorporated in the array as knowledge of the etiology of hearing loss evolves. Such future modification of the flexible configuration of the Hereditary Hearing Loss Arrayed Primer Extension microarray would improve its impact as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez-Paris
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Pique
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tahl Colen
- California Ear Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Roberson
- California Ear Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Phyllis Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Iris Schrijver
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Impact of gene patents and licensing practices on access to genetic testing for hearing loss. Genet Med 2010; 12:S171-93. [PMID: 20393307 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181d7b053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing for heritable hearing loss involves a mix of patented and unpatented genes, mutations and testing methods. More than half of all hearing loss is linked to inherited mutations, and five genes are most commonly tested for in the United States. There are no patents on three of these genes, but Athena Diagnostics holds exclusive licenses to test for a common mutation in the GJB2 gene associated with about 50% of all cases as well as mutations in the MTRNR1 gene. This fragmented intellectual property landscape made hearing loss a useful case study to assess whether patent rights in genetic testing can proliferate or overlap, and whether it is possible to gather the rights necessary to perform testing. Testing for hearing loss is widely available, primarily from academic medical centers. Based on literature reviews and interviews with researchers, research on the genetics of hearing loss has generally not been impeded by patents. There is no consistent evidence of a premium in testing prices attributable to patent status. Athena Diagnostics has, however, used its intellectual property to discourage other providers from offering some tests. There is no definitive answer about the suitability of current patenting and licensing of commonly tested genes because of continuing legal uncertainty about the extent of enforcement of patent rights. Clinicians have also expressed concerns that multiplex tests will be difficult to develop because of overlapping intellectual property and conflict with Athena's sole provider business model.
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Wu CC, Lu YC, Chen PJ, Liu AYZ, Hwu WL, Hsu CJ. Application of SNaPshot multiplex assays for simultaneous multigene mutation screening in patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing impairment. Laryngoscope 2010; 119:2411-6. [PMID: 19718752 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To develop a cost-effective and robust genetic diagnostic tool for patients with idiopathic nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing impairment. STUDY DESIGN Development of a diagnostic tool and validation in a prospective cohort. METHODS Twenty common sequence variants in GJB2, SLC26A4, and the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene were selected based on our previous epidemiological study. These variants were analyzed using the SNaPshot technique. The efficacies of the SNaPshot multiplex assays were determined by using a prospective cohort composed of 214 unrelated Taiwanese patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing impairment. The results of the assays were compared to the results obtained by direct sequencing. RESULTS We developed a diagnostic technique consisting of two consecutive panels of SNaPshot multiplex assays, with each panel screening 10 common sequence variants. Theoretically, this design can detect more than 98% of the known deafness-associated sequence variants in Taiwanese individuals. A total of 126 (58.9%) patients were diagnosed as having at least one sequence variant using the SNaPshot multiplex assays. In total, the SNaPshot assays yielded an accuracy of more than 99%. CONCLUSIONS The strengths of SNaPshot multiplex assays include high accuracy, high sensitivity, high flexibility (the examination panel can be easily expanded for additional mutations), low cost (less than US $10 per patient), and easy implementation for any institute with a DNA sequencer. Although only 20 to 30 mutations can be examined in two to three runs of the SNaPshot assay, this technology may be suitable for first-pass screening of deafness-associated mutations in populations with a relatively homogeneous ethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chi Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rodriguez-Paris J, Schrijver I. The digenic hypothesis unraveled: the GJB6 del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation causes allele-specific loss of GJB2 expression in cis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:354-9. [PMID: 19723508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Connexin 26 and connexin 30 are the major connexins expressed in the cochlea, where they are co-localized and form heteromeric gap junctions. Mutations in the GJB2 gene, which encodes connexin 26, are the most common cause of prelingual non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. The large del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation which involves GJB6 (connexin 30), causes hearing loss in homozygous individuals, or when compound heterozygous with a GJB2 mutation. Until now, it remained unresolved whether this phenomenon results from digenic inheritance or because of lack of GJB2 mRNA expression. After RNA extraction from buccal epithelium, a tissue known to express connexin 26 as well as connexin 30, allele-specific expression of GJB2 was investigated by reverse-transcriptase PCR and restriction digestions in three unrelated individuals compound heterozygous for a GJB2 mutation and del(GJB6-D13S1830). Each proband carried a different sequence change in GJB2. The mutated GJB2 allele in trans with del(GJB6-D13S1830) was expressed in all three individuals whereas the GJB2 allele located in cis with the deletion was not expressed at all. Thus, mutations in these two genes do not cause hearing loss through a digenic mechanism of inheritance alone, as was postulated previously, but instead GJB2 expression is abolished through an effect in cis with the deletion. Our study provides unequivocal support for the hypothesis that del(GJB6-D13S1830) eliminates a putative cis-regulatory element located within the deleted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez-Paris
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Initial outcomes from universal newborn hearing screening in Avon. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2009; 123:982-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215109005295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:The Avon Area Health Authority was a first-phase site for introduction of universal newborn screening in the UK. The aims of this study were: to review the programme's results to date; to assess the impact screening would have on other services (e.g. the cochlear implant programme); and to assess the longer term outcome for children identified by the screening programme.Patients:All children identified by the Avon universal newborn hearing screening programme between April 2002 and July 2006.Results:Fifty-four children with a bilateral hearing impairment of worse than 40 dBHL were identified from a screened population of approximately 44 000. Nine of these children were put forward for cochlear implantation, and seven had been implanted at the time of writing. Thirteen of these children were identified with possible auditory neuropathy or dys-synchrony. All the newborn hearing screening programme criteria assessed were met.Conclusions:The screening programme was effective. Some areas may need review in order to optimise patient care.
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Construction of a DNA chip for screening of genetic hearing loss. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 2:44-7. [PMID: 19434291 PMCID: PMC2671835 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2009.2.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in humans and genetic causes are estimated to cause more than 50% of all incidents of congenital hearing loss. To develop an efficient method for a genetic diagnosis of hearing loss, we have developed and validated a genetic hearing loss DNA chip that allows the simultaneous analysis of 7 different mutations in the GJB2, SLC26A4, and the mtDNA 12S rRNA genes in Koreans. METHODS A genotyping microarray, based on the allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) method, was used and preliminary validation was examined from the five patients and five controls that were already known their genotypes by DNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS The cutoff Genotyping index (GI) of genotyping for each mutation was set up and validated to discriminate among the genotypes. The result of the DNA chip assay was identical to those of previous results. CONCLUSION We successfully designed the genetic hearing loss DNA chip for the first time in Korea and it would be useful for a clinical genetic diagnosis of hearing loss. Further consideration will be needed in order to examine the accuracy of this DNA chip with much larger patient sample numbers.
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Abstract
The human and mouse genomes contain 21 and 20 connexin genes, respectively. During the last 10-year period, genetic research on connexins has been stimulated by two parallel approaches: first, the characterization of genetic diseases that are caused by connexin mutations and, second, the generation and characterization of connexin knockout (null) mutated mice in which the coding region of nearly all connexin genes has been deleted. We summarize the current results of each of these two approaches. More recently, first results have been published in which connexin point mutations in human connexin genes were inserted at the corresponding position of the orthologous mouse gene. Under these conditions, the mutated connexin protein is expressed, in contrast to a connexin null mutation, and its interaction with other connexin isoforms or other connexin-binding proteins can be maintained. In this review, we discuss advantages and problems of such an approach and possible implications regarding the mechanism of the disease. The long-term goal is to understand the biologic function of each connexin isoform and the contribution of these proteins to the physiology of the corresponding organs in health and disease.
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Kremer H, Cremers FPM. Positional cloning of deafness genes. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 493:215-238. [PMID: 18839350 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-523-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the majority of the known causative genes involved in nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSHL) started with linkage analysis as part of a positional cloning procedure. The human and mouse genome projects in combination with technical developments on genotyping, transcriptomics, proteomics, and the creation of animal models have greatly enhanced the speed of disease gene identification. In the present chapter, we first discuss the possibilities for exclusion of known NSHL loci and genes. Subsequently, methods are described to determine the genomic regions that contain the genetic defects. These include linkage analysis with genotyping and statistical evaluation and the determination of copy number variations. In the case of a large genomic region, candidate genes are selected and prioritized using gene expression analysis, protein network data, and phenotypes of animal models. A number of algorithms are described to automate the process of candidate gene selection. The novel high-throughput sequencing techniques might make gene selection and prioritization unnecessary in the near future. Once genetic variants are identified, questions on pathogenicity need to be addressed, which is the topic of the last section of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannie Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Teek R, Oitmaa E, Kruustük K, Zordania R, Joost K, Raukas E, Tõnisson N, Gardner P, Schrijver I, Kull M, Ounap K. Splice variant IVS2-2A>G in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in five Estonian families with hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73:103-7. [PMID: 19027966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to identify the IVS2-2A>G sequence change in the SLC26A5 (Prestin) gene in Estonian individuals with hearing loss and in their family members. METHODS In the years 2005-2007 we have screened 194 probands with early onset hearing loss and 68 family members with an arrayed primer extension (APEX) microarray, which covers 201 mutations in six nuclear genes (GJB2, GJB6, GJB3, GJA1, SLC26A4, SLC26A5) and two mitochondrial genes encoding 12S rRNA and tRNA-Ser (UCN). RESULTS In four probands with early onset hearing loss and in five unaffected family members from five families we identified the IVS2-2A>G change in one allele of the SLC26A5 gene. We did not find any homozygosity for this splice variant. IVS2-2A>G was identified in 2.1% of probands. One of these probands, however, is also homozygous for the 35delG mutation in the GJB2 gene and a second patient has Down syndrome, which is also associated with hearing impairment. Therefore, in those two cases the etiology of the hearing loss is probably not associated with the IVS2-2A>G sequence change in the SLC26A5 gene. CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that heterozygosity for the mutation IVS2-2A>G in SLC26A5 gene may not, by itself, be sufficient to cause hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Teek
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Abstract
Hearing impairment (HI) is the most frequent sensory disorder, with a genetic etiology in >50% of all cases, due to mutations in >44 identified genes. Autosomal recessive inheritance explains the majority, with GJB2 (connexin 26) mutations accounting for 15-50% of paediatric HI. Delayed presentation of HI to 11-60 months in cases of biallelic GJB2 mutations is a concern, necessitating a good audiological follow-up in addition to neonatal hearing screening. Providing a genetic diagnosis in congenital HI has implications for the prognosis, the possible risk of associated medical manifestations, and precise genetic counseling of the family, and should be integrated into the medical examinations done in order to diagnose syndromic features. Large-scale mutation detection methods, such as micro arrays, are promising for wider genetic testing, but few studies on their clinical utility have been published, so far. Limitations of interpretation of genetic test results, combined with significant ethical issues, currently do not justify to institute genetic screening for GJB2 mutations in neonates before a diagnosis of HI is established.
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Puusepp H, Zilina O, Teek R, Männik K, Parkel S, Kruustük K, Kuuse K, Kurg A, Ounap K. 5.9 Mb microdeletion in chromosome band 17q22-q23.2 associated with tracheo-esophageal fistula and conductive hearing loss. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 52:71-4. [PMID: 18983945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Only eight cases involving deletions of chromosome 17 in the region q22-q24 have been reported previously. We describe an additional case, a 7-year-old boy with profound mental retardation, severe microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, symphalangism, contractures of large joints, hyperopia, strabismus, bilateral conductive hearing loss, genital abnormality, psoriasis vulgaris and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Analysis with whole-genome SNP genotyping assay detected a 5.9 Mb deletion in chromosome band 17q22-q23.2 with breakpoints between 48,200,000-48,300,000 bp and 54,200,000-54,300,000 bp (according to NCBI 36). The aberration was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Haploinsufficiency of NOG gene has been implicated in the development of conductive hearing loss, skeletal anomalies including symphalangism, contractures of joints, and hyperopia in our patient and may also contribute to the development of tracheo-esophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia.
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Abstract
Advances in the fabrication of DNA microarrays as well as transformations in detection chemistries have vastly increased the throughput for genotyping, DNA sequencing, and array-based copy number analysis (ABCNA). Rapid changes in technology are not only affecting research but also revolutionizing DNA diagnostics. Here we focus on the application of high-throughput ABCNA and genotyping. Targeted and genome-wide ABCNA has led to the discovery of extensive DNA copy number variation in the population and the delineation of many previously unrecognized submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations (genomic disorders). High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping is being widely applied in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with recent successes in identification of common variants that confer risk for common adult diseases. Future applications of high-throughput genotyping and array-based DNA sequencing technology will undoubtedly involve research and diagnostic analyses of rare mutations and perhaps ultimately enable full individual genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Usami SI, Wagatsuma M, Fukuoka H, Suzuki H, Tsukada K, Nishio S, Takumi Y, Abe S. The responsible genes in Japanese deafness patients and clinical application using Invader assay. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:446-54. [PMID: 18368581 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701785046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of deafness genes has progressed but clinical application lags because of the genetic heterogeneity. To establish clinical application strategy, we reviewed the frequency and spectrum of mutations found in Japanese hearing loss patients and compared them to those in populations of European ancestry. Screening revealed that in Japanese, mutations in GJB2, SLC26A4, and CDH23, and the mitochondrial 12S rRNA are the major causes of hearing loss. Also, mutations in KCNQ4, TECTA, COCH, WFS1, CRYM, COL9A3, and KIAA1199 were found in independent autosomal dominant families. Interestingly, spectrums of GJB2, SLC26A4, and CDH23 mutations in Japanese were quite different from those in Europeans. Simultaneous screening of multiple deafness mutations based on the mutation spectrum of a corresponding population using an Invader panel revealed that approximately 30% of subjects could be diagnosed. This assay will enable us to detect deafness mutations in an efficient and practical manner in the clinical platform. We conclude that specific racial populations may have unique deafness gene epidemiologies; therefore, ethnic background should be considered when genetic testing is performed. Simultaneous examination of multiple mutations based on a population's spectrum may be appropriate and effective for detecting deafness genes, facilitating precise clinical diagnosis, appropriate counseling, and proper management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Hutt N, Rhodes C. Post-natal hearing loss in universal neonatal hearing screening communities: current limitations and future directions. J Paediatr Child Health 2008; 44:87-91. [PMID: 18307417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Universal hearing screening has dramatically improved outcomes for babies born with detectable hearing abnormalities; yet there are some infants who develop significant hearing problems after passing a neonatal screen. There is much conjecture as to the number and the characteristics of infants with post-natal hearing losses; yet evidence suggests that many children may be affected, and that a large proportion have no discoverable cause. Currently, screening programmes use lists of risk factors to enroll babies into surveillance programmes. This practice is problematic because audiological follow-ups are expensive and under-utilised, and parental disclosure is often inaccurate. The large databases from universal neonatal programmes could inform the development of effective, evidence-based practice and policy for the detection and intervention of children who develop post-natal hearing losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hutt
- SWISH, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Li CX, Pan Q, Guo YG, Li Y, Gao HF, Zhang D, Hu H, Xing WL, Mitchelson K, Xia K, Dai P, Cheng J. Construction of a multiplex allele-specific PCR-based universal array (ASPUA) and its application to hearing loss screening. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:306-14. [PMID: 18161878 PMCID: PMC7165727 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new method, using a universal array approach termed multiplex allele‐specific PCR‐based universal array (ASPUA), and applied it to the mutation detection of hereditary hearing loss. Mutations in many different genes may be the cause of hereditary hearing loss, a sensory defect disorder. Effective methods for genetic diagnosis are clearly needed to provide clinical management. Owing to the broad genetic basis of this condition, clinical assay of such a highly heterogeneous disorder is expensive and time consuming. In ASPUA, the allele discrimination reaction is carried out in solution by multiplex allele‐specific PCR and a universal solid phase array with different tag probes is used to display the PCR result. The purpose of developing the ASPUA platform was to utilize the rapidity and simplicity of the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) with the detection power of microarray hybridization. This is the first report of the combination of these two technologies, which allow for the completion of allele‐specific detection of 11 of the most frequent mutations causing hereditary hearing loss in under 5 hr. The ASPUA platform was validated by accurately analyzing 141 patient samples that had been previously genotyped for GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and MTRNR1. In addition, we also developed a simplified assay by using streptavidin‐coated magnetic beads instead of fluorescence for signal display that can be assessed through a conventional light microscope. We demonstrate that the ASPUA platform is rapid, cost‐effective, and easily‐used, and is especially appropriate for mutation detection in clinical genetic diagnostics. Hum Mutat 29(2), 306–314, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Li
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Cremonesi L, Ferrari M, Giordano PC, Harteveld CL, Kleanthous M, Papasavva T, Patrinos GP, Traeger-Synodinos J. An overview of current microarray-based human globin gene mutation detection methods. Hemoglobin 2007; 31:289-311. [PMID: 17654067 DOI: 10.1080/03630260701459366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The panoply of human globin gene mutation detection methods could become significantly enriched with the advent of microarray-based genotyping platforms. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current medium and high-throughput microarray-based globin gene mutation detection platforms, namely the microelectronic array, the "thalassochip" arrayed primer extension (APEX) technology and the single base extension methods. This article also outlines an emerging method based on multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and discusses the implications of customized solutions for resequencing of genomic loci in relation to molecular genetic testing of hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cremonesi
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Usami SI. Application of Deafness Diagnostic Screening Panel Based on Deafness Mutation/Gene Database Using Invader Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 11:333-40. [DOI: 10.1089/gte.2007.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Abe
- Division of Advanced Technology and Development, BML, Inc., Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yamaguchi
- Division of Advanced Technology and Development, BML, Inc., Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Martin TPC, Morgan NV, McKeown C, Maher E. Addressing the challenges of genetic screening for deafness. Clin Otolaryngol 2007; 32:226-7. [PMID: 17550533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.2007.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schrijver I, Külm M, Gardner PI, Pergament EP, Fiddler MB. Comprehensive arrayed primer extension array for the detection of 59 sequence variants in 15 conditions prevalent among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish population. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:228-36. [PMID: 17384215 PMCID: PMC1867437 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Ashkenazi Jewish population, serious and lethal genetic conditions occur with relatively high frequency. A single test that encompasses the majority of population-specific mutations is not currently available. For comprehensive carrier screening and molecular diagnostic purposes, we developed a population-specific and inclusive microarray. The arrayed primer extension genotyping microarray carries 59 sequence variant detection sites, of which 53 are detectable bi-directionally. These sites represent the most common variants in Tay-Sachs disease, Bloom syndrome, Canavan disease, Niemann-Pick A, familial dysautonomia, torsion dystonia, mucolipidosis type IV, Fanconi anemia, Gaucher disease, factor XI deficiency, glycogen storage disease type 1a, maple syrup urine disease, nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss, familial Mediterranean fever, and glycogen storage disease type III. Several mutations in the selected disorders that are not prevalent per se in the Ashkenazi Jewish populations, as well pseudodeficiency alleles, are also included in the array. The initial technical evaluation of this microarray demonstrates that it is comprehensive, robust, sensitive, specific, and easily modifiable. This cost-effective array is based on a diversely applied platform technology and is suitable for both carrier screening and disease detection in Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schrijver
- Department of Pathology, L235, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Gojová L, Jansová E, Külm M, Pouchlá S, Kozák L. Genotyping microarray as a novel approach for the detection of ATP7B gene mutations in patients with Wilson disease. Clin Genet 2007; 73:441-52. [PMID: 18371106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism that is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. To date, more than 300 mutations have been described in this gene. Molecular diagnostics of WD utilizes restriction enzyme digestion, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification or a direct sequencing of the whole gene. To simplify and speed up the screening of ATP7B mutations, we have developed a genotyping microarray for the simultaneous detection of 87 mutations and 17 polymorphisms in the ATP7B gene based on the arrayed primer extension reaction. The patient's DNA is amplified in four multiplex polymerase chain reactions, fragmented products are annealed to arrayed primers spotted on a chip, which enables DNA polymerase extension reactions with fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides. The Wilson microarray was validated by screening 97 previously genetically confirmed WD patients. In total, we detected 43 mutations and 15 polymorphisms that represent a majority of the common mutations occurring in the Czech and Slovak populations. All screened sequence variants were detected with 100% accuracy. The Wilson chip appears to be a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective tool, representing the prototype of a disease chip that facilitates and speeds up the screening of potential WD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gojová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of internal medicine - Hematooncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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