Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S, Donohue J, Annich GM, Thiagarajan RR, Hirsch-Romano JC, Gaies MG. Hemorrhagic complications in pediatric cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry.
Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;
16:276-88. [PMID:
25651048 PMCID:
PMC4668708 DOI:
10.1097/pcc.0000000000000345]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhagic complications in children with cardiac disease requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
DESIGN
Retrospective review of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry (2002-2013).
SETTING
Participating Extracorporeal Life Support Organization centers.
PATIENTS
Patients less than 18 years old on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
INTERVENTIONS
None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Of 21,845 patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the study period, 8,905 (41%) had cardiac disease, and 79% of whom (6,995) had cardiac surgery. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in 8,480 patients (39% of overall cohort), with higher rates in cardiac versus noncardiac patients (49% vs 32%; p < 0.0001) related to cannulation and surgical site bleeding. Cardiac surgical patients had higher rates of hemorrhage compared with cardiac medical patients (57% vs 38%; p < 0.0001), and cardiac patients with hemorrhage had higher extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality compared with those without (42% vs 22% in medical patients and 34% vs 20% in surgical patients; both p < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis in both the cardiac medical and surgical groups, hemorrhage risk was higher in children greater than 1 year old and in patients with longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration. Additional independent risk factors for hemorrhage in cardiac surgical patients included pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mediastinal exploration (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.1-6.3), Society of Thoracic Surgeons morbidity category 4-5 (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03-1.5), cannulation less than 24 hours after surgery (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (≥ 282 min [upper quartile]; odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9).
CONCLUSIONS
In this large, multicenter analysis, hemorrhagic complications occurred in nearly half of children with heart disease on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and were associated with a significant mortality risk. Several factors were associated with hemorrhagic complications in cardiac surgical patients including pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mediastinal exploration, greater surgical complexity, early postoperative cannulation, and longer bypass times. Whether these risks can be mitigated by modifying or delaying systemic anticoagulation requires further investigation.
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