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Gygax L, Schudel S, Kositz C, Kuenzli E, Neumayr A. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis-A systematic review and analysis of the literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012377. [PMID: 39093857 PMCID: PMC11324158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a tick-borne bacterial infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Most available data come from case reports, case series and retrospective studies, while prospective studies and clinical trials are largely lacking. To obtain a clearer picture of the currently known epidemiologic distribution, clinical and paraclinical presentation, diagnostic aspects, complications, therapeutic aspects, and outcomes of HME, we systematically reviewed the literature and analyzed and summarized the data. Cases of HME are almost exclusively reported from North America. Human infections due to other (non-chaffeensis) Ehrlichia spp. are rare. HME primarily presents as an unspecific febrile illness (95% of the cases), often accompanied by thrombocytopenia (79.1% of the cases), leukopenia (57.8% of the cases), and abnormal liver function tests (68.1% of the cases). Immunocompromized patients are overrepresented among reviewed HME cases (26.7%), which indicates the role of HME as an opportunistic infection. The incidence of complications is higher in immunocompromized compared to immunocompetent cases, with ARDS (34% vs 19.8%), acute renal failure (34% vs 15.8%), multi organ failure (26% vs 14.9%), and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (26% vs 14.9%) being the most frequent reported. The overall case fatality is 11.6%, with a significant difference between immunocompetent (9.9%) and immunocompromized (16.3%) cases, and sequelae are rare (4.2% in immunocompetent cases, 2.5% in immunocompromised cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gygax
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schudel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kositz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Kuenzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Neumayr
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Jevtic D, da Silva MD, Haylock AB, Nordstrom CW, Oluic S, Pantic N, Nikolajevic M, Nikolajevic N, Kotseva M, Dumic I. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in Patients with Tick-Borne Illness: A Scoping Review of 98 Cases. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:154-169. [PMID: 38525759 PMCID: PMC10961790 DOI: 10.3390/idr16020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to tick-borne infections is a rare but potentially life-threatening syndrome. We performed a scoping review according to PRISMA guidelines to systematically analyze the existing literature on the topic. A total of 98 patients were included, with a mean age of 43.7 years, of which 64% were men. Most cases, 31%, were reported from the USA. Immunosuppression was present in 21.4%, with the most common cause being previous solid organ transplantation. Constitutional symptoms were the most common, observed in 83.7% of the patients, while fever was reported in 70.4% of cases. Sepsis was present in 27.6%. The most common laboratory abnormalities in this cohort were thrombocytopenia in 81.6% of patients, while anemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis were observed in 75.5%, 55.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. Liver enzyme elevation was noted in 63.3% of cases. The H-score was analyzed in 64 patients, with the mean value being 209, and bone marrow analysis was performed in 61.2% of patients. Ehrlichia spp. was the main isolated agent associated with HLH in 45.9%, followed by Rickettsia spp. in 14.3% and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in 12.2%. Notably, no patient with Powassan virus infection or Lyme borreliosis developed HLH. The most common complications were acute kidney injury (AKI) in 35.7% of patients, shock with multiple organ dysfunction in 22.5%, encephalopathy/seizure in 20.4%, respiratory failure in 16.3%, and cardiac complications in 7.1% of patients. Treatment included antibiotic therapy alone in 43.9%, while 5.1% of patients were treated with immunosuppressants alone. Treatment with both antibiotics and immunosuppressants was used in 51% of patients. Appropriate empiric antibiotics were used in 62.2%. In 43.9% of cases of HLH due to tick-borne disease, patients received only antimicrobial therapy, and 88.4% of those recovered completely without the need for immunosuppressive therapy. The mortality rate in our review was 16.3%, and patients who received inappropriate or delayed empiric therapy had a worse outcome. Hence, we suggest empiric antibiotic treatment in patients who are suspected of having HLH due to tick-borne disease or in whom diagnostic uncertainty persists due to diagnostic delay in order to minimize mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorde Jevtic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.J.); (A.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA
| | | | - Alberto Busmail Haylock
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (D.J.); (A.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA
| | - Charles W. Nordstrom
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA;
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Stevan Oluic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, USA;
| | - Nikola Pantic
- Clinic of Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milan Nikolajevic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Nikola Nikolajevic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Magdalena Kotseva
- Internal Medicine Residency, Franciscan Health, Olympia Fields, Chicago, IL 60461, USA;
| | - Igor Dumic
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA;
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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3
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Benevenuta C, Mussinatto I, Orsi C, Timeus FS. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:423. [PMID: 37602304 PMCID: PMC10433411 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by hyperinflammation in an uncontrolled and ineffective immune response. Despite great improvement in diagnosis and treatment, it still represents a challenge in clinical management, with poor prognosis in the absence of an aggressive therapeutic approach. The present literature review focuses on secondary HLH at pediatric age, which represents a heterogeneous group in terms of etiology and therapeutic approach. It summarizes the most recent evidence on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, and provides a detailed description and comparison of the major subtypes of secondary HLH. Finally, it addresses the open questions with a focus on diagnosis and new treatment insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Benevenuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 4, Chivasso Hospital, I-10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mussinatto
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 4, Chivasso Hospital, I-10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Orsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 4, Chivasso Hospital, I-10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio S. Timeus
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 4, Chivasso Hospital, I-10034 Turin, Italy
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4
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Ehrlichiosis-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Hematol 2023; 2023:5521274. [PMID: 36846547 PMCID: PMC9946753 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5521274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a potentially life-threatening tick-borne illness. HME-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare entity with a paucity of published literature regarding treatment and outcome. We present the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of 4 patients at our institutions with HME-associated HLH. This review also summarizes the current literature regarding the presentation, treatment, and outcome of this infection-related HLH. Methods We searched the PubMed database for case reports and case series. All cases were diagnosed according to the HLH-04 criteria. Results Four cases of HME-associated HLH were included from our institutions. The literature review yielded 30 additional cases. About 41% of the cases were in the pediatric population; 59% were female; and all patients had fever, cytopenia, and elevated ferritin. Most patients were immunocompetent; all but one patient with available data were treated with doxycycline, and eight of the patients with available data received the HLH-94 treatment protocol. The mortality rate was 17.6%. Conclusions HME-associated HLH is a rare but serious syndrome with significant mortality. Early treatment with doxycycline is critical, but the role of immunosuppressive therapy is individualized.
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Cui Y, Shi J, Lu G, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ren H, Zhu Y, Yan G, Wang C, Zhang Y. Prognostic death factors in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: A multicenter prospective nested case-control study. Ther Apher Dial 2021; 26:1023-1029. [PMID: 34877787 PMCID: PMC9540864 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (SHLH) causes significant mortality. We aimed to identify the predictor factors for death in pediatric patients with SHLH‐associated MODS receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods This multicentered nested case–control study was conducted from 2016 to 2020. The characteristics were compared between survivors and non‐survivors. Logistic regression was applied to identify the risk factors for death. The cutoff values were assessed by receiver operating characteristics curves. Results Fifty two patients were enrolled in this study. Interleukin‐6 level (p = 0.018) and the number of organ dysfunction (p = 0.047) were independent risk factors for death. The cutoff value of 13.12 pg/ml interleukin‐6 and three organs dysfunction at CRRT initiation presented a high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion The number of organ dysfunction and interleukin‐6 at CRRT initiation are independent risk factors for death in pediatric patients with SHLH‐associated MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueniu Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gangfeng Yan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Consensus-Based Guidelines for the Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Critically Ill Children and Adults. Crit Care Med 2021; 50:860-872. [PMID: 34605776 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a hyperinflammatory syndrome that often requires critical care support and remains difficult to diagnose. These guidelines are meant to aid in the early recognition, diagnosis, supportive care, and treatment of patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in ICUs. DATA SOURCES The literature searches were performed with PubMed (MEDLINE). STUDY SELECTION Keywords and medical subject headings terms for literature search included "macrophage activation syndrome," hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis," and "hemophagocytic syndrome." DATA EXTRACTION The Histiocyte Society developed these consensus recommendations on the basis of published reports and expert opinions with level of evidence provided for each recommendation. They were endorsed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. DATA SYNTHESIS Testing for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis should be initiated promptly in all patients admitted to ICUs with an unexplained or disproportionate inflammatory response, especially those with rapid clinical deterioration. Meeting five or more of eight hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2004 diagnostic criteria serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Early aggressive critical care interventions are often required to manage the multisystem organ failure associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Thorough investigation of the underlying triggers of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases, is essential. Early steroid treatment is indicated for patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and is often valuable in patients with acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (i.e., secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) without previous therapy, including macrophage activation syndrome (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease) without persistent or relapsing disease. Steroid treatment should not be delayed, particularly if organ dysfunction is present. In patients with macrophage activation syndrome, whose disease does not sufficiently respond, interleukin-1 inhibition and/or cyclosporine A is recommended. In familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and severe, persistent, or relapsing secondary macrophage activation syndrome, the addition of prompt individualized, age-adjusted etoposide treatment is recommended. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to determine optimal treatment for patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in ICUs, including the use of novel and adjunct therapies.
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Acute cardiopulmonary failure in a young woman with high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A case of induction chemotherapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2021; 37:100849. [PMID: 34458540 PMCID: PMC8379276 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is valuable when pulmonary tumor burden from GTN is high. Induction chemotherapy of cisplatin and etoposide was administered during ECMO successfully. The induction chemotherapy regimen led to exponential decline in beta-HCG after 1 cycle. Collaboration of subspecialists is necessary to treat coexisting malignancy and cardiopulmonary failure associated with GTN.
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8
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Gayretli Aydin ZG, Yesilbas O, Reis GP, Guven B. The first pediatric case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever successfully treated with therapeutic plasma exchange accompanying ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin. J Clin Apher 2021; 36:780-784. [PMID: 34061376 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is mild and self-limited in children, some patients may develop excessive bleeding, massive liver necrosis, and multiple organ failure associated with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) induced by cytokine storm. Treatment of CCHF is mainly symptomatic and supportive. The efficacy of ribavirin, which is the only antiviral drug in the treatment of CCHF, remains controversial. Although therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been shown to beneficial in small case series with primary and secondary HLH, there is no pediatric patient with HLH secondary to CCHF treated with TPE in the literature. In this report, we describe the first pediatric patient who was successfully recovered from HLH secondary to CCHF with ribavirin, intravenous immunoglobulin, and TPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Gokce Gayretli Aydin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Osman Yesilbas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gokce Pinar Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Burcu Guven
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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9
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Weyand AC, Barbaro RP, Walkovich KJ, Frame DG. Adjustments to pharmacologic therapies for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis while on extracorporeal support. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29007. [PMID: 33751818 PMCID: PMC8068609 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an immune dysregulatory syndrome characterized by severe inflammation and end-organ damage. Due to significant organ dysfunction, patients often require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). In this report, we describe consideration for adjusting treatment in the context of extracorporeal organ support. We describe agents commonly used and dosing adjustments made in light of extracorporeal organ support. We report six cases that illustrate the feasibility of initiating standard HLH therapies in patients requiring these modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Weyand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ryan P. Barbaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kelly J. Walkovich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David G. Frame
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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10
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Kassif Lerner R, Pollak U. The use of therapeutic plasma exchange for pediatric patients supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenator therapy: A narrative review. Perfusion 2020; 37:113-122. [PMID: 33349141 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120974324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic plasma exchange in children is increasingly recognized as a life-saving treatment and is challenged by some technical considerations. As extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used for nearly half a century for refractory reversible respiratory and/or cardiac failure in both pediatric and adult populations, it may serve as an extracorporeal platform for therapeutic plasma exchange. It is most commonly described in patients with sepsis with multiple organ failure or thrombocytopenia associated multi organ failure. Additional pathophysiological processes of inflammatory and immunological storms might benefit from the combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and plasma exchange. This is a nonmethodological review of English-language reports of therapeutic plasma exchange performed in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, both pediatric and adult, searching six databases, MEDLINE, Clinical Key, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and EMBASE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Kassif Lerner
- Department of pediatric intensive care, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Pollak
- Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Extracorporeal Support Program, Hadassah University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Karra N, Dolinski R, Akria L, Yampoulski Y, Awad J. A Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated With Mediterranean Spotted Fever in a Healthy 29-Year-Old Female. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa355. [PMID: 33072805 PMCID: PMC7545116 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old female presented with fever, headache, and epigastric pain. Though her initial presentation was benign and nonspecific, she soon developed a full-blown cytokine storm with disseminated intravascular coagulation. She was diagnosed with hemophagocytosis secondary to Rickettsia conorii infection. A good outcome was achieved thanks to prompt diagnosis and proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Karra
- Internal Medicine Department E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rina Dolinski
- Internal Medicine Department F, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Luiza Akria
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Hematology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Yevgeni Yampoulski
- Internal Medicine Department F, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Jamal Awad
- Internal Medicine Department F, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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12
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Agudelo Higuita NI, Yuen C. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Ehrlichia Chaffeensis in Adults: A Case Series From Oklahoma. Am J Med Sci 2020; 361:269-273. [PMID: 32928497 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of pathologic immune activation that occurs as either a familial disorder or as a sporadic condition in association with a variety of triggers. Infections are the most common cause of HLH in adults and should be searched for as early treatment usually results in a favorable outcome. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a very rare cause of HLH. Failure to consider ehrlichiosis can result in misdiagnosis and an increased length of hospitalization and healthcare cost as described in our report. Treatment for secondary HLH is aimed at reducing hypercytokinemia and eradicating inflammatory and infected cells. It is important to promptly initiate doxycycline when tick-borne diseases are being entertained as a possible trigger, as the antibiotic is effective, safe and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Carrie Yuen
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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13
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Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a life-threatening condition associated with hyperinflammation and multiple organ dysfunction. It has many causes, symptoms, and outcomes. Early recognition is critical for treatment. Fever, cytopenias, coagulopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly are hallmark findings. Identifying the trigger event is crucial but challenging because of the varied presentations and infrequent provider experience. Diagnostic features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, elevated ferritin, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hemophagocytosis (in bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes), low or absent natural killer cells, and elevated soluble interleukin 2 receptor assay. Primary treatment goals are eliminating the underlying trigger and suppressing hyperinflammation with steroids, immunoglobulins, or immunomodulators. Specific treatment includes corticosteroids, etoposide, and antithymocyte globulin followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory or relapsing disease. Prompt immunochemical therapy is essential but often complicated by a high risk of treatment-related morbidity and disease recurrence. Despite these challenges, improvements in diagnostic technology and treatment have enhanced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Skinner
- Janice Skinner is Adult Nurse Practitioner, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, 300 Mason Lord Dr, Baltimore MD 21224 . Benedicta Yankey is Nurse Clinician, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Brenda K. Shelton is Clinical Nurse Specialist, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benedicta Yankey
- Janice Skinner is Adult Nurse Practitioner, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, 300 Mason Lord Dr, Baltimore MD 21224 . Benedicta Yankey is Nurse Clinician, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Brenda K. Shelton is Clinical Nurse Specialist, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brenda K Shelton
- Janice Skinner is Adult Nurse Practitioner, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, 300 Mason Lord Dr, Baltimore MD 21224 . Benedicta Yankey is Nurse Clinician, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Brenda K. Shelton is Clinical Nurse Specialist, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Otrock ZK, Eby CS, Burnham CAD. Human ehrlichiosis at a tertiary-care academic medical center: Clinical associations and outcomes of transplant patients and patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 77:17-22. [PMID: 30913447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ehrlichiosis is an acute febrile tick-borne disease which can rarely be a trigger for secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). METHODS We reviewed our experience with Ehrlichia infections at a tertiary-care academic medical center. RESULTS Over 10 years, 157 cases of ehrlichiosis were identified. Ten patients (6.4%) had infection with E. ewingii, 7(4.5%) of whom were transplant patients as compared to 3(1.9%) non-transplant patients (p = .035). Transplant patients were more likely to have leukopenia and elevated creatinine compared to immunocompetent patients; length of hospital stay and early mortality were not different between the two groups. Ten patients met the HLH-2004 diagnosis criteria, which could be an underestimation of HLH occurrence as most patients were not completely evaluated for these criteria. We calculated the H-Score to find the probability of HLH; 25 patients scored high making the occurrence rate of HLH at least 16%. Ehrlichia-induced HLH patients (N = 25) had more anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated creatinine and AST. Moreover, they had a significantly longer hospital stay (median 9 days) compared to patients without HLH (median 4 days) (p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Ehrlichia-induced HLH is a potential serious complication with relatively high occurrence rate; patients manifest severe disease with end-organ damage requiring longer hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher K Otrock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Charles S Eby
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the Critical Care Unit. CRITICAL CARE OF THE PEDIATRIC IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY PATIENT 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01322-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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