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Sokol RL, Carter PM, Goldstick J, Miller AL, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Within-Person Variability in Firearm Carriage Among High-Risk Youth. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:386-393. [PMID: 32430221 PMCID: PMC7483893 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
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