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Lee JY, Steelesmith DL, Chaiyachati BH, Kirsch J, Rao S, Fontanella CA. Child Welfare System-Level Factors Associated with All-Cause Mortality Among Children in Foster Care in the United States, 2009-2018. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:684-699. [PMID: 37253711 PMCID: PMC10687308 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231177313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of child welfare system-level factors on child mortality as an outcome within foster care. Using data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, 2009-2018, we examined the associations between county-level sociodemographic, foster care performance, and judicial reform characteristics with all-cause mortality rates. Results of random effects negative binomial regression analyses showed that higher proportions of younger children (<1 year: IRR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.11]; 5-9 years: IRR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.01, 1.09]); children of color (i.e., non-Hispanic Asian: IRR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.01, 1.13]; multiracial: IRR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.04]; non-Hispanic Black: IRR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.02]; Hispanic: IRR = 1.01, 95% CI [1.01, 1.02]); and male children (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.05, 1.15]) were associated with higher mortality risks at the county level. Current class action lawsuits (IRR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.63, 0.99]) and active consent decrees (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.63, 0.94]) were associated with lower mortality risks. None of the foster care performance characteristics (e.g., foster care entry, placement stability, permanency) were associated with mortality risks. These findings have implications for addressing health disparities and reforming foster care systems through programmatic and policy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y. Lee
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Danielle L. Steelesmith
- Center for Suicide Prevention and Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jaclyn Kirsch
- School of Social Work, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Smitha Rao
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Fontanella
- Center for Suicide Prevention and Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Rebbe R, Malicki D, Siddiqi N, Huang JS, Putnam-Hornstein E, Laub N. Child Protection System Interactions for Children With Positive Urine Screens for Illicit Drugs. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e243133. [PMID: 38512254 PMCID: PMC10958236 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Young children are ingesting illicit drugs at increased rates, but it is unknown what the associated child protection system (CPS) responses are when a child tests positive. Objective To document the child protection system involvement and the characteristics of children who test positive for illicit substances. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cross-sectional study linked medical discharge and child protection system administrative data. The setting was Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, a free-standing pediatric hospital in California. Participants included all emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children aged 12 years or younger with a positive urine drug test between 2016 and 2021. Statistical analysis was performed from February 2023 to January 2024. Exposure Drug type, including amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, fentanyl, opiates, and phencyclidine. Main Measures and Outcomes CPS responses associated with the medical encounter including reports, substantiations, case openings, and out-of-home placements. Results A total of 511 emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children had a positive drug test (262 [51.3%] were female; 309 [60.5%] were age 6 years or younger; fewer than 10 [<3.0%] were American Indian or Alaska Native; 252 [49.3%] were Hispanic [any race], 20 [3.9%] were non-Hispanic Asian, 56 [11.0%] were non-Hispanic Black, 143 [28.0%] were non-Hispanic White, 36 [7.0%] had other or unknown race and ethnicity; 233 [43.6%] had a CPS report prior to the medical encounter). Following the positive screen, 244 (47.7%) were reported to child protection, and 61 (11.9%) were placed out-of-home within 30 days. Mean (SD) quarterly counts of encounters with positive drug tests doubled after the COVID-19 pandemic onset (32.9 [9.8]) compared with prior to the pandemic onset (16.5 [4.7]); for encounters positive for cannabis, mean (SD) quarterly counts were 3 times as high after the pandemic onset than prior (16.6 [4.7] vs 5.7 [2.9]). Encounters for children under age 1 were significantly more likely to have associated child protection reports (relative risk [RR], 2.91 [95% CI, 2.21-3.83]) and child protection case openings (RR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.07-2.72]) than encounters involving older children. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of emergency department and inpatient medical encounters, less than half of children with positive urine drug screens were reported to CPS; out-of-home placements were uncommon. With increased encounters for positive drug tests, it is unclear what services these children and families are receiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rebbe
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Social Work, Chapel Hill
| | - Denise Malicki
- University of California, San Diego
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
- Chadwick Center for Children and Families, San Diego, California
| | - Nadia Siddiqi
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Jeannie S. Huang
- University of California, San Diego
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
| | | | - Natalie Laub
- University of California, San Diego
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
- Chadwick Center for Children and Families, San Diego, California
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Campbell KA, Myrup T, Branson DB, Svedin L. A collaborative practice pilot between child welfare and child health care providers: Lessons in implementation and evaluation of cross-sector interventions. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106694. [PMID: 38359777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved collaboration between child welfare and health care offers the possibility of improved child well-being after child welfare involvement. OBJECTIVE To pilot a collaborative practice model between CPS caseworkers and pediatric primary care providers (PCPs). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Infants remaining at home following child welfare involvement in 2 regions of a Western state were randomly assigned to collaborative vs. standard practice between 11/2017 and 03/2019. METHODS CPS caseworkers were trained and randomized into standard vs collaborative practice model developed to promote information sharing between caseworkers and PCPs. A mixed-methods evaluation integrated administrative and qualitative data from child welfare, caregivers, caseworkers and PCPs. Outcomes evaluated included practice implementation; caregiver, caseworker, and PCP satisfaction with collaborative practice; and preliminary descriptions of practice impact. RESULTS There were 423 eligible cases randomized to either collaborative or standard practice. Uptake of all elements of the collaborative practice by caseworkers was limited. There were no significant differences in parental satisfaction with caseworkers, parental communication with PCPs regarding social risks or CPS involvement or repeat CPS investigations within 6 months of case closure identified between practice arms. Qualitative themes regarding facilitators of and barriers to implementation were explored from both PCP and CPS caseworker perspectives. CONCLUSIONS Limited uptake challenges our ability to identify potential benefits of a collaborative practice for infant health or welfare outcomes. CPS caseworkers and pediatric PCPs report barriers to implementation as well as potential benefits for children and families with a more successful collaborative practice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Protection and Family Health, University of Utah, Center for Safe and Healthy Families, 4E-200, Eccles Outpatient Building, 81 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
| | - Tonya Myrup
- Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Child and Family Services, Multi-Agency State Office Building, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA.
| | - David B Branson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Pediatric Residency Office, Eccles Outpatient Building, 81 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
| | - Lina Svedin
- Department of Political Science, University of Utah, Gardner Commons, Room 3350, 260 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Vega S, Huang JS, Kuelbs CL, Rebbe R, Putnam-Hornstein E. A Longitudinal Study of Health Care Utilization Among Infants Investigated for Maltreatment. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:87-91. [PMID: 37247840 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether maltreatment investigated during infancy affects high-acuity health care utilization patterns during early childhood. METHODS Retrospective case-control study based on linked data between child protection and hospital encounter records conducted to review health records of infants investigated for abuse and/or neglect. Cases and controls were followed longitudinally through the Rady Children's Hospital electronic health records for 4 years starting at the age of 1 year. RESULTS A total of 3692 children were investigated for maltreatment within the first year of life. When comparisons were made between children reported for maltreatment and matched controls, children with infancy maltreatment reports had significantly more high-acuity health care encounters than matched controls (average treatment effect = 1.53, 95% Confidence Interval 1.08-1.99, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Infants investigated for maltreatment have greater high-acuity health care utilization in early childhood. These findings highlight this population's need for well-defined medical homes to ensure appropriate health care. Further understanding of the underlying reasons for this increased health care burden will help inform these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vega
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), Calif; University of California (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), San Diego Medical Center.
| | - Jeannie S Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), Calif; University of California (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), San Diego Medical Center
| | - Cynthia L Kuelbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), Calif; University of California (S Vega, JS Huang, and CL Kuelbs), San Diego Medical Center
| | - Rebecca Rebbe
- School of Social Work (R Rebbe and E Putnam-Hornstein), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- School of Social Work (R Rebbe and E Putnam-Hornstein), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work (E Putnam-Hornstein), Children's Data Network, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Wulczyn F, Kaligotla C, Hummel J, Wagner A, MacLeod A. Agent-based simulation and child protection systems: Rationale, implementation, and verification. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106578. [PMID: 38128373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Simulation models are an important tool used in health care and other disciplines to support operational research and decision-making. In the child protection literature, simulation models are an under-utilized source of research evidence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING In this paper, we describe the rationale for and the development of an agent-based simulation of a child protection system in the US. Using the investigation, prevention service, and placement histories of 600,000 children served in an urban child welfare system, we walk the reader through the development of a prototype known as OSPEDALE. METHODS The governing equations built into OSPEDALE probabilistically simulate the onset of investigations. Then, drawing from empirical survival distributions, the governing equations trace the probability of subsequent interactions with the system (recurrence of maltreatment, service referrals, and placement) conditional on the characteristics of children, their assessed risk level, and prior child protection system involvement. RESULTS As an initial test of OSPEDALE's utility, we compare empirical admission counts with counts generated from OSPEDALE. Though the verification step is admittedly simple, the comparison shows that OSPEDALE replicates the empirical count of new admissions closely enough to justify further investment in OSPEDALE. CONCLUSIONS Management of public child protection systems is increasingly research evidence-dependent. The emphasis on research evidence as a decision-support tool has elevated evidence acquired through randomized clinical trials. Though important, the evidence from clinical trials represents only one type of research evidence. Properly specified, simulation models are another source of evidence with real-world relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Wulczyn
- Center for State Child Welfare Data, Chapin Hall, University of Chicago, United States of America.
| | | | - John Hummel
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, United States of America
| | - Amanda Wagner
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, United States of America
| | - Alex MacLeod
- Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Canada
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Rebbe R, Reddy J, Huang JS, Kuelbs CL, Putnam-Hornstein E. Counts and child protection reports of diagnosed child maltreatment before and after the COVID-19 pandemic onset. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106450. [PMID: 37708644 PMCID: PMC10872595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms for reporting child maltreatment (CM) were affected by changes in service provision immediately following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in counts and CPS reporting of CM medical encounters before and after the onset of COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING All emergency department and inpatient medical encounters with at least one CM diagnosis during the study period at Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, the largest pediatric hospital in California between 2016 and November 2021. METHODS Using linked medical record and CPS administrative data, interrupted time series models tested for changes in monthly counts and percentages of CM medical encounters reported to CPS with the onset of COVID-19. Logistic regression tested for the likelihood of a CPS report being associated with a CM encounter. RESULTS CM medical encounters totaled 2528, including 793 after the onset of COVID-19. Interrupted time series models indicated with the onset of the pandemic, the counts of CM encounters increased 18 % (RR: 1.18, 95 % CI 1.03-1.34) and the percentages reported to CPS increased 10 % (RR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.17). CM encounters that occurred after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had increased odds of a CPS report (fully adjusted model: OR: 1.08; 95 % CI: 1.05-1.12). CONCLUSIONS This study found increases in monthly counts and a higher percentage of CM medical encounters with CPS reports after the pandemic onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rebbe
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Social Work, 325 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Julia Reddy
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jeannie S Huang
- Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; University of California, San Diego Department of Pediatrics, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Kuelbs
- Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; University of California, San Diego Department of Pediatrics, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Social Work, 325 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Children's Data Network, University of Southern California, 669 W 34th St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Reddy J, Palmer L, Putnam-Hornstein E. Three-Year Custody Outcomes Among Infants Investigated by Child Protection Systems for Prenatal Substance Exposure in California. Matern Child Health J 2023; 27:94-103. [PMID: 37256517 PMCID: PMC10692263 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-023-03690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infants affected by prenatal alcohol and drug use are more likely to be removed from parental custody than those in the general population, although it is unclear whether their custody outcomes differ from infants investigated by child protection systems (CPS) for other reasons. This analysis seeks to compare trajectories of involvement and custody outcomes among infants investigated by CPS with and without documentation of prenatal substance exposure (PSE). METHOD We used vital birth records linked to administrative CPS records to examine the timing of system involvement and 3-year custodial outcomes among investigated infants with and without identified PSE. We defined PSE according to documentation on the state's standardized hotline screening form, which CPS completes upon referral for alleged maltreatment. We estimated the likelihood a child was in nonparental custody at age 3 by specifying multivariable generalized linear models, adjusted for covariates available in the birth record. RESULTS In our sample of 22,855 infants investigated by CPS in 2017 in California, more than 26% had documentation of PSE. These infants experienced an accelerated timeline of system penetration and were 2.2 times as likely to be in nonparental placement at age 3. DISCUSSION PSE confers an independent risk of custody interruption among infants investigated by CPS. The younger age of these infants, complexity of parental substance use, and potential misalignment of administrative permanency timelines with parental recovery all suggest the need for increased research, policy, and programmatic interventions to serve this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reddy
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 412 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Lindsey Palmer
- The Pennsylvania State University, 133 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3550, USA
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Barrett NM, Michaels NL, Kistamgari S, Smith GA, Brink FW. Child maltreatment among victims of violent death: an analysis of national violent death reporting system data, 2014-2018. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:63. [PMID: 38031196 PMCID: PMC10685529 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is known about the impact of childhood maltreatment on lifetime risk of violent death. This study aimed to compare manner of death, demographics, age at time of death, and the presence of a mental health or substance use disorder among decedents of violent deaths with a history of child maltreatment to those without. METHODS This cross-sectional study compared characteristics of pediatric and adult violent deaths with and without a history of child maltreatment that were captured in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2014 through 2018. RESULTS Decedents who were male, multiracial, and had adulthood substance or mental health disorders were more likely to have a history of maltreatment. All-age decedents with a history of maltreatment were more likely to die by homicide. Adult decedents with a history of maltreatment were more likely to die by suicide. Maltreated decedents died significantly younger than non-maltreated decedents. CONCLUSIONS Among victims of violent deaths, an identified history of child maltreatment was associated with increased risk of homicide across the lifespan, adult suicide, and earlier death. A history of child maltreatment was also associated with mental health and substance use disorders, which may reflect one of the pathways through which the child maltreatment-to-death association functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Barrett
- Pediatric Resource Center at Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, 901 East Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 475 Vine St., Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Nichole L Michaels
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Sandhya Kistamgari
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Gary A Smith
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Farah W Brink
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- The Center for Family Safety and Healing at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 655 E. Livingston Ave., Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
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Dubowitz H, Barth RP. Seeking a Balanced View of Child Protective Services. JAMA Pediatr 2023:2807908. [PMID: 37523178 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the strengths and shortcomings of child protective services, including mandatory reporting policies, with a goal of enhancing its role in ensuring children’s safety and strengthening families.
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Ahn E, Prindle J, Reddy J, Putnam-Hornstein E. Predictors of Maternal Recidivism in the Child Protection System. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023; 28:307-317. [PMID: 35544949 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment recidivism is typically measured and studied at the individual level. Conditions that give rise to child abuse and neglect, however, typically affect multiple children in a given family. In the current study, we estimated maltreatment recidivism at the maternal level and examined its risk as a function of maternal sociodemographic characteristics that may change over time. Using linked administrative records, we identified a subset of first-time mothers in California whose first child was reported to the child protection system (CPS) between birth and age 5 and who then gave birth to another child (n = 14,715). Following the firstborn child's CPS reporting, nearly half of these mothers (43.3%) were re-reported concerning the non-firstborn children during the first 5 years of the child's life. Risk factors consistently documented across births were associated with a heightened risk of maternal CPS recidivism. Our study advances an understanding of the full extent of maltreatment recidivism by broadening the focus from individual children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Ahn
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - John Prindle
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - Julia Reddy
- Gillings School of Public Health, 41474University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
- School of Social Work, 279022University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Low A, Blyth FJ. Infants reported for maltreatment had an increased risk of death from medical causes. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2023; 108:142. [PMID: 35688605 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Low
- Department of Paediatrics, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
| | - Fiona Jane Blyth
- Community Paediatrics, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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A Population-Level Examination of Incarcerated Women and Mothers Before and After the California Public Safety Realignment Act. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:15-23. [PMID: 34978019 PMCID: PMC8720545 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background In 2011, California enacted its public safety realignment initiative (realignment) motivated by a U.S. Supreme Court ruling to reduce state prison overcrowding and in effort to reduce recidivism. Realignment transferred authority for lower-level felony offenders from the state to the counties, leading to a rapid reduction in state prison incarceration levels. Objective This study drew on a unique dataset to assess the effects of California’s efforts to downsize the prison system on maternal incarceration levels and to better understand the characteristics of incarcerated mothers and their children. Methods Incarceration records concerning all women in California state prisons between 2010 and 2012 (N = 16,917) were linked to 7.5 million vital birth records dating to 1999 to identify incarcerated women who had given birth. Multinomial logistic regression models were specified to better understand offense type differences among incarcerated mothers versus nonmothers. Results Findings indicate that realignment disproportionately affected women. The number of men entering prison decreased 67.8% between 2010 and 2012. In comparison, the number of women entering prison decreased 78.5%. Further, more than half of incarcerated women had given birth. Mothers were more likely than nonmothers to be convicted of nonviolent crimes. Discussion This study underscores how prison downsizing can disproportionately reduce incarceration levels for women. Given that such large proportion of incarcerated women were mothers, this policy change may have potential spillover next-generation benefits. Finally, this work reinforces the potential to use linked administrative records to study incarcerated populations.
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Runyan DK. Child Maltreatment and Medical Fragility: Fatalities in the First Year of Life. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-051829. [PMID: 34426535 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond K Runyan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Kempe Center, The University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado and the Departments of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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