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Soriano VX, Allen KJ, Dharmage SC, Shifti DM, Perrett KP, Wijesuriya R, Koplin JJ, Peters RL. Prevalence and Determinants of Food Allergy in the Era of Early Allergen Introduction: the EarlyNuts Population-Based Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024:S2213-2198(24)00689-5. [PMID: 38992429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant feeding guidelines in Australia changed in 2016 to recommend introducing common allergy-causing foods by age 1 year to prevent food allergy. Although most Australian infants now eat peanut and egg by age 6 months, some still develop food allergy despite the early introduction of allergens. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence of food allergy in a cohort recruited after introducing the nationwide allergy prevention recommendations; identify characteristics of infants who developed allergy despite early introduction of allergens; and estimate the causal effect of modifiable exposures on food allergy prevalence and whether this differed between infants who were introduced to allergens before or after age 6 months. METHODS We recruited a population-based sample of 12-month-old infants in Melbourne, Australia. Infants had skin prick tests to four foods and parents completed questionnaires. Infants with evidence of sensitization were offered oral food challenges. Prevalence estimates were adjusted using inverse probability weighting. RESULTS In a cohort of infants (n = 1,420) in which nearly all infants had been introduced to common allergens such as egg, milk, and peanut by age 1 year, the prevalence of food allergy remained high at 11.3% (95% CI, 9.6-13.4). Infants who developed food allergy despite introduction of the allergen by age 6 months were more likely to have Asian-born parents. Early-onset moderate or severe eczema was associated with an increased odds of food allergy irrespective of whether allergens were introduced before or after age 6 months. Among infants who were introduced to peanut at age 6 months or earlier, antibiotic use by age 6 months was associated with an increased odds of peanut allergy (adjusted odds ratio = 6.03; 95% CI, 1.15-31.60). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort in which early allergen introduction was common, the prevalence of food allergy remained high. Infants who developed food allergy despite introduction of the respective allergen by age 6 months were more likely to have had Asian parents and early-onset eczema. New interventions are needed for infants with a phenotype of food allergy that is not amenable to early allergen introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria X Soriano
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina J Allen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Desalegn Markos Shifti
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirsten P Perrett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rushani Wijesuriya
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Koplin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel L Peters
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Peng Z, Apfelbacher C, Brandstetter S, Eils R, Kabesch M, Lehmann I, Trump S, Wellmann S, Genuneit J. Directed acyclic graph for epidemiological studies in childhood food allergy: Construction, user's guide, and application. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38234010 DOI: 10.1111/all.16025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding modifiable prenatal and early life causal determinants of food allergy is important for the prevention of the disease. Randomized clinical trials studying environmental and dietary determinants of food allergy may not always be feasible. Identifying risk/protective factors for early-life food allergy often relies on observational studies, which may be affected by confounding bias. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a causal diagram useful to guide causal inference from observational epidemiological research. To date, research on food allergy has made little use of this promising method. We performed a literature review of existing evidence with a systematic search, synthesized 32 known risk/protective factors, and constructed a comprehensive DAG for early-life food allergy development. We present an easy-to-use online tool for researchers to re-construct, amend, and modify the DAG along with a user's guide to minimize confounding bias. We estimated that adjustment strategies in 57% of previous observational studies on modifiable factors of childhood food allergy could be improved if the researchers determined their adjustment sets by DAG. Future researchers who are interested in the causal inference of food allergy development in early life can apply the DAG to identify covariates that should and should not be controlled in observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Peng
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Brandstetter
- Member of the Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE) at the Clinic St. Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
- University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO-Clinics), University of Regensburg, Clinic St. Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- German Center of Child and Youth Health (DZKJ), Germany
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Member of the Research and Development Campus Regensburg (WECARE) at the Clinic St. Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
- University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO-Clinics), University of Regensburg, Clinic St. Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irina Lehmann
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- German Center of Child and Youth Health (DZKJ), Germany
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Trump
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wellmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center of Child and Youth Health (DZKJ), Germany
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Kuper P, Hasenpusch C, Proebstl S, Matterne U, Hornung CJ, Grätsch E, Li M, Sprenger AA, Pieper D, Koplin JJ, Perkin MR, Genuneit J, Apfelbacher C. Timing of complementary feeding for early childhood allergy prevention: An overview of systematic reviews. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:1243-1255. [PMID: 37779264 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise and critically appraise systematic review (SR) evidence on the effects of timing of complementary feeding (CF) on the occurrence of allergic sensitisation and disease. DESIGN Overview of SRs. AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS were used to assess methodological quality and risk of bias (RoB) of SRs. RoB 2 Tool was used to assess RoB of primary randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (or extracted). The certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using GRADE. Findings were synthesised narratively. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (via PubMed and Ovid), the Cochrane Library and Web of Science Core Collection (2010 to 27 February 2023). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA SRs investigating the effects of timing of CF in infants or young children (0-3 years) on risk of developing food allergy (FA), allergic sensitisation, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema and adverse events based on RCT evidence. RESULTS Eleven SRs were included. Only two SRs had low RoB; common issues were failure to report on funding of primary studies and failure to provide a list of excluded trials. Common limitations of included trials were lack of blinding of outcome assessment or detailed trial preregistration, and inadequate handling of high loss to follow up. Primary study overlap was very high for specific FA and slight to moderate for FA in general and other primary outcomes. Introducing specific foods (peanut, cooked egg) early probably reduces the risk of specific FA. Evidence for other allergic outcomes was mostly very uncertain and based on few primary studies. Trials varied regarding timing of CF, nature of complementary foods and population risk, which limited comparability between SRs. CONCLUSIONS For developing guidelines to support decision-making on the timing of CF as a preventive strategy, early introduction of specific foods (i.e. egg and peanut) seems promising and safe, whereas more extensive research is required regarding other allergic outcomes and potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kuper
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hasenpusch
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Simone Proebstl
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Matterne
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Catherine J Hornung
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esther Grätsch
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mengtong Li
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonia A Sprenger
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dawid Pieper
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Institute for Health Services and Health System Research, Rüdersdorf, Germany
- Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Koplin
- Centre for Food & Allergy Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R Perkin
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University London, London, UK
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Shaw MA, Liu A. Nutritional Considerations for the First Year of Life. Pediatr Ann 2023; 52:e316-e321. [PMID: 37695279 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20230720-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Feeding during the first year of life is a dynamic process with unique questions, concerns, and milestones emerging at every step. This article will review a small selection of specific questions and concerns related to feeding in the first 12 months of infancy. The aim of this article is to inform and support pediatric providers and parents during this crucial developmental period. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(9):e316-e321.].
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