1
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Bifulco SF, Boyle PM. Computational Modeling and Simulation of the Fibrotic Human Atria. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2735:105-115. [PMID: 38038845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3527-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Patient-specific modeling of atrial electrical activity enables the execution of simulations that can provide mechanistic insights and provide novel solutions to vexing clinical problems. The geometry and fibrotic remodeling of the heart can be reconstructed from clinical-grade medical scans and used to inform personalized models with detail incorporated at the cell- and tissue-scale to represent changes in image-identified diseased regions. Here, we provide a rubric for the reconstruction of realistic atrial models from pre-segmented 3D renderings of the left atrium with fibrotic tissue regions delineated, which are the output from clinical-grade systems for quantifying fibrosis. We then provide a roadmap for using those models to carry out patient-specific characterization of the fibrotic substrate in terms of its potential to harbor reentrant drivers via cardiac electrophysiology simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah F Bifulco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Rabinovitch A, Rabinovitch R, Biton Y, Braunstein D, Thieberger R. A possible new cardiac heterogeneity as an arrhythmogenic driver. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7571. [PMID: 37165085 PMCID: PMC10172337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the commonest cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 3 million people in the USA and 8 million in the EU (according to the European Society of Cardiology). So, why is it that even with the best medical care, around a third of the patients are treatment resistant. Extensive research of its etiology showed that AF and its mechanisms are still debatable. Some of the AF origins are ascribed to functional and ionic heterogeneities of the heart tissue and possibly to additional triggering agents. But, have all AF origins been detected? Are all accepted origins, in fact, arrhythmogenic? In order to study these questions and specifically to check our new idea of intermittency as an arrhythmogenesis agent, we chose to employ a mathematical model which was as simple as possible, but which could still be used to observe the basic network processes of AF development. At this point we were not interested in the detailed ionic propagations nor in the actual shapes of the induced action potentials (APs) during the AF outbreaks. The model was checked by its ability to exactly recapture the basic AF developmental stages known from experimental cardiac observations and from more elaborate mathematical models. We use a simple cellular automata 2D mathematical model of N × N matrices to elucidate the field processes leading to AF in a tissue riddled with randomly distributed heterogeneities of different types, under sinus node operation, simulated by an initial line of briefly stimulated cells inducing a propagating wave, and with or without an additional active ectopic action potential pulse, in turn simulated by a transitory operation of a specific cell. Arrhythmogenic contributions, of three different types of local heterogeneities in myocytes and their collaborations, in inducing AF are examined. These are: a heterogeneity created by diffuse fibrosis, a heterogeneity created by myocytes having different refractory periods, and a new heterogeneity type, created by intermittent operation of some myocytes. The developmental stages (target waves and spirals) and the different probabilities of AF occurring under each condition, are shown. This model was established as being capable of reproducing the known AF origins and their basic development stages, and in addition has shown: (1) That diffuse fibrosis on its own is not arrhythmogenic but in combination with other arrhythmogenic agents it can either enhance or limit AF. (2) In general, combinations of heterogeneities can act synergistically, and, most importantly, (3) The new type of intermittency heterogeneity proves to be extremely arrhythmogenic. Both the intermittency risk and the fibrosis role in AF generation were established. Knowledge of the character of these arrhythmogenesis agents can be of real importance in AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rabinovitch
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Y Biton
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - D Braunstein
- Physics Department, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - R Thieberger
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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3
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Leowattana W, Leowattana T, Leowattana P. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-atrial-specific cardiomyocytes and atrial fibrillation. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:9588-9601. [PMID: 36186184 PMCID: PMC9516943 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i27.9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-aCMs) may be produced, genome-edited, and differentiated into multiple cell types for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug testing, toxicity screening, and three-dimensional tissue fabrication. There is presently no complete model of atrial fibrillation (AF) available for studying human pharmacological responses and evaluating the toxicity of potential medication candidates. It has been demonstrated that hiPSC-aCMs can replicate the electrophysiological disease phenotype and genotype of AF. The hiPSC-aCMs, however, are immature and do not reflect the maturity of aCMs in the native myocardium. Numerous laboratories utilize a variety of methodologies and procedures to improve and promote aCM maturation, including electrical stimulation, culture duration, biophysical signals, and changes in metabolic variables. This review covers the current methods being explored for use in the maturation of patient-specific hiPSC-aCMs and their application towards a personalized approach to the pharmacologic therapy of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tawithep Leowattana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Pathomthep Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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4
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Cellular heterogeneity and repolarisation across the atria: an in silico study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:3153-3168. [PMID: 36104609 PMCID: PMC9537222 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation and the susceptibility to reentries can be impacted by the repolarization across the atria. Studies into atrial fibrillation ignore cell-to-cell heterogeneity due to electrotonic coupling. Recent studies show that cellular variability may have a larger impact on electrophysiological behaviour than assumed. This paper aims to determine the impact of cellular heterogeneity on the repolarization phase across the AF remodelled atria. Using a population of models approach, 10 anatomically identical atrial models were created to include cellular heterogeneity. Atrial models were compared with an equivalent homogenous model. Activation, APD90, and repolarization maps were used to compare models. The impact of electrotonic coupling in the tissue was determined through a comparison of RMP, APD20, APD50, APD90, and triangulation between regional atrial tissue and the single cell populations. After calibration, cellular heterogeneity does not impact atrial depolarization. Repolarization patterns were significantly impacted by cellular heterogeneity, with the APD90 across the LA increasing due to heterogeneity and the reverse occurring in the RA. Electrotonic coupling caused a reduction in variability across all biomarkers but did not fully remove variability. Electrotonic coupling resulted in an increase in APD20 and APD50, and reduced triangulation compared to isolated cell populations. Heterogeneity also caused a reduction in triangulation compared with regionally homogeneous atria.
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5
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Jæger KH, Edwards AG, Giles WR, Tveito A. Arrhythmogenic influence of mutations in a myocyte-based computational model of the pulmonary vein sleeve. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7040. [PMID: 35487957 PMCID: PMC9054808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the heart, electrophysiological dysregulation arises from defects at many biological levels (from point mutations in ion channel proteins to gross structural abnormalities). These defects disrupt the normal pattern of electrical activation, producing ectopic activity and reentrant arrhythmia. To interrogate mechanisms that link these primary biological defects to macroscopic electrophysiologic dysregulation most prior computational studies have utilized either (i) detailed models of myocyte ion channel dynamics at limited spatial scales, or (ii) homogenized models of action potential conduction that reproduce arrhythmic activity at tissue and organ levels. Here we apply our recent model (EMI), which integrates electrical activation and propagation across these scales, to study human atrial arrhythmias originating in the pulmonary vein (PV) sleeves. These small structures initiate most supraventricular arrhythmias and include pronounced myocyte-to-myocyte heterogeneities in ion channel expression and intercellular coupling. To test EMI's cell-based architecture in this physiological context we asked whether ion channel mutations known to underlie atrial fibrillation are capable of initiating arrhythmogenic behavior via increased excitability or reentry in a schematic PV sleeve geometry. Our results illustrate that EMI's improved spatial resolution can directly interrogate how electrophysiological changes at the individual myocyte level manifest in tissue and as arrhythmia in the PV sleeve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne R Giles
- Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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6
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Nedios S, Iliodromitis K, Kowalewski C, Bollmann A, Hindricks G, Dagres N, Bogossian H. Big Data in electrophysiology. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:26-33. [PMID: 35137276 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quantity of data produced and captured in medicine today is unprecedented. Technological improvements and automation have expanded the traditional statistical methods and enabled the analysis of Big Data. This has permitted the discovery of new associations with a granularity that was previously hidden to human eyes. In the first part of this review, the authors would like to provide an overview of basic Machine Learning (ML) principles and techniques in order to better understand their application in recent publications about cardiac arrhythmias. In the second part, ML-enabled advances in disease detection and diagnosis, outcome prediction, and novel disease characterization in topics like electrocardiography, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac devices are presented. Finally, the limitations and challenges of applying ML in clinical practice, such as validation, replication, generalizability, and regulatory issues, are discussed. More carefully designed studies and collaborations are needed for ML to become feasible, trustworthy, accurate, and reproducible and to reach its full potential for patient-oriented precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Nedios
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Rhythmologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos Iliodromitis
- Department of Cardiology and Rhythmology, Ev. Krankenhaus Hagen, Hagen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Christopher Kowalewski
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bollmann
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hindricks
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harilaos Bogossian
- Department of Cardiology and Rhythmology, Ev. Krankenhaus Hagen, Hagen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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7
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Couselo-Seijas M, Rodríguez-Mañero M, González-Juanatey JR, Eiras S. Updates on epicardial adipose tissue mechanisms on atrial fibrillation. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13277. [PMID: 34002458 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a well-known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Local epi-myocardial or intra-myocardial adiposity caused by aging, obesity, or cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered to be a better predictor of the risk of AF than general adiposity. Some of the described mechanisms suggest that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) participates in structural remodeling owing to its endocrine activity or its infiltration between cardiomyocytes. Epicardial fat also wraps up the ganglionated plexi that reach the myocardium. Although the increment of volume/thickness and activity of EAT might modify autonomic activity, autonomic system dysfunction might also change the endocrine activity of epicardial fat in a feedback response. As a result, new preventive therapeutic strategies are focused on reducing adiposity and weight loss before AF ablation or inhibiting autonomic neurotransmitter secretion on fat pads during open-heart surgery to reduce the recurrence or postoperative risk of AF. In this manuscript, we review some of the novel findings regarding the pathophysiology and associated risk factors of AF, with special emphasis on the role of EAT in the electrical, structural, and molecular mechanisms of AF initiation and maintenance. In addition, we have included a brief note provided on epicardial fat preclinical models that could be useful for identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Couselo-Seijas
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Moisés Rodríguez-Mañero
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José R González-Juanatey
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Personalized Evaluation of Atrial Complexity of Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Clinical Computational Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090838. [PMID: 34571716 PMCID: PMC8469429 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia that occurs when the electrical activity of the heart in the atrium is not coordinated, and its consequences can be lethal. The driving source that initiates this chaotic activity can be located anywhere in the atrium, but most frequently appears in certain areas such as the pulmonary veins. In this study, we developed a new estimation method to evaluate possible source location and complexity of the arrhythmia using computer simulations. This method represents mathematical descriptions of natural processes that can be used to mimic a real scenario, including specific information such as the atrial anatomy. Here, we identified a specific biomarker the enabled obtaining a foci distribution map and found that elimination of pulmonary vein drivers was associated with a successful long-term ablation outcome. This study could, therefore, help to identify and characterize patients in order to better plan the ablation procedure. Abstract Current clinical guidelines establish Pulmonary Vein (PV) isolation as the indicated treatment for Atrial Fibrillation (AF). However, AF can also be triggered or sustained due to atrial drivers located elsewhere in the atria. We designed a new simulation workflow based on personalized computer simulations to characterize AF complexity of patients undergoing PV ablation, validated with non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging and evaluated at one year after ablation. We included 30 patients using atrial anatomies segmented from MRI and simulated an automata model for the electrical modelling, consisting of three states (resting, excited and refractory). In total, 100 different scenarios were simulated per anatomy varying rotor number and location. The 3 states were calibrated with Koivumaki action potential, entropy maps were obtained from the electrograms and compared with ECGi for each patient to analyze PV isolation outcome. The completion of the workflow indicated that successful AF ablation occurred in patients with rotors mainly located at the PV antrum, while unsuccessful procedures presented greater number of driving sites outside the PV area. The number of rotors attached to the PV was significantly higher in patients with favorable long-term ablation outcome (1-year freedom from AF: 1.61 ± 0.21 vs. AF recurrence: 1.40 ± 0.20; p-value = 0.018). The presented workflow could improve patient stratification for PV ablation by screening the complexity of the atria.
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Nagarajan VD, Lee SL, Robertus JL, Nienaber CA, Trayanova NA, Ernst S. Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:3904-3916. [PMID: 34392353 PMCID: PMC8497074 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cardiac electrophysiology (EP) had adopted simple artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies for decades. Recent renewed interest in deep learning techniques has opened new frontiers in electrocardiography analysis including signature identification of diseased states. Artificial intelligence advances coupled with simultaneous rapid growth in computational power, sensor technology, and availability of web-based platforms have seen the rapid growth of AI-aided applications and big data research. Changing lifestyles with an expansion of the concept of internet of things and advancements in telecommunication technology have opened doors to population-based detection of atrial fibrillation in ways, which were previously unimaginable. Artificial intelligence-aided advances in 3D cardiac imaging heralded the concept of virtual hearts and the simulation of cardiac arrhythmias. Robotics, completely non-invasive ablation therapy, and the concept of extended realities show promise to revolutionize the future of EP. In this review, we discuss the impact of AI and recent technological advances in all aspects of arrhythmia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat D Nagarajan
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Thorne Road, Doncaster DN2 5LT, UK
| | - Su-Lin Lee
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), UCL, Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Jan-Lukas Robertus
- Department of Pathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Christoph A Nienaber
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sabine Ernst
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
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10
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van Rosmalen F, Maesen B, van Hunnik A, Hermans BJM, Bonizzi P, Bidar E, Nijs J, Maessen JG, Verheule S, Delhaas T, Schotten U, Zeemering S. Incidence, prevalence, and trajectories of repetitive conduction patterns in human atrial fibrillation. Europace 2021; 23:i123-i132. [PMID: 33751087 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Repetitive conduction patterns in atrial fibrillation (AF) may reflect anatomical structures harbouring preferential conduction paths and indicate the presence of stationary sources for AF. Recently, we demonstrated a novel technique to detect repetitive patterns in high-density contact mapping of AF. As a first step towards repetitive pattern mapping to guide AF ablation, we determined the incidence, prevalence, and trajectories of repetitive conduction patterns in epicardial contact mapping of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS A 256-channel mapping array was used to record epicardial left and right AF electrograms in persistent AF (persAF, n = 9) and paroxysmal AF (pAF, n = 11) patients. Intervals containing repetitive conduction patterns were detected using recurrence plots. Activation movies, preferential conduction direction, and average activation sequence were used to characterize and classify conduction patterns. Repetitive patterns were identified in 33/40 recordings. Repetitive patterns were more prevalent in pAF compared with persAF [pAF: median 59%, inter-quartile range (41-72) vs. persAF: 39% (0-51), P < 0.01], larger [pAF: = 1.54 (1.15-1.96) vs. persAF: 1.16 (0.74-1.56) cm2, P < 0.001), and more stable [normalized preferentiality (0-1) pAF: 0.38 (0.25-0.50) vs. persAF: 0.23 (0-0.33), P < 0.01]. Most repetitive patterns were peripheral waves (87%), often with conduction block (69%), while breakthroughs (9%) and re-entries (2%) occurred less frequently. CONCLUSION High-density epicardial contact mapping in AF patients reveals frequent repetitive conduction patterns. In persistent AF patients, repetitive patterns were less frequent, smaller, and more variable than in paroxysmal AF patients. Future research should elucidate whether these patterns can help in finding AF ablation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank van Rosmalen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Maesen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne van Hunnik
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J M Hermans
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Bonizzi
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elham Bidar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Nijs
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jos G Maessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Zeemering
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Heijman J, Sutanto H, Crijns HJGM, Nattel S, Trayanova NA. Computational models of atrial fibrillation: achievements, challenges, and perspectives for improving clinical care. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1682-1699. [PMID: 33890620 PMCID: PMC8208751 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in its detection, understanding and management, atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a highly prevalent cardiac arrhythmia with a major impact on morbidity and mortality of millions of patients. AF results from complex, dynamic interactions between risk factors and comorbidities that induce diverse atrial remodelling processes. Atrial remodelling increases AF vulnerability and persistence, while promoting disease progression. The variability in presentation and wide range of mechanisms involved in initiation, maintenance and progression of AF, as well as its associated adverse outcomes, make the early identification of causal factors modifiable with therapeutic interventions challenging, likely contributing to suboptimal efficacy of current AF management. Computational modelling facilitates the multilevel integration of multiple datasets and offers new opportunities for mechanistic understanding, risk prediction and personalized therapy. Mathematical simulations of cardiac electrophysiology have been around for 60 years and are being increasingly used to improve our understanding of AF mechanisms and guide AF therapy. This narrative review focuses on the emerging and future applications of computational modelling in AF management. We summarize clinical challenges that may benefit from computational modelling, provide an overview of the different in silico approaches that are available together with their notable achievements, and discuss the major limitations that hinder the routine clinical application of these approaches. Finally, future perspectives are addressed. With the rapid progress in electronic technologies including computing, clinical applications of computational modelling are advancing rapidly. We expect that their application will progressively increase in prominence, especially if their added value can be demonstrated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Sutanto
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J G M Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- IHU Liryc and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Zhang XD, Thai PN, Lieu DK, Chiamvimonvat N. Model Systems for Addressing Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis in Cardiac Repair. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:72. [PMID: 34050853 PMCID: PMC8164614 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac cell-based therapy represents a promising approach for cardiac repair. However, one of the main challenges is cardiac arrhythmias associated with stem cell transplantation. The current review summarizes the recent progress in model systems for addressing mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in cardiac repair. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models have been extensively developed for mechanistic studies of cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), patient-specific disease models, tissue engineering, and gene editing have greatly enhanced our ability to probe the mechanistic bases of cardiac arrhythmias. Additionally, recent development in multiscale computational studies and machine learning provides yet another powerful tool to quantitatively decipher the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Advancing efforts towards the integrations of experimental and computational studies are critical to gain insights into novel mitigation strategies for cardiac arrhythmias in cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655 USA
| | - Phung N. Thai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655 USA
| | - Deborah K. Lieu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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13
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Mascia G, Giaccardi M. A New Era in Zero X-ray Ablation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2020; 9:121-127. [PMID: 33240507 PMCID: PMC7675142 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the authors focus on the importance of the zero X-ray ablation approach in electrophysiology. Radiation exposure related to conventional transcatheter ablation carries small but non-negligible stochastic and deterministic effects on health. Non-fluoroscopic mapping systems can significantly reduce, or even completely avoid, radiological exposure. The zero X-ray approach determines potential clinical benefits in terms of reduction of ionising radiation exposure, as well as safe technical advantages. The use of this method can result in similar outcomes when compared to the conventional fluoroscopic technique. These results are achieved without altering the duration, or compromising the effectiveness and safety, of the procedure. The zero X-ray ablation approach is a feasible and safe alternative to fluoroscopy, which is often only used in selected cases for troubleshooting. The non-fluoroscopic approach is considered a milestone for cancer prevention in ablation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mascia
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marzia Giaccardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
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14
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Aronis KN, Trayanova NA. Endocardial-Epicardial Dissociation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Driver or Bystander Activation Pattern? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e009110. [PMID: 32809877 DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Aronis
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (K.N.A.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.N.A., N.A.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Biomedical Engineering, Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation (K.N.A., N.A.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.N.A., N.A.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Biomedical Engineering, Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation (K.N.A., N.A.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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15
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Abstract
Artificial intelligence through machine learning (ML) methods is becoming prevalent throughout the world, with increasing adoption in healthcare. Improvements in technology have allowed early applications of machine learning to assist physician efficiency and diagnostic accuracy. In electrophysiology, ML has applications for use in every stage of patient care. However, its use is still in infancy. This article will introduce the potential of ML, before discussing the concept of big data and its pitfalls. The authors review some common ML methods including supervised and unsupervised learning, then examine applications in cardiac electrophysiology. This will focus on surface electrocardiography, intracardiac mapping and cardiac implantable electronic devices. Finally, the article concludes with an overview of how ML may impact on electrophysiology in the future.
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